61. Spinal Cord Injuries And Disorders Ask NOAH Complications and Related Concerns. Aging autonomic dysreflexia Bladder BowelDepression Nutrition Relationship Issues Skin Urological. Research. http://www.noah-health.org/english/illness/neuro/spinal.html

Ask NOAH About: Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders Spinal Cord Injuries Spinal Cord Disorders What are Spinal Cord Injuries? What are Spinal Cord Disorders? The Basics Causes ... Return to Neurological Menu Spinal Cord Injuries What are Spinal Cord Injuries? The Basics An Introduction to Spinal Cord Injury - Paralyzed Veterans of America Map of Spinal Column - Jim Lubin's Spinal Cord Injury Resources Spinal Cord Injuries - MEDLINEplus (also in Spanish )(Interactive Flash Presentation) Spinal Cord Injury - American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons Spinal Cord Injury: Emerging Concepts: An NIH Workshop - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Spinal Cord Tutorial - Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation What Happens In Human Spinal Cord Injuries? - National Institutes of Health Causes What You Should Know About Spinal Cord Injuries - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Diagnosis International Standards for Neurological and Functional Classification of SCI Glossaries Glossary of Terms in Spinal Cord Injury Research - CareCure Community Glossary of Terms Used in Spinal Cord Injury - RehabTeamSite, PoinTIS

62. Tetraplegia Workgroup Singapore autonomic dysreflexia autonomic dysreflexia (also called hyperreflexia) is an abnormaltriggering of the autonomic nervous system that occur after a spinal http://pachome1.pacific.net.sg/~wtyoung/auto.html

Please select: - Home - About Us - Our Gallery - Objectives ... - Tell others Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic dysreflexia (also called hyperreflexia) is an abnormal triggering of the autonomic nervous system that occur after a spinal cord injury. It is a common complication for SCI patients at or above the level of T6. It happens when there is an irritation, pain, or stimulus to the nervous system below the level of injury. The irritated area sends a signal to the brain but it is not able to reach the brain due to the blockage of the lesion at the level of injury. Since the impulses cannot reach the brain, a reflex is activated causing the tightening blood vessels and blood pressure to rise. Autonomic dysreflexia can develop suddenly, and is a possible emergency situation that may causes death or a stroke. Symptons of autonomic dysreflexia: High blood pressure Sudden pounding headache Stuffy nose Excessive sweating Flushed face Blurred vision Slow pulse rate Chills Restlessness Goose bumps Causes of autonomic dysreflexia: Overfilling of the bladder (common) Full bowel Sunburn below level of injury Any painful stimulus below level of injury An infection A sore on the skin Sitting or lying on a object Over-stretched muscles Ingrown toenails Broken bones or cuts below level of injury Prevention of getting autonomic dysreflexia: Maintain a regular bowel program Keep the bladder empty Check skin daily Wear loose fitting clothing Carry an intermittent catheter kit when you are out - Back to latest Health Tips

63. Autodysfre. autonomic dysreflexia. RAS HEMAT, MB;BCh, FRCSI, DUL. autonomic dysreflexiais an acute syndrome of massive disordered autonomic http://www.urotext.com/pages/autodysref.html

Autonomic dysreflexia R.A.S HEMAT MB;BCh, FRCSI, DUL. Autonomic dysreflexia is an acute syndrome of massive disordered autonomic response to a specific stimulus seen in patients with spinal cord injuries above the level of splanchnic outflow. Characterised by excessive sweating, flushing of the face, congestion of the nasal passages, pounding headache, intermittent hypertension (diastolic and systolic), piloerection and bradycardia. All stimuli acting below the level of injury can evoke the steriotypic response 1-Bladder distension, retention of urine. 2-Clamping of the Foley catheter. 3-Bladder calculi. 4-UTI, acute cystitis, epididmyitis. 5-Loaded colon, anal fissure, flatulence. 6-Acute abdominal conditions. 7-Ejaculation. 8-Labour, uterine contraction and fetal movement. 9-Procedures (cystoscopy). 10-Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. 11-Cleansing enemas. 12-Pressure sores. 13-External temperature changes. 14-Scratching the soles of the feet. 15-Skin lesions e.g. ingrowing toe-nails, sunburn. 16-Tight clothing, shoes or leg bag straps. 17-Distension of the renal pelvis.

64. Searchalot Directory For Autonomic Dysreflexia Related Web Sites. AD Fact Sheet An article explaining what autonomicdysreflexia is and how it occurs. Paralyzed Veterans of America http://www.searchalot.com/Top/Health/ConditionsandDiseases/NeurologicalDisorders

Home Search News Email Greetings Weather ... Global All the Internet About AltaVista AOL Search Ask Jeeves BBC Search BBC News Business Dictionary Discovery Health Dogpile CheckDomain CNN Corbis eBay Education World Employment Encyclopedia Encarta Excite Fast Search FindLaw FirstGov Google Google Groups Infomine iWon Librarians Index Looksmart Lycos Metacrawler Microsoft Northern Light Open Directory SearchEdu SearchGov Shareware Teoma Thesaurus Thunderstone WayBackMachine Webshots WiseNut Yahoo! Yahoo! Auctions Yahoo! News Yahooligans Zeal Sponsored Links Top Health Conditions and Diseases Neurological Disorders ... Autonomic Nervous System : Autonomic Dysreflexia Related Web Sites AD Fact Sheet - An article explaining what autonomic dysreflexia is and how it occurs. Paralyzed Veterans of America - A consumer guide to autonomic dysreflexia, what should be known. For down load on PDF. RehabNET Monographs - A description of Autonomic dysreflexia, including the signs and symptoms, the causes, management and prevention. Spinal Cord Injury Information - Details about autonomic dysreflexia, the symptoms and why they happen and finding and removing the causes. Related Categories Health: Conditions and Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Trauma and Injuries: Spinal Cord Injury All the Internet About AltaVista AOL Search Ask Jeeves BBC Search BBC News Business Dictionary Discovery Health Dogpile CheckDomain CNN Corbis eBay Education World Employment Encyclopedia Encarta Excite Fast Search FindLaw FirstGov Google Google Groups Infomine iWon Librarians Index Looksmart Lycos Metacrawler Microsoft

65. Medical Concerns Excerpt autonomic dysreflexia (AD). autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is also called autonomichyperreflexia or paroxysmal hypertension (among other names). http://www.lifeonwheels.org/lowmed.html

CHAPTER 3 Medical Concerns This chapter looks briefly at some medical concerns commonly associated with various disabilities. There is far too wide a range of conditions to fully cover all medical concerns that might apply to you in this chapter. For your particular medical profile, do your own research and cultivate an open and cooperative relationship with your physician. After a quick look at overall concerns, conditions are presented in alphabetical order. Autonomic dysreflexia Bladder cancer Deep vein thrombosis Heterotopic ossification Pain Pressure sores Scoliosis Spasticity Stress Urinary tract infections General concerns As a person with a disability who uses a wheelchair, you have additional health risks. You must work harder to maintain your health. If you lack sensation, you must be alert for other signals from your body. Primary care doctors might not understand specialized needs you have; specialists in a particular condition or body system might not understand how your disability changes how they would normally treat a condition. The 1998 National Organization on Disability/Louis Harris Survey of Americans with Disabilities notes that those with disabilities are less likely to be able to afford health care, get insurance, or have special needs covered by insurance.

66. Medical And Classification 1.4.2, Boosting means the deliberate precipitation of autonomic dysreflexia leadingto elevation of blood pressure in athletes whose spinal cord lesion is at T6 http://www.paralympic.org/ipc/handbook/section3/chapter05/content.htm

MEDICAL AND CLASSIFICATION Contents MEDICAL CODE MEDICAL FACILITIES MEDICAL CARE AND FIRST AID MEDICAL CODE DOPING IS FORBIDDEN. IPC will use the same list of prohibited drugs as the IOC, including blood doping. All competitors are liable to medical control or examination carried out in conformity with the rules of the IPC Doping Committee. Any competitor refusing to submit to a medical or examination or who is found guilty of doping shall be excluded. If the competitor is a member of a team, the match, competition or event during which the infringement took place shall be forfeited by that team. After the explanations of the team have been considered, a team in which one or more members have been found guilty of doping may be excluded from the Paralympic Games in which it is participating. In sports in which a team may no longer compete after a member has been excluded, the remaining members may compete in an individual capacity. A medal may be withdrawn from a competitor found guilty of doping by order of IPC on a proposal by the re levant IPC Doping Committee. The IPC Doping Committee shall implement these rules. Members of this committee shall not serve as team doctors.

67. The Taliant Group - Spinal Cord Injury autonomic dysreflexia. autonomic dysreflexia is an emergency situation. Ifuntreated, autonomic dysreflexia can be life threatening. http://www.taliant.com/90/

Contact us at 1-888-246-6740 Health Spinal Cord Injury Brain Injury Burns Amputation Potential Complications of Spinal Cord Injury Most people who have a spinal cord injury (SCI) experience health complications as a result of their injury. Up to 95% of SCI patients report at least one secondary problem, and almost 60% experience three or more (Anson, 1996) Obesity pain spasticity urinary tract infections (UTIs) , and pressure sores are commonly experienced SCI complications. Other reported problems include autonomic dysreflexia deep vein thrombosis fertility reduction heterotopic ossification ... scoliosis And, of course, there are the effects of aging. While treatment is sought for some complications, others might go untreated. Some can occur without typical signs, which leads to a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Untreated complications can cause major physical limitations and may compromise your health. It's important to know which complications are common, the symptoms you may have, and where to seek treatment. Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic dysreflexia is an emergency situation. Commonly, it occurs in people with SCI above the T6 level.

68. WebGuest - Open Directory : Health : Conditions And Diseases : Neurological Diso Sites AD Fact Sheet An article explaining what autonomic dysreflexiais and how it occurs. Paralyzed Veterans of America - A http://directory.webguest.com/index.cgi/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurologi

Browse thru 1000's of books about health, mind and body: About Us Privacy Statement Acceptable Use Policy Legal Notices ... Contact Us the entire directory only in Top Health Conditions and Diseases Neurological Disorders ... Autonomic Nervous System : Autonomic Dysreflexia See also: Health: Conditions and Diseases: Neurological Disorders: Trauma and Injuries: Spinal Cord Injury Sites: AD Fact Sheet - An article explaining what autonomic dysreflexia is and how it occurs. Paralyzed Veterans of America - A consumer guide to autonomic dysreflexia, what should be known. For down load on PDF. RehabNET Monographs - A description of Autonomic dysreflexia, including the signs and symptoms, the causes, management and prevention. Spinal Cord Injury Information - Details about autonomic dysreflexia, the symptoms and why they happen and finding and removing the causes. Last update: 6:37 PT, Friday, June 7, 2002 Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor

69. The Still People Foundation - SCI Information Pages SCI Info autonomic dysreflexia. autonomic dysreflexia, also knownas hyper-reflexia, is a life threatening situation. The condition http://www.stillpeople.com/sci/ad.html

What is a SCI? Basic SCI Anatomy Signs and Symptoms of SCI Autonomic Dysreflexia Keeping Track of Medicine Preventing SCI-related Depression Living It Well 9 to 5 Living It Well at Play ... SCI Info Autonomic Dysreflexia Autonomic Dysreflexia, also known as hyper-reflexia, is a life threatening situation. The condition arises when there is a problem that the body is unaware of due to loss of sensation. The brain receives a warning signal but is unable to translate the message into a responsive action because of paralysis. This results in a reaction of the autonomic nervous system causing blood pressure to rise rapidly. If uncorrected, this could lead to a stroke or even death. If you exhibit any signs or symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia, it is imperative that you find the problem and correct it as quickly as possible. The primary cause of autonomic dysreflexia is a distended bladder. Catheterization will relieve the problem. A full bowel is the second most common cause and can be corrected by administering a bowel program. Skin irritations, such as wrinkles in clothing or sitting too close to a fire or heater can also set off dysreflexia.

70. Resources/UW Rehabilitation Medicine If you tend to develop autonomic dysreflexia, let the technician knowimmediately if you begin to feel symptoms. Preparation. You http://depts.washington.edu/rehab/resources/uroltests.shtml

About Us Education Patient Care Research ... Links Urological Tests Contents Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) Renal and Bladder Ultrasound KUB Creatinine Clearance ... Download this pamphlet (Available for download in PDF format.) Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) Also known as excretory urogram (EU) What is it? An IVP or EU is a special x-ray of the entire urinary tract system, including the kidneys, ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) and the bladder. Why is it done? This test looks for changes in the size and structure of the urinary tract. It can also detect stones in the urinary tract and help to assess the kidneys' ability to function. How is it done? You will receive an injection of a contrast dye through a vein in your arm. The dye will travel through the blood to the kidneys and make the urinary tract show up on x-rays. Some patients feel slightly flushed when the dye is first injected, but this feeling passes quickly. Next, a series of x-rays will be taken over a 30-minute period. Sometimes a pressure bag will be placed on your stomach to help your kidneys fill out better. At the end of the study, you will be asked to empty your bladder (either by voiding or catheterization). Please empty your bladder to the best of your ability. After you have done this, one more x-ray will be taken. If you tend to develop autonomic dysreflexia, let the technician know immediately if you begin to feel symptoms.

71. Safety Concerned about whether or not the PIE* Procedure will cause autonomic dysreflexia?The Chart below was taken from this same study. autonomic dysreflexia? http://www.piemed.com/constipation/safety/body_safety.html

Safety has been our Priority since the inception of the PIE* System/Procedure. The following are extracts from a VA study documenting the safety of the PIE* Procedure for one time or ongoing use every other day. Electrolytes Disturbed? Results - Safety. Blood electrolytes are not affected in any manner by long-term use of the PIEE Procedure (Table 1). Table 1 INDIVIDUAL SUBJECT'S ELECTROLYTES Days of Study Sodium Chloride Potassium Calcium Phosphorus Incidence of Out of Range Patient #1 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Patient #2 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Patient #3 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Patient #4 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Patient #5 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Patient #6 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Patient #7 Baseline NONE 30 Day NONE 60 Day NONE 90 Day NONE Concerned about whether or not the PIE* Procedure will cause Autonomic Dysreflexia? The Chart below was taken from this same study. Autonomic Dysreflexia? The PIEE Procedure shows a positive improvement regarding vital signs (reflective of autonomic dysreflexia with respect to prior bowel programs). Figure 1 The PIEE Procedure shows a positive improvement regarding vital signs (reflective of autonomic dysreflexia with respect to prior bowel programs).

72. Tetraplegia Workgroup Singapore What is autonomic dysreflexia? Autonomic bowel. autonomic dysreflexiacan develop suddenly, and is a possible emergency situation. http://home.pacific.net.sg/~wtyoung/faq.html

Please select: - Home - About Us - Our Gallery - Objectives ... - Tell others Frequent Asked Questions about Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) What is spinal cord injury? SCI is a lesion of the spinal cord that results in paralysis of certain areas of the body, along with the corresponding loss of sensation. Most spinal cord injuries result in loss of sensation and function below the level of injury, including loss of controlled function of the bladder and bowel. What is the main difference between complete and incomplete injury? A complete injury means that there is no function below the level of the injury; no sensation and no voluntary movement. Both sides of the body are equally affected. An incomplete injury means that there is some functioning below the primary level of the injury. A person with an incomplete injury may be able to move one limb more than another, may be able to feel parts of the body that cannot be moved, or may have more functioning on one side of the body than the other. The amount of feeling and movement that an individual has depends mainly on whether the injury is complete or incomplete. What are the differences of Tetraplegia and Paraplegia?

73. OPVA Newsletter Ad Contract, Page 5. autonomic dysreflexia, Page 6. Page 5. THE STATE UNIVERSITYOF NEW JERSEY RUTGERS NEWARK Do you get autonomic dysreflexia? http://www.open.org/~orparavt/Pg25.html

Paralog - Feb'03/Mar 2003 In this Issue D D IN THIS ISSUE Title Page In Memory of Al Smith Page 3 Annual Picnic Form Page 4 Ad Contract Page 5 Autonomic Dysreflexia Page 6 Membership Report Page 7 OHSU Study/AD Page 8 Class Ads Page 9 Page 10 OPVA Calendar Page 11 Member Birthdays Page 12 Natural Health Therapies and Cancer Page 13 OHSU Study/Gov. Relations Report Page 15 University of Nevada Study/ 2003 Donors Page 16 VA Health Care Priority Groups Page 17 Business Cards Page 18 Business Cards Page 18 Holistic Medicine and SCI Page 19 Page 20 Patterned Neural Activity Page 21/22 VA Launches Two MS Centers/"The Race" by Don Darland Page 23 Free Cottages Page 24 Helluva Hunt Page 25 In A Blink Page 26 ADS Page 27 23rd National Veterans Games Page 28 Check to see if your name appears on page 27; if so, you are the lucky winner in our special drawing!!! No requirements were necessary to be in this drawing. Name was randomly selected Al L. Smith U.S. Air Force 2 Years in Korea during Korean War September 1931 - December 2002 Born in Southern California Oregon Paralyzed Veterans of America OPVA Member 9 years Board Member 4 years Membership Director 3 years Photographer 2 years Librarian 5 years OPVA Awards Received President's Award 1998 Speedy Award 2002 CA PVA 1969 - 1992 Served on CPVA Board Korean War Veterans Association - Albany, OR

74. OzR-Item at the Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute in Randwick, Sydney, Dr VaughanMacefield and colleagues are studying autonomic dysreflexia, the dangerous http://www.spinetrust.com.au/MainAusResearch/Macefield.htm

Dr. Vaughan Macefield and Dr. Stella Engel from the Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute www.powmri.unsw.edu.au

75. Resources For Health Care Professionals Home. SCI. Resources for Professionals. Resources for Health Care Professionals.Clinical Practice Guideline autonomic dysreflexia. (click here to download). http://www.epva.org/SCI/ResourceHCP.htm

Resources for Health Care Professionals Clinical Practice Guideline: Autonomic Dysreflexia. click here to download "This guideline addresses the care of individuals with spinal cord injury who are at risk of developing autonomic Dysreflexia. Autonomic Dysreflexia, also known as hyperreflexia, is an uninhibited sympathetic nervous system response to a variety of noxious stimuli." Order information: Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine, Administrative and financial support provided by Paralyzed Veterans of America, 801 18th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20006. Telephone: 800-424-8200. Depression Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Clinical Practice Guideline for Primary Care Physicians. Click to download "Depression can be defined in a number of ways. These guidelines define depression using the diagnostic criteria established in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition and in the International Classifications of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps published in 1989 by the World Health organization." Order information: Paralyzed Veterans of America, 801 18th Street, NW., Washington, DC 20006. Telephone: 800-424-8200. Or click on title to download.

76. LYNNE C. WEAVER These changes lead to the development of exaggerated spinal reflexes and grosslyabnormal blood pressure control termed autonomic dysreflexia and to states of http://www.med.uwo.ca/neuroscience/faculty/weaver.htm

Lynne C. Weaver, DVM, PhD Director, Neurodegeneration Research Group Research Scientist, Spinal Cord Injury Laboratory Professor, Dept. of Physiology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience University of Western Ontario The John P. Robarts Research Institute P.O. Box 5015, 100 Perth Drive London, ON Voice: Fax: Email: lcweaver@rri.on.ca Nervous System Control of Blood Pressure and Pain after Spinal Cord Injury. We study the reactions of spinal cord neurons to traumatic injury of the cord. These reactions include both degenerative reactions of traumatized neurons and reactive growth in response to the injury. After cord injury, the portion of the cord below the injury that has been deprived of input from the brain undergoes significant changes in organization. These changes lead to the development of exaggerated spinal reflexes and grossly abnormal blood pressure control termed autonomic dysreflexia and to states of chronic pain. Recenas t work in our laboratory implicates a growth of central processes of sensory neurons in the dorsal horn of the cord and upregulation of their neuropeptide expression a mechanism for the initiation of the exaggerated reflexes. This rampant sprouting and new synaptic connections in response to the de-afferentation injury creates a significant barrier to regeneration of normal connections between the brain to spinal cord neurons. We are searching for the stimulus for this pathological growth and for a method of selectively suppressing it without blocking normal regenerative growth.

77. SCI, Pakistan - Complications After Spinal Cord Injury Skin Breakdown, Osteoporosis and Fractures, Pneumonia, Heterotopic Ossification,Spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Cardiovascular Disease http://members.tripod.com/~anwarahmad/sci/scicompl.html

Complications of Spinal Cord Injury Complications of SCI What is SCI Classifications Anatomy Physiology Complications What's new Glossary Email Skin Breakdown Osteoporosis and Fractures Pneumonia Heterotopic Ossification ... Neuropathic Pain Skin Breakdown Osteoporosis and Fractures The majority of people with SCI develop osteoporosis. In people without SCI, the bones are kept strong through regular muscle activity or by bearing weight. When muscle activity is decreased or eliminated and the legs no longer bear the body's weight, they begin to lose calcium and phosphorus and become weak and brittle. It generally takes some time for osteoporosis to occur. In people who use standing frames or braces, osteoporosis is less of a problem. Generally, though, 2-t years following SCI some degree of bone loss will occur. Using the legs to provide support in transfering is helpful in increasing the load on the bones, which may reduce or slow down the osteoporotic process. Standing using a standing frame or a standing table also helps prevent weakening of the bones and so does using braces for functional or parallel bar walking. Newer techniques, such as electrical stimulation of the leg muscles, may decrease osteoporosis as well. Unfortunately, at the present time, there is no way to reverse osteoporosis once it has occurred. The main risk of osteoporosis is fracture. Once the bones become brittle, they fracture easily. An osteoporotic bone takes much longer to heal.

78. Christopher And Dana Reeve Paralysis Resource Center conditions. These include respiratory issues, autonomic dysreflexia,spasticity, pain, bowel care, bladder management, and skin care. http://www.paralysis.org/Health/HealthMain.cfm

About the Center Active Living Caregivers Health ... Working the System Search Advanced Search Questions? Ask our Information Specialists: Call 800-539-7309 Submit a question via email Schedule a phone appointment Paralysis is not defined strictly in medical terms, but there are many health and wellness issues specific to people with mobility related disabilities. This portion of the PRC Web site deals with a wide range of health-related issues, from the many conditions that can cause paralysis, to some of the health related issues brought on by paralysis itself, and issues relating to sexual health and fertility. All of the health-related issues are listed in the menu to your left. The first category, Basics by Condition , describes some of the many conditions that are related to paralysis, such as spinal cord injury, brain injury, and multiple sclerosis (among others). These brief descriptions include links to other Web sites that deal with each condition or diagnosis in greater detail. We also offer resources on the various aspects of paralysis that are common to most conditions. These include

79. Table 5 Split of the urethra (waterpipe) – traumatic hypospadias, Yes /No. Epididymitis/orchitis, Yes / No. autonomic dysreflexia, Yes / No. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2490/1/2/table/T5

80. SCI News Bytes - #1 autonomic dysreflexia, a potentially lifethreatening reflex, is foundin approximately 10 percent of newly injured people. It is http://www.gaylord.org/pages/sci_newsletter_issues/sci_news_1.html

April 2001 Issue #1 Living a Longer, Healthier Life with Spinal Cord Injury By David Rosenblum, M.D. Medical Director, Gaylord Hospital Spinal Cord Injury Program Given the great improvements in the medical management and successful rehabilitation of people with spinal cord injury (SCI), more people with SCI are enjoying an increased life expectancy and improved quality of life. The all too important first steps toward healthy living involve the awareness of the normal health issues related to aging and an understanding of the short- and long-term complications of SCI. The complications of SCI have a huge impact on the individual and society as seen in loss of function, eroded quality of life, unemployment, repeat hospitalizations and death. The most common complications include: Pressure ulcers Autonomic dysreflexia Pneumonia Others may include: Blood clots Osteoporosis Bladder dysfunction and problems related to the urinary system Bowel dysfunction Spasticity Pain Heterotopic ossification Sexual dysfunction/fertility issues Contractures One of the primary causes of death in SCI, pneumonia is estimated to occur at a rate of 1 percent to 5 percent per year and is more common in those with high cervical, complete lesions. It is important, therefore, to understand the impact of smoking, weight, lifestyle, exercise, environment/pollution, level of injury, skeletal deformities, and spasticity on the respiratory system. People with SCI should consider getting the Pneumovax vaccine and the flu shot. Specialized techniques to help clear secretions from the airways include use of the Cofolator, the Vest, diaphragm and breathing muscle exercises, assisted coughing, and other techniques.

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