21. EN232, Washington, Dr. O'Conner longman.awl.com/history/primarysource_17_6.html University of North Carolina atChapel Hill Libraries’ “Booker T. Washington 18561915, Educator” http http://www.millikin.edu/aci/crow/chronology/washingtonbio.html

Booker Taliaffero Washington (1856-1915) Compiled by Sarah B. Peters, Millikin University Booker T. Washington was an outstanding African-American educator, leader and spokesman for the black community. He was an advocate stressing the importance for African-Americans to be educated and become economically self-reliant in order for the black community to advance. Often considered the “Moses of his race,” Washington went on to be an influential politician delivering his controversial Atlanta Compromise and became a founder of the Tuskegee Institute and the National Negro Business League. 1856 born April 5 in Franklin County, Virginia 1862 September 22 Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation 1865 Civil War ended and Washington moved to Malden, West Virginia with his family to pack salt 1872-1875 (at age sixteen) he journeyed to and attended the newly founded Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (now Hampton University) Late 1870s taught for three years in Tinkersville, West Virginia 1878 left to attend Wayland Seminary in Washington DC (quit after six months) 1879 returned to Hampton Institute to teach 1881 offered position of principal of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama 1881-1915 headed the Tuskegee Normal School (in 1937 became the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute) 1895 September 18 delivered his controversial speech "The Atlanta Compromise," urging blacks to accept their inferior status and to advance themselves through education and economic improvement

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23. Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915. Frederick Douglass. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. Booker T. Washington,18561915 Frederick Douglass. London Hodder and Stoughton, 1906. http://docsouth.dsi.internet2.edu/neh/doug1906/menu.html

Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915 Frederick Douglass. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1906. Full Text (365 p., ca. 600K) HTML file SGML/TEI file for use with an SGML Viewer Illustrations Spine Half-Title Page Title Page Title Page Verso Learn More Selected Readings For Frederick Douglass Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and The Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation supported the electronic publication of this title. Tuskegee University Libraries provided the text for the electronic publication of this title. Return to "North American Slave Narratives" Home Page Return to Documenting the American South Home Page Feedback URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/doug1906/menu.html Last update

24. Booker Taliaferro Washinton (1856-1915) Booker Taliaferro Washington (18561915 Also note that Washington is trying to builda source of black unless he makes his work seem apolitical (when it isn't). http://college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/washingt.html

Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) Contributing Editor: William L. Andrews Classroom Issues and Strategies Students typically ask questions like these: Why was Washington such an accommodationist? Why did he seem so ready to accept the values of the dominant culture and political system? Why was he always so restrained and unwilling to say anything to upset the white supremacy status quo? I point out Washington's training at Hampton Institute, where he learned very early what white people wanted and how little could be accomplished without pleasing them. Also note that Washington is trying to build a source of black power in the South and cannot do so unless he makes his work seem apolitical (when it isn't). Consider also these questions: What is the best way for a minority group to advance their own cause when faced with either outright hostility or fear and mistrust? Is Washington's tactic the most effective? What are its costs and advantages? Major Themes, Historical Perspectives, and Personal Issues What is Washington's relationship to Douglass , the leader whose mantle he adopted? What kind of realism is Washington advocating and how does it accord with literary realism? How does Washington fit into the tradition of the Franklinesque self-made man?

25. Heath Anthology Of American Literature 4/e Booker T. Washington - Author Page Booker T. Washington (18561915) Booker Taliaferro Washington’s life and mostimportant literary work embodied the American myth of the poor boy who pulls http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/modern/was

Site Orientation Heath Orientation Timeline Access Author Profile Pages by: Table of Contents Authors by Name Authors by Year Internet Research Guide Textbook Site for: The Heath Anthology of American Literature , Fourth Edition Paul Lauter, General Editor Booker T. Washington Booker Taliaferro Washington’s life and most important literary work embodied the American myth of the poor boy who pulls himself up by his own bootstraps to become a success. As he wrote in his autobiography, Up from Slavery, he was born a slave in Franklin County, Virginia, “in the midst of the most miserable, desolate, and discouraging surroundings.” He received no help from his white father, whose identity has never been ascertained. It was his mother, Jane, the cook for a small planter named James Burroughs, who taught young Booker his survival lessons. Booker (he did not take the name Washington until he began to attend school) spent his first nine years as a slave on the Burroughs farm. When the Civil War ended, his mother took him and his three siblings to Malden, West Virginia, to join her husband, Washington Ferguson, a former slave who had found employment in the salt mines. Booker soon went to work at a salt furnace; by the time he was twelve years old, he had seen considerable dangerous work in the Malden coal mines. Nevertheless the boy had his dream—he wanted to go to school. From 1881 until his death Washington concentrated on three goals: (1) the creation and maintenance of Tuskegee Institute as a major black-run educational institution, (2) the advancement of his own power as a national racial leader, and (3) the publicizing and defense of his philosophy of African American education and socioeconomic progress. With a modest tone, Washington provides considerable evidence of the lofty status he attained in the eyes of powerful whites. The text of his most famous address, which he gave at the opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, is followed by a letter from President Grover Cleveland congratulating him on the wisdom of his ideas about how to solve America’s race problem. Without expounding these ideas systematically in his autobiography, Washington makes

26. Pathfinder For Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington. WEB Dubois Booker T Washington (18561915) Speech at the Atlanta Exposition, 1895.Use What You Have Booker T. Washington. Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915. http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/wjhs/mediactr/socstupathfinder/usdebate/

WJHS Pathfinder for U. S. History DEBATE: The Views of Ida B. Wells, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois Ida B. Wells Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Picture Source: GaleNet DISCovering Biography Assignment Topics Searching the Shelves Learning Research ... Internet Sites Assignment We will be having a debate in class this Thursday, February 17, 2000, on what should be done for African Americans with growing racial inequality in the United States. You will take on the persona of one of the following people: W.E.B. DuBois Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells In order to successfully argue in this class debate, you will research about what this person believes about certain issues. No matter who you are assigned to research, you need to answer the following questions. 1. How important is education to African Americans according to this person? What kind of education should African Americans get according to this person? 2. What methods does this person advocate to better the situation for African Americans?

27. Booker Taliaferro Washington Booker Taliaferro Washington (18561915), African American educator and racial leader,founded he already had a last name, he became Booker T. Washington. http://www.africawithin.com/bios/booker_washington.htm

Booker Taliaferro Washington Nationality American Occupation Educator, Racial leader Narrative Essay Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915), African American educator and racial leader, founded Tuskegee Institute for black students. His " Atlanta Compromise " speech made him America's major black leader for 20 years. Booker Taliaferro (the Washington was added later) was born a slave in Franklin County, Va., on April 5, 1856. His mother was the plantation's cook. His father, a local white man, took no responsibility for him. His mother married another slave, who escaped to West Virginia during the Civil War. She and her three children were liberated by a Union army in 1865 and, after the war, joined her husband. Growing Up Black The stepfather put the boys to work in the salt mines in Malden, West Virginia. Booker eagerly asked for education, but his stepfather conceded only when Booker agreed to toil in the mines mornings and evenings to make up for earnings lost while in school. He had known only his first name, but when pupils responded to roll call with two names, Booker desperately added a famous name, becoming Booker Washington. Learning from his mother that he already had a last name, he became Booker T. Washington. Overhearing talk about a black college in Hampton, Va., Washington longed to go. Meanwhile, as houseboy for the owner of the coal mines and saltworks, he developed scrupulous work habits. In 1872 he set out for Hampton Institute. When his money gave out, he worked at odd jobs. Sleeping under wooden sidewalks, begging rides, and walking, he traveled the remaining 80 miles and, bedraggled and penniless, asked for admission and assistance. After Hampton officials tested him by having him clean a room, he was admitted and given work as a janitor.

28. Alabama Hall Of Fame: Booker Taliaferro Washington 18561915 Educator. Booker T. Washington was born in a rude slave cabinin Virginia and weaned in the salt mills and coal mines. http://www.archives.state.al.us/famous/b_wash.html

Booker Taliaferro Washington Educator Founder of Tuskegee Institute. Throughout his adult life he instructed African-Americans in citizenship and worked to improve their economic position through education and vocational training. Booker T. Washington was born in a rude slave cabin in Virginia and weaned in the salt mills and coal mines. He had an insatiable hunger for knowledge that led him to memorize a worn copy of a spelling book and, later, to establish Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. From its opening in 1881, with 30 students in an old church and a dilapidated building, until the present day, the world-renown Tuskegee Institute has been guided by the principles of its distinguished founder. Washington learned the value of industrial education at Hampton Institute, which he used as a model in the building of Tuskegee. He taught his students the dignity and the beauty of labor and that learning a trade was more necessary sometimes than the study of Greek and Latin verbs. "It is at the bottom of life we must begin," he told his students, "and not at the top." At the time of its founder's death in 1915, the Institute had more than 1500 students, almost 200 teachers, more than 100 buildings and thousands of loyal alumni. In his trips through the North and South to raise money for Tuskegee, Booker T. Washington attained considerable fame as a public speaker and as a spokesman for African-Americans; a role not sought, but richly deserved.

29. Frontline: The Two Nations Of Black America: Booker T & W.e.b Booker T. Washington, educator, reformer and the most influentional black leaderof his time (18561915) preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/race/etc/road.html

var loc = "../../../"; Two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress. Their opposing philosophies can be found in much of today's discussions over how to end class and racial injustice, what is the role of black leadership, and what do the 'haves' owe the 'have-nots' in the black community. Booker T. Washington, educator, reformer and the most influentional black leader of his time (1856-1915) preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity and accomodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. This, he said, would win the respect of whites and lead to African Americans being fully accepted as citizens and integrated into all strata of society. W.E.B. Du Bois, a towering black intellectual, scholar and political thinker (1868-1963) said noWashington's strategy would serve only to perpetuate white oppression. Du Bois advocated political action and a civil rights agenda (he helped found the NAACP). In addition, he argued that social change could be accomplished by developing the small group of college-educated blacks he called "the Talented Tenth:"

30. American Experience | Marcus Garvey | People & Events People Events Booker T. Washington, 18561915 Booker T. Washington was one ofthe most powerful African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/garvey/peopleevents/p_washington.html

Booker T. Washington was one of the most powerful African Americans at the turn of the twentieth century. Born a slave in Hale's Ford, Virginia, the son of a white man who did not acknowledge him and a slave woman named Jane (Burroughs) who later married a fellow slave, Booker T. Washington became a leader in black education, and a strong influence as a racial representative in national politics. Washington learned to read and write in the late 1860s at a primary school overseen by the Freedmen's Bureau and in 1872 became a student at the Hampton Institute inVirginia, where he excelled. He was teaching at Hampton in 1881 when he was invited to become the first principal of the newly-founded Tuskegee Institute, a school for African Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama. At Tuskegee, Washington developed a vocational curriculum that emphasized carpentry, printing, tinsmithing, and shoemaking. Girls also took classes in cooking and sewing, and boys studied farming methods. All students received instruction in manners, hygiene, and character. Washington was known as a racial accommodationist. He rejected the pursuit of political and social equality with whites in favor of developing vocational skills and a reputation for stability and dependability. In a famous 1895 Atlanta address, Washington urged African Americans to "cast down your buckets where you are," that is, to remain in the Jim Crow South and tolerate racial discrimination rather than make what he considered intemperate calls for equality. "In all things that are purely social," he said, blacks and whites "can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress."

31. Booker T. Washington - Wikipedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Booker Talifero (T.) Washington (April5, 18561915) was born into slavery in Virginia on 5 April 1856. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington

32. The Classical Library - Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington (18561915). Booker T. Washington was born intoslavery in Franklin County near Roanoke, Virginia in 1856, and http://www.classicallibrary.org/washingtonbt/

Home Authors Titles Keyword Search ... Reference Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington was born into slavery in Franklin County near Roanoke, Virginia in 1856, and moved with his family just after the Civil War to Malden, West Virginia, where Washington worked in the salt mines. He succeeded in securing an education at the Hampton Institute in Virginia's Tidewater region. From there he went to teach at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. When Washington became president of Tuskegee in 1881, the school hardly existed, yet largely through his efforts it became one of the leading facilities for black education in the United States. By the 1890s, Washington was the most prominent African-American in the country, and a number of Presidents, as well as business leaders, relied on Washington as an advisor. Washington's autobiography, Up From Slavery published in 1901, followed the American tradition of the self-made man's account of his success. The work was internationally popular as well as a critical success, and brought large amounts of much-needed funds to Tuskegee. Booker T. Washington died in 1915. Up from Slavery: An Autobiography Home Authors Titles ... Reference

33. African American Journey: Washington, Booker T. Washington, Booker T. Booker T. Washington (18561915) was the most influentialblack leader and educator of his time in the United States. http://www2.worldbook.com/features/aajourney/html/bh065.html

Early life Educator Racial leader Washington, Booker T. Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) was the most influential black leader and educator of his time in the United States. He became prominent largely because of his role as founder and head of Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for blacks in Tuskegee, Ala. Washington advised two Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Tafton racial problems and policies. He also influenced the appointment of several blacks to federal office, especially during Roosevelt's Administration. Washington described his rise from slavery to national prominence as an educator in his best-selling autobiography, Up from Slavery Library of Congress Early life. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born a slave in Hales Ford, Virginia, near Roanoke. After the U.S. government freed all slaves in 1865, his family moved to Malden, West Virginia. There, Washington worked in coal mines and salt furnaces. From 1872 to 1875, he attended the Hampton Institute, an industrial school for blacks in Hampton, Virginia. He became a teacher at the institute in 1879. Washington based many of his educational theories on his training at Hampton. Educator.

34. The History Cooperative || Booker T. Washington Papers || Links Documenting the American South Booker T. Washington, 18561915 Universityof North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries; Up from Slavery http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/links.html

Documenting the American South: Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries Up from Slavery: An Autobiography University of Virginia Booker T. Washington National Monument Volumes Images Search ... University of Illinois Press

35. Booker T. Washington Back to Dr. E's American Lit. II Syllabus Booker T. Washington. 18561915.Considered by some to be a goat and by others to be a hero http://cs1.mcm.edu/~cetheridge/washington.html

Back to Dr. E's American Lit. II Syllabus Booker T. Washington Considered by some to be a goat and by others to be a hero, Booker T. Washington's impact on the lives of African-Americans in this country has been enormous. As one of the founders of the Tuskeegee Institute, Washington called for education and economic self-sufficiency for persons of color. However, he is also held responsible by some for the delay in granting full voting rights to African-Americans. Some internet resources: Booker T. Washington Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Institute Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois and Woman Suffrage: Document About Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) ... Back to Dr. E's American Lit. II Syllabus

36. Picture History - Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) Booker Taliaferro Washington (18561915) Booker T. Washington was an African-Americaneducator and reformer who was the first president and principal developer http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/1069/mcms.html

Advanced Search Abraham Lincoln Life Cycle Nature ... Footage Photographs and historical products for sale Stories behind great pictures from the past Educational web sites linked to historical programs Date: Original Format: Photographic Print File Size: Item#: All digital images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size. If you would like an image at a higher resolution, please email us your request at phinfo@picturehistory.com (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may take up to two weeks to be fulfilled and require an additional charge. Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) Booker T. Washington was an African-American educator and reformer who was the first president and principal developer of the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University). He became the leading spokesman for Black Americans after the death of Frederick Douglass. His autobiographical work, "Up From Slavery," is his most famous literary work. Related Categories: African-Americans Teachers

37. Picture History - Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) Booker Taliaferro Washington (18561915) Booker T. Washington was an African-Americaneducator and reformer was who the first president and principal developer http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/5048/mcms.html

Advanced Search Abraham Lincoln Life Cycle Nature ... Footage Photographs and historical products for sale Stories behind great pictures from the past Educational web sites linked to historical programs Date: Original Format: Photographic Print File Size: Item#: All digital images are available for download as jpeg files at 300 dpi of original size. If you would like an image at a higher resolution, please email us your request at phinfo@picturehistory.com (be sure to include item number). Custom requests may take up to two weeks to be fulfilled and require an additional charge. Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) Booker T. Washington was an African-American educator and reformer was who the first president and principal developer of the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University). He became the leading spokesman for Black Americans after the death of Frederick Douglass. His autobiographical work, "Up From Slavery," is his most famous literary work. Related Categories: African-Americans Teachers

38. American History 102 Image Gallery: Washington, Booker T. 2646470. Name Washington, Booker T. Subject African Americans. BookerT. Washington (1856-1915) and family. Home Course Guide http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1007.html

American History 102 Photo Gallery Previous Index Next SHSW Location: Name File: "Washington, Booker T." Notes: Modifications: The image is approximately 1/4th size original. Drop shadow border added; colors reduced to sixteen grays. For more information or to obtain rights for this image, contact the State Historical Society of Wisconsin Visual Materials Archive at (608) 264-6470. Name: Washington, Booker T. Subject: African Americans Booker T. Washington (1856-1915) and family Home Course Guide Bios ... Comments/Sign-in

39. Pluralism And Unity--Biography--Booker T. Washington Washington,Booker T. Dates 18561915. Born in Hales’s Ford, Virginia.Major Events. Born as a slave. Graduate, Hampton Institute. http://www.expo98.msu.edu/bios/washington.html

Washington Booker T. Dates: 1856-1915 Born in: Hales’s Ford, Virginia Major Events Born as a slave Graduate, Hampton Institute 1881-organized Tuskegee Institute—became leading spokesman for promotion of industrial education for blacks in south Major Publications The Future of the American Negro Up From Slavery The Education of the Negro Tuskegee and its People The Negro in Business Writings: Industrial Education for the Negro Voices: Atlanta Exposition Address, 1906 Links to Texts: Up From Slavery Related link: No major figure in African-American history has been subject to more interpretations and reinterpretations as Washington. Was he truly calling for the "Americanization" of southern blacks, or was his call for self-reliance in fact a pluralist view? For a contemporary view on Washington, see Kelly Miller Radicals and Conservatives

40. Booker T. Washington (Reference) 18561915 Educator Birthplace Franklin County, VA Graduate of Web Resources BookerT. National Monument The National Services site concerning Washington's home http://teachervision.com/lesson-plans/lesson-4621.html

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