61. BIRTH INJURIES brachial plexus palsy, Better obstetric management has led to a decrease in severityof brachial plexus palsy but there are still two babies affected in each http://www.worldortho.com/database/etext/birth_injuries.html

BIRTH INJURIES Birth injuries can be divided into three categories: BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY Better obstetric management has led to a decrease in severity of Brachial Plexus Palsy but there are still two babies affected in each 1000, born. Stretching or tearing of the brachial plexus occurs usually because of a forcep delivery, a larger than average baby, a breach birth, shoulder dystocia or prolonged labour. The Erb-Duchenne (C5,6) type affecting the elbow wrist or hand is the least disturbing. The Klumpke (C8,T1) type presents a worse prognosis than the above. The Total Plexus condition is the most disturbing of all. The surgical options include Latissimus and teres major transfer to the shoulder external rotators, proximal humerus rotational osteotomy, tendon transfers for elbow flexion, releasing contractures or microsurgical nerve grafting. TORTICOLLIS This deformity is associated with hip dysplasia and metatarsus adductus, resulting from contracture of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

62. Erbs Palsy, Shoulder Dystocia, Brachial Plexus Injury Cases: Medical Malpractice Erbs Palsy (also called brachial plexus palsy, ErbDuchenne Palsy, Torticollis andShoulder Dystocia) is a condition that results from damage to the brachial http://www.medical-malpractice-attorneys-lawsuits.com/pages/erbs-palsy.html

Erbs Palsy occurs in about 1 or 2 babies in 1,000 at birth. The symptoms of Erbs Palsy injury include a limp or paralyzed arm and/or lack of muscle control in the arm or hand. Many doctors believe Erb's Palsy should never occur. It is for that reason you should contact us if you have a child diagnosed with Erbs Palsy. Erbs Palsy (also called Brachial Plexus palsy, Erb-Duchenne Palsy, Torticollis and Shoulder Dystocia) is a condition that results from damage to the brachial plexus nerves. These are a series of nerves that travel from the spinal cord into the arm. The birth injury occurs when the delivering physician exerts excessive force on the baby's head and neck during a vaginal birth. Although an Erbs Palsy) injury can occur at any time, most injuries happen during birth. The resulting damage leaves the child with little or no movement in the arm, hand or fingers. Additionally, strength and size of the arm may be affected. This can have devastating consequences throughout the child's life. Many babies with Erbs Palsy injuries are larger than average at birth. However, newborns of all sizes, including premature babies, can have these injuries. Children are born with birth complications every day. But it's possible that some of those birth complications, like Erbs Palsy , could have been prevented. You deserve to know if your child's disability is due to negligence.

63. Birth-Injury-Trauma-Attorneys The physical injury can range from bruising due to forceps, or any rough handlingto brain damage, or Cerebral Palsy, brachial plexus palsy, Erb’s Palsy http://www.birth-injury-trauma-attorneys.com/

Birth-Injury-Trauma-Attorneys.com is the best resource for finding information about birth injury, birth trauma, and shoulder dystocia. In addition, Birth-Injury-Trauma-Attorneys.com, is your source to finding a birth injury, birth trauma, and shoulder dystocia attorney closest to you. Center for Birth Injury and Birth Trauma Information Birth injury and birth trauma can occur during the birthing process, injuring the baby.  Our overview of different medical conditions and medical mistakes associated to them can help anyone determine if their child’s birthing difficulties should be attributed to a health care provider failing to do something to prevent unnecessary circumstances from occurring.  There are many different types of birth injuries and birth traumas, including shoulder dystocia, one of the most difficult delivery situations.  If your child has suffered a birth injury, birth trauma, or more specifically, shoulder dystocia, please contact us .  Many instances of birth injuries and birth traumas are the result of medical negligence and malpractice and our center has been developed to help families learn more about it and to locate a qualified and knowledgeable attorney in your area.

64. Brachial Plexus/Erb's Palsy Information Page Networking forum for sharing and support. Categorized links including support groups, medical treatment sites, research articles, attorneys. http://www.geocities.com/brachialplex

BRACHIAL PLEXUS/ERB'S PALSY INFORMATION brachial plexus/erb's palsy national health conference Chicago, Illinois August 16-17, 2002 Click for more information Over 115 categorized links! Support Organizations, Articles, Other Informational Sites; Special Resources (wrist weights, t-shirts, books), Medical Treatment Sites, Litigation Resources Also a Web-Ring of Sites devoted to Brachial Plexus injuries And, as always, the Networking Forum If you were transferred here automatically from a former location, click below to reset your browser directly to this new address: http://www.geocities.com/brachialplex Then be sure to change your bookmark. CHECK THIS OUT!! There is a linked series ("ring") of pages all having to do with Brachial Plexus/Erb's Palsy. Look for a box on each page, like the one below, and use the links to visit each site in the ring: This Brachial Plexus/Erb's Palsy Information Ring site is owned by the aunt of a 7-year-old girl with a BP injury/disability. Want to join the Brachial Plexus/Erb's Palsy Information Ring Previous Next Random Site ... List Sites MAIN NETWORKING FORUM This is a non-moderated bulletin board where you may post questions and/or information.

65. A-BRAS Welcome To A-BRAS Website Informations sur la paralysie du bras du nouveaun© ou POPB (Paralysie Obst©tricale du plexus brachial, Erb palsy). Causes, r©cup©ration, pr©vention avant la naissance. Bilingue F/E. http://members.aol.com/abrasfr

htmlAdWH('7004944', '120', '30'); htmlAdWH('7002240', '234', '60'); Main Create Edit Help A-BRAS PLEXUS BRACHIAL PARALYSIE DU BRAS DU NOUVEAU-NE ET LA PARALYSIE PAR ACCIDENT NAISSANCES A RISQUES Bienvenue sur le site de l'A-BRAS ! Welcome on the A-BRAS's website ! Site sans bandeau HOMETOWN (without HOMETOWN frame) L' A-BRAS s'insurge : à la naissance "Un bras par jour ... c'est trop !.." at birth "One arm a day ... it's too many !.." La cause de la paralysie du bras : L'A-BRAS apporte également un soutien aux accidentés porteurs d'une paralysie du plexus brachial. La cause du traumatisme est similaire, lors d'un accident, la tête projetée sur un coté va provoquer l'étirement et la rupture des nerfs moteurs. charte HONcode de la Fondation "Health On the Net" A-BRAS : quelques réponses spécifiques sur notre engagement. We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation C'est ainsi que le livret intitulé : "Prise en Charge Précoce des POPB". L'association A-BRAS a été invitée à participer fin janvier 2002 à un symposium international de chirurgie du plexus brachial. De nombreuses associations, elles mêmes impliquées dans le soutien aux familles, étaient venues de l'étranger. Ce fut l'occasion pour ses responsables de se rencontrer en personne pour continuer d'approfondir les échanges déjà initiés, tant pour la POPB que pour la PPBA (paralysie du plexus brachial par accident). Erb's palsy - English pages Pour contacter l'A-BRAS To contact us : A-BRAS Siège National Résidence La Prairie

66. NINDS - Neurological Disorder Information Supporter of biomedical research on disorders of the brain and nervous system.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Research...... Pain Batten Disease Behcet's Disease Bell's palsy Benign Essential Binswanger's DiseaseBlepharospasm BlochSulzberger Syndrome brachial plexus Birth Injuries http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Accessible version Science for the Brain The nation's leading supporter of biomedical research on disorders of the brain and nervous system Browse all disorders Browse all health organizations More about a disorder Studies with patients Research literature Press releases Search NINDS... (help) Contact us My privacy NINDS is part of the National Institutes of Health Browse All Disorders (includes synonyms and research topics) Request mailed brochures Publicaciones en español Select a letter to jump to the disorder... or return to top of page A B C D ... Z A ADHD AIDS - Neurological Manifestations Acquired Epileptiform Aphasia Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ... Autonomic Dysfunction Select a letter to jump to the disorder... or return to top of page A B C D ... Z B Back Pain Barth Syndrome Batten Disease Behcet's Disease ... Bulbospinal Muscular Atrophy Select a letter to jump to the disorder... or return to top of page A B C D ... Z C Canavan Disease Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Causalgia Cavernomas ... Cytomegalovirus Infection Select a letter to jump to the disorder... or return to top of page A B C D ... Z D Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome Dandy-Walker Syndrome Dawson Disease De Morsier's Syndrome ... Dystonias Select a letter to jump to the disorder... or return to

67. Tanya's Brachial Plexus Page For parents of children with brachial plexus and Erb's palsy. Questions and answers, thoughts and poems, birth stories and email support. http://members.tripod.com/~ttandd/index.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated Thanks for visiting.. I hope I can somehow help you in finding info on BPI. Have a look around and then let me know what you think by signing the guestbook or the message board. My daughter was born June 29th 1995 She received an injury at birth called Brachial Plexus Palsy (BPP) This page was started to help others dealing with this injury to not feel so alone. Tanya Each soul is a master... in each moment called now. We each create our lives and our world around us. Judge not the karmic path walked by another. Each circumstance is a gift. In each experience is hidden a treasure. I have started a mailing list, support, getting to know each other group so if you would be interested in joining please fill out your email address below or email me at illusions_of_lite@hotmail.com Be prepared though.. we can be quite the talkative group.. so you will get alot of email. Subscribe to brachial Powered by www.ONElist.com This site best viewed with a screen size of 800 x 600 pixels Design and Graphics by Designs of Destiny © 2001.  All rights reserved

68. AAOS Online Service Fact Sheet Erb’s Palsy (Brachial Plexus Injury) Erb’s palsy (brachial plexus Injury). If your newborn can move one armbut not the other, he or she may have a condition called Erb’s palsy. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=314&topcategory=Arm

69. Brachial Plexus Reconstruction Rebuilds Lives Children and Perinatal plexus palsy For infants, brachial plexus injury canoccur during birth and is called Erb’s palsy or perinatal plexus palsy. http://info.med.yale.edu/yfp/new/brachial.html

Brachial Plexus Reconstruction Rebuilds Lives Trauma and Brachial Plexus Injuries An injury to the brachial plexus can have a devastating effect on the function of the hand and upper extremity, affecting the sensation and muscle power of the upper limb. Typically, traumatic brachial plexus injuries are seen in young people involved in high-speed, high-impact car, motorcycle and skiing accidents. Often the trauma is so extensive that the injury is not addressed until the patient is recovering from other life-threatening injuries. It is these challenges that led Yale hand and upper extremity surgeon, Dr. Scott Wolfe, and Yale neurosurgeon, Dr. Alain "There’s a common belief that there is nothing to be done for these injuries," said Dr. Wolfe. But recent advances in microsurgical nerve reconstruction have facilitated nerve repair, grafting and nerve transfer to restore function. "We’re seeing 70 to 80 percent recovery of shoulder and elbow function for our patients," he said. The two surgeons work side-by-side in the OR, often operating simultaneously during the brachial plexus reconstruction that can take 10 or more hours. Children and Perinatal Plexus Palsy For infants, brachial plexus injury can occur during birth and is called Erb’s palsy or perinatal plexus palsy. "Over 90 percent of these children will repair the injured nerves on their own, and surgery is rarely necessary. If we don’t see recovery within three months of birth, we can perform testing to determine the extent of nerve and spinal cord involvement," Wolfe said. "If necessary, surgery, we can be safely performed as early as three to six months of age to repair damaged or ruptured nerves." In an older child with incomplete recovery, tendon transfers can be performed to restore balance and function to the shoulder. "Children have tremendous regenerative capacity because of the plasticity of their neural tissues and their boundless will to recover," added Wolfe.

70. Brachial Plexus/Erbs Palsy Information: Links - Part I United brachial plexus Network Join their Mailing List/Listserv brachial plexuspalsy Foundation South Florida BPI Support Outside the United States. http://www.geocities.com/brachialplex/bpplinks.html

Brachial Plexus/Erb's Palsy Information Links - Part I DIRECTORY OF LINKS SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS Within the United States Outside the United States SPECIAL RESOURCES Wrist weights for children, T-shirts, Books INFORMATIONARTICLES Injuries at Birth Injuries to Adults INFORMATIONOTHER SITES General Focus Focus on Birth Injuries Personal Stories of Birth-Injured Children MEDICAL TREATMENT SITES Within the United States Outside the United States LITIGATION RESOURCES SUPPORT ORGANIZATIONS Have any to recommend? E-mail the web-administrator Within the United States The National Brachial Plexus/Erb's Palsy Association, Inc. United Brachial Plexus Network Join their Mailing List/Listserv Brachial Plexus Palsy Foundation ... South Florida BPI Support Outside the United States Erb's Palsy Association of Ireland GO TO Main Information Page GO TO Directory of Links INFORMATION - OTHER SITES Have any to recommend? E-mail the web-administrator General Focus Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics Information by UCLA Neurosurgery The Brachial Plexus by Dan Outram, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK Formation of the Median Nerve in the Brachial Plexus by Rachel Tindale, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, UK

71. Down Providing medical information and nationwide attorney referrals.Category Regional North America Law Offices of James G. Sokolove...... But it's possible that some of those birth complications, like Erb's palsy(brachial plexus and Shoulder Dystocia), could have been prevented. http://www.erbs-palsy-help.com/

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72. Erb's Palsy Causes What Causes brachial plexus Injuries? Although a brachial plexus (Erb's palsy) injurycan occur at any time, most brachial plexus injuries happen during birth. http://www.erbs-palsy-help.com/erbs-palsy-causes.html

What Causes Brachial Plexus Injuries? Although a Brachial Plexus (Erb's Palsy) injury can occur at any time, most Brachial Plexus injuries happen during birth. During the strain of childbirth, the shoulder of the baby could get caught and stretched behind the Pubic Symphysis bone (part of the Pelvis bone). Once the shoulder is caught, the Brachial Plexus can be compressed, stretched or torn as shown in red in pictured to the right. Many babies with Brachial Plexus injuries are larger than average at birth. However, newborns of all sizes, including premature babies, can have these injuries. A larger baby will have a greater chance of getting caught behind the Pubic Symphysis bone and getting injured severely. About 1 or 2 babies in 1,000 suffer Brachial Plexus injuries at birth. The symptoms of a Brachial Plexus injury include a limp or paralyzed arm and/or lack of muscle control in the arm or hand. There are 4 types of Brachial Plexus Injuries: Stretch injuries vary depending on the amount of stretching. The nerves will often be compressed from swelling and bruising from the should being caught. Stretch injuries are the least sever and will usually recover within 1 to 2 years with nearly complete function.

73. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Brachial Palsy In The Neonate Definition Return to top brachial palsy in the neonate is a paralysis or weaknessof the arm caused by damage to the brachial plexus (the collection of nerves http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001395.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Brachial palsy in the neonate Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Central nervous system Alternative names Return to top Klumpke paralysis; Erb-Duchenne paralysis; Erb's palsy Definition Return to top Brachial palsy in the neonate is a paralysis or weakness of the arm caused by damage to the brachial plexus (the collection of nerves around the shoulder). Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Neonatal brachial nerve injuries can occur during a difficult delivery when the infant's head and neck are pulled toward the side while the shoulders are passing through the birth canal. The condition can also be caused by excessive traction on the shoulders during a vertex delivery (head first) or by pressure on the raised arms during a breech delivery (feet first). The infant may have varying degrees of arm paralysis brachial plexus injuries typically affect only the upper arm Erb's paralysis affects the upper arm and rotation of the lower arm Klumpke paralysis affects the hand (the infant may also have an eyelid droop on the opposite side) The incidence of brachial palsy has decreased with improved delivery techniques and the more prudent use of C-sections (caesarian birth, where the baby is removed surgically through the abdomen).

74. Brachial Plexus Injury - Institute For Neurology & Neurosurgery, New York City midwifery in 1779, was the first to describe the condition of brachial palsy (paralysisof of infants with injury to the upper part of their plexus telling of http://nyneurosurgery.org/brachial_history.htm

Ten years latter Klumpke described the clinical picture of injury to the lower plexus. Paralysis of the hand's muscles and an associated dilation of the eye's pupil on the side of the injury (the nerves which dilate the pupil leave the spinal cord on the C8 and T1 nerves and then travel with the artery going to the brain and hence to the eye) results. Later, others associated Klumpke's name to this injury in infants and it is now frequently called Klumpke's palsy. 170 East End Avenue, New York , NY 10128 email us

75. Proximal LMN cord injury 5% to 10%; Facial palsy 10% to recovery ~ 90% of upper plexus palsies@ 1 Pathogenesis Stretching brachial plexus by lateral traction. Management http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/nanatomy/proxmot.html

Front Search Index Links ... Patient Info NERVE: PROXIMAL MOTOR Brachial neuropathies Acquired Hereditary Radiation vs Neoplastic ... Immune Hereditary: Neuralgic amyotrophy HNPP Circulatory Ischemic plexopathy Hemorrhage Arterial injections Differential diagnosis: Cauda equina lesion Hip disease Episodic lumbosacral weakness Cauda equina lesion Ischemic plexopathy Peripheral arterial occlusive disease Brachial Neuropathy Rule out Orthopedic disorders: Rotator cuff injury; Shoulder joint contractures; Hip disease Mononeuropathies: Axillary Suprascapular Dorsal scapular , Spinal accessory Myopathy BRACHIAL NEUROPATHY Acquired Diagnoses by anatomy ... Root avulsion Types Burner syndrome Gunshot wounds Heroin Neonatal (Obstetric) ... HNA : Acute attacks : Chronic, Undulating : Acute attacks ACQUIRED BRACHIAL PLEXOPATHIES Differential diagnosis by anatomy Supraclavicular: Lesions correlate with root levels Upper plexus Clinical features Most common site of brachial plexus lesion C5, C6, Roots or Upper trunk Arm: Adducted by trunk; Extended at elbow; Internally rotated Sensory loss: Over lateral deltoid Frequent spontaneous recovery Specific syndromes Neuralgic amyotrophy Rucksack paralysis "Burner" syndrome

76. Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries ErbDuchenne (Erb's) palsy refers to paralysis of the upper brachialplexus. Dejerine-Klumpke (Klumpke's) palsy refers to paralysis http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/921390823.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Neurology By keywords: Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Brachial Plexus Birth Injuries The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Symptoms may include a limp or paralyzed arm, lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist, and lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand. Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth: the baby’s shoulders may become impacted during the birth process causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear. There are four types of brachial plexus injuries: avulsion, the most severe type, in which the nerve is torn from the spine; rupture, in which the nerve is torn but not at the spinal attachment; neuroma, in which the nerve has tried to heal itself but scar tissue has grown around the injury, putting pressure on the injured nerve and preventing the nerve from conducting signals to the muscles; and neuropraxia or stretch, in which the nerve has been damaged but not torn. Neuropraxia is the most common type of brachial plexus injury. Some brachial plexus injuries may heal on their own. Many children improve or recover by 3 to 4 months of age. Treatment for brachial plexus injuries includes physical therapy and, in some cases, surgery.

77. Self Help Groups email address info.erbspalsy@btinternet.com USA Erbs palsy Information andResource Group and National brachial plexus/Erb's palsy Association Inc. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/handsurgery/Self_help_groups.htm

Hand Surgery Home The Team Specialist Services Related links ... Hand FAQ's Self Help Groups Erbs Palsy Group - Erb's Palsy/Brachial Plexus Paralysis The Erb's Palsy Group, UK This condition is mainly caused by birth trauma, affecting one or all five nerves that supply the movement and feeling to the arm. The paralysis can be partial or complete and depends on the damage that the nerve(s) have received. We, as a group, help and support parents and professionals by; Giving support to parents Putting parents in contact with each other Producing a quarterly Newsletter Assist in obtaining medical information Advise on benefits and aids for the children Holding an Annual study day for professionals If you would like more information, please contact: UK: The Erb's Palsy Group , 2 Willoughby Close, Emesford Grange, Coventry, CV3 2GJ Phone: 01203 452321. email address: info.erbspalsy@btinternet.com

78. Index 66 Bowman's Membrane; Boxer's Fracture; BP Examination; BPH; BPP; brachial Birth palsy;brachial Birth Trauma; brachial Neuritis; brachial plexus Anatomy; brachial plexus http://www.fpnotebook.com/idxB.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Index A Index B Index C Index D Index E Index F ... Index Z Index B B-Lymphocyte B-Type Natriuretic Peptide B12 Deficiency Babesia ... Buspirone Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Although access to this page is not restricted, the information found here is intended for use by medical providers. Patients should address specific medical concerns with their physicians. Please see the Terms and Conditions . This page was written by Scott Moses, MD, and was last revised 2/11/2003. Please send comments and questions to the editor. Contact information may be found on the page About the Family Practice Notebook

79. Birth Injury Lawyers & Attorneys: Birth Injuries Legal Advice, Help & Informatio Birth Injury Frequently Asked Questions. What are some of the more common birth injuries?» brachial plexus injury » Cerebral palsy » Bruising/forceps marks http://www.legalconsumerguide.com/legal_information/safety_and_health/birth_inju

LEGAL INFORMATION FIND A LAWYER LEGAL NEWS SITE MAP 'LCG' HOME GENERAL CHANNELS LAW CHANNELS STATE LAWS FEDERAL LAWS LAW LIBRARY ... LEGAL NEWS DESK FIND A LAWYER CONSUMER HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENT DRUG, FOOD, MEDICINE ... RECALLS BIRTH INJURY What is Birth Injury? During the birth process, the baby may suffer a physical injury. It is estimated that between two and seven babies out of 1,000 will become injured during the birth process. Birth injury can be related to the size and position of the baby during labor and delivery. Birth injuries can also be related to maternal pre-existing health problems, fetal health problems, or doctor and/or medical staff negligence. The most devastating birth injuries are those that cause some type of brain damage or death. Birth Injury Frequently Asked Questions What are some of the more common birth injuries? Brachial plexus injury Cerebral palsy Bruising/forceps marks Caput succedaneum Cephalohematoma Facial paralysis Fractures Subconjunctival hemorrhage What is brachial plexus birth injuries? The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that conducts signals from the spine to the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus injuries are caused by damage to those nerves. Symptoms may include a limp or paralyzed arm, lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist, and lack of feeling or sensation in the arm or hand. Although injuries can occur at any time, many brachial plexus injuries happen during birth; the baby's shoulders may become impacted during the birth process causing the brachial plexus nerves to stretch or tear. There are four types of brachial plexus injuries:

80. Hentz Obstetrical palsy) (650) 7244260 Academic Office (650)723-6796 FAX (650)723-6786. Specialty.Surgery of the hand and upper limb, brachial plexus. Education. http://handsurgery.stanford.edu/Hentz.html

Vincent R. Hentz, MD Professor 900 Welch Road, #15 Stanford, CA, USA 94304 Adult Appointments: (650)723-5256 Pediatric Appointments (Obstetrical Palsy): (650) 724-4260 Academic Office: (650)723-6796 FAX: (650)723-6786 specialty education interests clinics ... back to faculty list Specialty Surgery of the hand and upper limb, brachial plexus Education Davidson College BS 1964 University of Florida MD degree 1968 General Surgery Residency Stanford University Medical Center 1968-197 Plastic Surgery Residency Stanford University Medical Center 1971-1974 Hand Fellowship, College of Physicians and Surgeons,Columbia University 1974-1975 Top of Page Interests Clinical practice inclusive of surgery of the hand and upper limb, with an emphasis in reconstructive surgery, obstetrical brachial plexus palsies and acquired adult brachial plexus injuries, and the spinal cord injured patient. Research interests include the measurement of hand forces in the tetraplegic patient, biochemical models of nerve regeneration, Dupuytren's disease, and outcome of brachial plexus surgery.

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