21. Black Death The Bubonic Plague A student report describing the disease, causes, history, symptoms, and modern day treatment of the Category Kids and Teens School Time Bacteria and Viruses......Black Death the bubonic plague. Black Death the bubonic plague. My Duringthe European epidemic of the bubonic plague (13451352). The http://hometown.aol.com/nathan19901162/myhomepage/

Black Death the Bubonic Plague Black Death the Bubonic Plague My Black Death the Bubonic Plague Home Page Woodburn, Elementary Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 The cause of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) is the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacterium is passed from an infected rat to a non-infected rat by being bitten by a flea. The flea bites the infected rat and the germ moves into and lives in the flea's stomach. The flea's stomach becomes filled with the bacterium. The flea can no longer digest blood, when it bites a human, rat or another animal the flea throws up into the bite causing the victim to become infected with Black Death. The rat will die from the germ, but not before being bitten by another non-infected flea. This flea can then start the cycle over again. After all of the rats die in a burrow, the bacteria can lie dormant until more rats move into the infected burrows. These new rats will become infected transmit the disease to the flea and the flea will pass it to the humans. During the European epidemic of the bubonic plague (1345-1352). The Black Death traveled across Asia and Europe. The plague started in Kaffa, when conquered by the Tartans, the residents of Kaffa fled and carried the black plague to Europe. Italy fell to the plague by the end of 1348 and France was mostly covered. By August of 1348 the Black Death germ had infected England. Then the spread of the germ continued to Scotland, Ireland, Denmark and most of Germany.

22. What Is The Bubonic Plague? What is the bubonic plague? 1. Bushey, Starr, The Church's involvement in the BubonicPlague/ bubonic plague www.ecnet.net/users/gemedia3/Plague.html ,6/7/98. http://209.106.8.193/summer/plague.htm

What is the Bubonic Plague? The Bubonic Plague is a disease that is caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. It is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population of Europe was destroyed. The disease causes swelling of the lymph glands (up to the size of a hens egg). The Greek word for groin is boubon, which is bubonic. The number of reported human cases of this plague in the United States has increased since the 1960s because the environment isn't staying clean. (Holt 1) How do you get this disease? When a rat is infected, the flea bites the rat then the flea gets infected. The disease fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can't digest any more blood. The flea then becomes so hungry that it bites the human. Now the human is infected. (Bushey 1) The first symptoms are headaches, nausea, vomiting and aching joints. Some others are fever, chills, the most horrible: the skin turns black. (Mermel 1 In the 1300s the plague spread so quickly in cities for many reasons. There were no regular garbage pick-ups. They let their food become rotten and kept them in their homes for weeks. Left over meals were thrown onto the ground for animals, also feeding rats and fleas. They had no running water, so bathing was every once in a while. (Bushey 3) Galen's theory was that the disease was spread by poisonous vapors coming from swamps which corrupted the air. Heat was also believed to be a cause of the disease. People washed their feet and hands regularly but, not their bodies because this would open pores, another way for the disease to enter the body. (Bushey 3)

23. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Bubonic Plague Hits San Francisco bubonic plague hits San Francisco 1900 1909 bubonic plague, or the blackdeath, had raged throughout Europe and Asia over the past centuries. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html

Bubonic plague hits San Francisco Photo: Rat Receiving Station set up as part of the War on Rats led by the U.S. Public Health Service. Millions of rats were killed and in 2 months no new cases of plague were reported. Bubonic plague, or "the black death," had raged throughout Europe and Asia over the past centuries. In the twentieth century, it came to America. In the summer of 1899, a ship sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco had had two cases of plague on board. Because of this, although no passengers were ill when the ship reached San Franscisco, it was to be quarantined on Angel Island. When the boat was searched, 11 stowaways were found the next day two were missing. Their bodies were later found in the Bay, and autopsy showed they contained plague bacilli. Despite this scare, there was no immediate outbreak of disease. But rats from the ship probably had something to do with the epidemic that hit San Francisco nine months later. On March 6, 1900, a city health officer autopsied a deceased Chinese man and found organisms in the body that looked like plague. In 1894, two research physicians had simultaneously and independently identified the bacillus that causes bubonic plague. Shibasaburo Kitasato published his findings in Japanese and English; Alexandre Yersin published in French. People in different parts of the world credited one or the other with the discovery, depending which journals they had read. (Since 1970 the bacillus has been known as Yersinia pestis .) That the plague had an identifiable "germ" was known. But other recent findings had not been disseminated or believed. Most people felt that the germ infected humans through food or open wounds. Disinfection campaigns were the order of the day. In some places they ran carbolic acid through sewers, actually spreading the disease faster because it flushed out rats that had lived there.

24. Templateeliz The most devastating to England was the bubonic plague. The Black Deathappeared in two forms, the bubonic plague and the pneumonic plague. http://www.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/springfield/eliz/plague.html

District 186 District School Sites Teacher Resources Site Map Elizabethan England Plague by Liam Miller and Evan Orr Plagues devastated Elizabethan England. They were a constant threat to the people and the land. The most devastating to England was the bubonic plague. London was afflicted over a dozen times during the 1500's. The bubonic plague originated in Central Asia, where it killed 25 million people before it made its way into Constantinople in 1347. From there it spread to Mediterranean ports such as Naples and Venice. Trade ships from these Mediterranean ports spread plague to the inhabitants of southern France and Italy. It had spread to Paris by June of 1348, and London was in the grips of plague several months later. By 1350, all of Europe had been hit by plague. From this time to the mid 1600's, the disease was seen in England. This particular type of plague was the bubonic plague, which is caused by the bacteria called Yersinia pests. This bacteria lived in rats and other rodents. Human beings were infected through bites from the fleas that lived on these rats. The symptoms associated with plague are bubos, which are painful swellings of the lymph nodes. These typically appear in the armpits, legs, neck, or groin. If left untreated, plague victims die within two to four days. Victims of this disease suffered swelling in the armpit and groin, as well as bleeding in the lungs. Victims also suffered a very high fever, delirium and prostration. During the sixteenth century, plague teased England's countryside with isolated outbreaks. The major outbreaks were in London, due to its large population. Historian Rappel Holinshed wrote: "many men died in many places, but especially in London." At the beginning of the century, London had a few mild winters, allowing the infected rats and fleas (which usually hibernated) to remain active. Contemporary observers estimate that this epidemic took almost 30,000 lives, almost half of London's population at the time. However, church records show this estimate to be exaggerated, putting the actual number closer to 20,000.

25. NORD - National Organization For Rare Disorders, Inc. bubonic plague. This Report is freely available. Copyright 1987, 1988, 1989,1998, 2001 Synonyms of bubonic plague Black Death; Black Plague; http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Bubonic Plagu

26. Bubonic Plague bubonic plague. Additional Information, Plague Q A, Plague Prevention.Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused http://www.responsiblewildlifemanagement.org/bubonic_plague.htm

Bubonic Plague Additional Information Plague Prevention Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis . People usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an infected animal. Millions of people in Europe died from plague in the Middle Ages, when human homes and places of work were inhabited by flea-infested rats. Today, modern antibiotics are effective against plague, but if an infected person is not treated promptly, the disease is likely to cause illness or death. The Risk Wild rodents in certain areas around the world are infected with plague. Outbreaks in people still occur in rural communities or in cities. They are usually associated with infected rats and rat fleas that live in the home. In the United States, the last urban plague epidemic occurred in Los Angeles in 1924-25. Since then, human plague in the United States has occurred as mostly scattered cases in rural areas (an average of 10 to 15 persons each year). Globally, the World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague every year. In North America, plague is found in certain animals and their fleas from the Pacific Coast to the Great Plains, and from southwestern Canada to Mexico. Most human cases in the United States occur in two regions: 1) northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern Colorado; and 2) California, southern Oregon, and far western Nevada. Plague also exists in Africa, Asia, and South America (see map).

27. Hardin MD : Bubonic Plague / Pneumonic Plague From the University of Iowa, the *best* lists of Internet sources in bubonicplague pneumonic plague. bubonic plague / Pneumonic Plague. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/bubonicplague.html

Bubonic Plague / Pneumonic Plague "We list the best sites that list the sites" Site Map Diseases Home Free journals ... Diseases Search Hardin MD See also: Home Bioterrorism Infectious Dis. All links on this page hand-checked Popular Women's Health Dermatology Nursing Pharm Infect Disease Anthrax +Pictures Bioterrorism Flea Bites +Pictures Infectious Diseases Insect Bites +Pictures Medical Pictures Skin Pictures Smallpox +Pictures Pictures of the Bubonic Plague Open Directory Project : Health : ... : Infectious diseases : Plague (Other versions: Google AOL LookSmart : Plague Yahoo : Plague MedWebPlus : Plague Steve Foote and Andy Kogelnik, y-DNA,inc, Atlanta, Georgia healthfinder® : Pneumonic plague US Government OMNI : Plague Univ Nottingham, United Kingdom NOAH: Plague NY Online Access to Health Pictures of the Bubonic Plague Plague Symptoms and Pictures) Demetres Velendzas, Susan Dufel, Thomas W McGovern, eMedicine MEDLINEplus Health Encyclopedia : Plague Symptoms A.D.A.M. / National Library of Medicine Black death Insecta-Inspecta World Hardin Library for the Health Sciences , University of Iowa Please send comments to hardin-webmaster@uiowa.edu

28. EMedicine – Bubonic Plague : Symptoms, Causes, Pictures Of The Bubonic Plague ( Acral necrosis of nose, lips, fingers (a) and toes (b) and residual ecchymoses overboth forearms in a patient recovering from bubonic plague that disseminated http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic428.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Warfare - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear And Explosives CBRNE - Plague Last Updated: January 15, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Demetres Velendzas, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Manchester Memorial Hospital, Eastern Connecticut Health Network Coauthor(s): Susan Dufel, MD, FACEP , Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Thomas W McGovern, MD , Dermatologist and Mohs Surgeon, Fort Wayne Dermatology, PC Editor(s): Dan Danzl, MD , Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville Hospital; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD

29. Plague.htm Describes both the bubonic and pneumonic plague. bubonic plague An extremelyinformative page, which covers all aspects of the Plague. http://www.fidnet.com/~weid/plague.htm

The Black Plague General Information Primary Sources General Information: HWC, The Black Death : The BEST source on the Plague (23 pages) by Dr. E. L. Skip Knox of Boise State University. If you need to know about it, Dr. Knox wrote about it. A Look at History - The Plague : A doctor explores the causes, treatment, and control of pestilential outbreak. Describes both the bubonic and pneumonic plague. The Great Mortality : A complete three-part feature about the Black Death. Discovery Online Black Death : Awesome site with game. The Black Plague : City College of New York. Features a slide show of Medieval images, and details the devastation of the black plague. Also offers an eyewitness account from 1357. Death Defined - Medieval History : From About.com. Great sources. The Pestilence Tyme : Describes the movement of the black plague over Medieval Europe, and offers a series ofessays and etchings depicting its toll. The Plague : Describes the origination and devastation of the black plague, and offers painting depicting its grimcampaign. Plague Literature : Describes how plague galvanized the European population toward general learning, and how the printing press widened the audience for literature.

30. Bubonic Plague bubonic plague The plague appeared in three forms bubonic, septicemicand pneumonic. These bubonic plague. Click Here. Bubonic http://www.webref.org/sociology/b/bubonic_plague.htm

bubonic plague Click here for Great Cell Phone Plans from T-Mobile with $50 Cash Back! Bubonic Plague - The plague appeared in three forms: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic. These infections were caused by an organism (bacillus) which was present primarily in rats (but occurred in other rodents as well) and could be transmitted by flea bite to humans. The symptoms of bubonic plague included fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, swollen lymph glands and seizures. Questia - The Online Library Back Next baby boom baby bust ... bourgeoisie bubonic plague bureaucracy bureaucratic collectivism The Bureaucratic Society of Controlled Consumption bureaucratization ... Tabularium™ WebRef™ Search WWW Search webref.org Digital River: Get amazing deals on great software! Iverson Software Co., 506 Genesis Ave., Marshall MN 56258-3110 Email WebMaster PRIVACY POLICY This site hosted by EASY CGI Web Hosting

31. Plague The Black Death. The bubonic plague or Black Death was a fatal diseasespread by fleas which lived on rats and humans. This plague http://www.svms.santacruz.k12.ca.us/portalii/Plague.html

The Black Death The Bubonic Plague or "Black Death" was a fatal disease spread by fleas which lived on rats and humans. This plague started in Asia and traveled to Europe by rat-infested Italian ships trading goods across the Mediterranean Sea. The Plague reached England by 1348, and by 1351 it had killed over a million people, one-third of Europe's entire population. Few who caught the Black Death ever survived. Whole towns, villages and hamlets were wiped out. A rat bite on a person's leg or arm would swell up into a painful bulging welt. More painful welts would appear all over the person's body until the infection was so bad that the person died usually within three days. As the people died out, so did The Plague. Today this disease is not fatal if treated with antibiotics when first detected. Excellent Resource for study of epidemic disease! Excerpt from Extraordinary Endings of Practically Everything and Everybody 'It began late in 1346 as an epidemic in the fortificd trading port of Caffa (now Theodosia~ on the Crimean shore of the Black Sea. "I buried with my own hands five of my children in a single grave," wrote Italian author Agnioli di Tura. "No bells. No tears. This is the end of the world." That is how the scourge was viewed. Burial Pits were hastily dug and as rapidly filled with corpses. As a commentator of the time graphically wrote: "The testator and his heirs and executors were hurled from the same cart into the same hole together." The clergy prayed over the dying for divine intervention, but when they too began to die in huge numbers, every man became his own confessor.

32. Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance And Control Translate this page 2. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations bubonic plague Septicaemic PlaguePharyngeal Plague Meningeal Plague Laboratory Diagnosis References. http://www.who.int/emc-documents/plague/whocdscsredc992c.html

CSR Home Document Centre Home WHO Home Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control/ Manuel de la Peste: Epidémiologie, Répartition, Surveillance et Lutte WHO/CDS/CSR/EDC/99.2 List of contents: English French HTML: not yet available PDF: English: Introduction, Chapters 1-2 Chapters 3-5 Chapters 6-7 French: Introduction, Chapitres 1-4 Chapitres 5-7 Download the free Adobe(R) Acrobat(R) Reader Version 4 to view these files How to order Plague Manual: Epidemiology, Distribution, Surveillance and Control Acknowledgements Preface References 1. Epidemiology and Distribution of Plague Africa Americas Asia Summary of trends References 2. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations Bubonic Plague Septicaemic Plague Pharyngeal Plague Meningeal Plague Laboratory Diagnosis References 3. Treatment of Plague Case Management: therapy and epidemic prevention Prophylactic therapy Hospital precautions Vaccination References Rodent Reservoirs Flea Vectors References 5. Control of Plague Transmission

33. 1997 - Bubonic Plague In Zambia 7 February 1997. Disease outbreaks reported. As at 3 February 1997, 267 cases ofbubonic plague had been reported in Namwala District in the Southern Province. http://www.who.int/disease-outbreak-news/n1997/feb/n7feb1997b.html

EMC Home Outbreak news Disease info Surveillance Disease outbreaks reported 7 February 1997 Disease outbreaks reported As at 3 February 1997, 267 cases of bubonic plague had been reported in Namwala District in the Southern Province. Among these, 26 died (CFR 10%) and 25 patients were still under treatment. All reported deaths occurred before 26 January. The clinical diagnosis established by the South West Regional Office has been confirmed by a team of experts from the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka. The strain of Yersinia pestis which has been isolated has been shown to be sensitive to tetracycline and streptomycin. When the first reports of an unusual disease outbreak were received on 24 January, health authorities established treatment centres in the outbreak focus in Kantengwa and satellite centres in Makobo, Chilala and Kabulamwanda. Drugs, medical supplies and protective material have been dispatched to the affected area. All patient contacts are followed up and treated, infected households are disinfected and rodents and fleas destroyed. A team of health workers monitors the situation and intervenes when needed. Movements in and out of the area are also monitored. Go to the Outbreak News index Page top EMC Home WHO Home ... © WHO/OMS, 1998

34. OUP USA: Bubonic Plague In Early Modern Russia 2002 In Stock S H Standard Higher Education Examination Copy Request Online HigherEducation Comment Card, bubonic plague in Early Modern Russia Public Health http://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0195158180.html

History, World or Browse by Subject paper In Stock Standard Higher Education Examination Copy Request Online Higher Education Comment Card Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia Public Health and Urban Disaster JOHN T. ALEXANDER, University of Kansas John T. Alexander's study dramatically highlights how the Russian people reacted to the Plague, and shows how the tools of modern epidemiology can illuminate the causes of the plague's tragic course through Russia. Bubonic Plauge in Early Modern Russia makes contributions to many aspects of Russian and European history: social, economic, medical, urban, demographic, and meterological. It is particularly enlightening in its discussion of eighteenth-century Russia's emergent medical profession and public health institutions and, overall, should interest scholars in its use of abundant new primary source material from Soviet, German, and British archives. New and recent titles of related interest: World History Publication dates and prices are subject to change without notice. Prices are stated in US Dollars and valid only for sales transacted through the US website.

35. Bubonic Plague - Wikipedia bubonic plague. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Most scientistsbelieve that the Black Death was an outbreak of bubonic plague. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Svenska Bubonic plague From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Bubonic plague is a contagious, sometimes epidemic or pandemic , disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is usually transmitted by the bite of fleas from an infected host, often a rat . The bacteria are transferred from the blood of infected rats to the Rat Flea Xenopsylla cheopsis ). The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a mammal, the consumed blood is regurgitated along with the bacillus into the bloodstream of the bitten animal. Any serious outbreak of plague is started by other disease outbreaks in the rodent population. During these outbreaks, infected fleas that have lost their normal hosts seek other sources of blood. Most scientists believe that the Black Death was an outbreak of bubonic plague. However, other theories have now been advanced, suggesting that the Black Death may have been an outbreak of some other disease, possibly a

36. Bubonic Plague - Wikipedia Other languages Deutsch Svenska. bubonic plague. (Redirected from Plague). Mostscientists believe that the Black Death was an outbreak of bubonic plague. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Deutsch Svenska Bubonic plague (Redirected from Plague Bubonic plague is a contagious, sometimes epidemic or pandemic , disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is usually transmitted by the bite of fleas from an infected host, often a rat . The bacteria are transferred from the blood of infected rats to the Rat Flea Xenopsylla cheopsis ). The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a mammal, the consumed blood is regurgitated along with the bacillus into the bloodstream of the bitten animal. Any serious outbreak of plague is started by other disease outbreaks in the rodent population. During these outbreaks, infected fleas that have lost their normal hosts seek other sources of blood. Most scientists believe that the Black Death was an outbreak of bubonic plague. However, other theories have now been advanced, suggesting that the Black Death may have been an outbreak of some other disease, possibly a

37. Kevin's Articles: Bubonic Plague Bring out Your Dead The bubonic plague Walks Among Us. Originally The earlysymptoms of bubonic plague look deceptively like a bad cold. It http://web2.iadfw.net/myself/secular/writing/plague.htm

Bring out Your Dead: The Bubonic Plague Walks Among Us Originally appeared in Omni Magazine February, 1992 You have just spent a weekend hiking in New Mexico. At work on Monday, you get a terrible headache and fever and leave early. The following morning, you are a wreck: your entire body is aching, you feel dizzy and disoriented, and cannot keep your breakfast down. Your diagnosis is a bad case of the flu, and you visit the doctor for some medication. But instead of getting a shot and prescription for chicken soup, your doctor examines you and rushes you off to the hospital. The truth is far from a bad cold. You are in fact, the latest victim of one of the most devastating diseases in human history: bubonic plague. If this story sounds fantastic, think again: Although it has kept a low profile, the disease that killed almost half of Europe in the Middle ages is alive and well in the world. Isolated pockets of plague have been continually reported on almost every continent. In the last ten years, over 160 humans have contracted bubonic plague in the United States, resulting in 23 fatalities. Most of these cases were contracted through contact with wild squirrels in the Western U.S., primarily in California, New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona. Epidemiologists at the Center for Disease Control in Fort Collins, Colorado are keeping a wary eye on human plague, continuing to educate the public about the dangers of this centuries-old disease. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, and is usually transmitted by the bite of a flea who has fed on an infected animal. In the Western United States, Ground Squirrels are the primary carriers, but people have become infected from animals as varied as antelope and house cats. People can also contract plague through exposure to body fluids of infected animals, placing hunters and naturalists at particular risk. There is no way of positively identifying an infected animal outside of a laboratory.

38. Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague. Effects of the Plague. The Event and Process Facts.History of the Black Death. This page was created by these three people. http://warrensburg.k12.mo.us/ew/bubonic/

The Bubonic Plague Effects of the Plague The Event and Process Facts History of the Black Death This page was created by these three people. From left to right: Mike Smith, Jessica Paternoster, and Chris Brockway (and rats)

39. Editor's Rants: Sci-pop scipop. Smallpox, bubonic plague, and MMR November 20, 2002. By Todd Seavey.Plague! bubonic plague The Black Death or ArmpitSwelling Nuisance? http://healthfactsandfears.com/editors_rants/scipop/2002/plague112002.html

AMERICAN COUNCIL ON SCIENCE AND HEALTH presents home about us featured articles ... acsh.org Smallpox, Bubonic Plague, and MMR November 20, 2002 By Todd Seavey Plague! Run for your life! MMR and Chickenpox The childhood diseases measles, mumps, and rubella can now be prevented with a safe and effective vaccine. More frightening than the diseases themselves in a way is the fact that some parents aren't having their kids vaccinated, thinking that children are more likely to die from vaccines than from diseases. That isn't true, and last week brought the further good news that the largest-ever study seeking a link between the MMR vaccine and autism found no connection. Read Responses Dr. Andrew Wakefield has been most responsible for pushing the MMR vaccine scare, but even the twelve co-authors of his original 1998 paper about vaccine risks in the Lancet disagree with him. His claim that separate measles, mumps, and rubella vaccinations should be given over the course of several months is denounced as scientifically groundless by the British Department of Health. Meanwhile, some parents are being frightened away from the chickenpox vaccine, arguing that even a miniscule, hypothetical risk from the vaccine isn't an acceptable one, since chickenpox itself is harmless. If only that were true. Unfortunately, prior to the introduction of the chickenpox vaccine in 1995, some 4 million Americans got chickenpox each year, about 11,000 were hospitalized, and about a hundred died. It would be a tragic mistake if large numbers of parents continued to avoid the vaccine that stopped that carnage out of unfounded fear of side effects.

40. Bubonic Plague bubonic plague Guide picks. A severe infection caused by a bacterium spread by fleabites. bubonic plague Think bubonic plague went out with the Middle Ages? http://rarediseases.about.com/cs/bubonicplague/

zfp=-1 About Rare/Orphan Diseases Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Rare/Orphan Diseases with Mary Kugler Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects BUYER'S GUIDE Before You Buy Top Picks Sites for Online Specialty Shopping ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Bubonic Plague Guide picks A severe infection caused by a bacterium spread by flea bites. Bubonic Plague Think bubonic plague went out with the Middle Ages? Two people were hospitalized with it in New York City in November 2002. This potentially fatal disease, transmitted by flea bites, still exists in some parts of the world. From the About.com Guide to Rare/Orphan Diseases. CDC: Information on Plague Comprehensive information about plague from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). NORD: Bubonic Plague Comprehensive information on the disease from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (U.S.). CDC: FAQs About Plague as a Biological Weapon Information about plague and its possible use as a biological weapon, from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

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