41. The Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague. Since bubonic plague is commonly spread throughfleas that have made a meal from an infected Rattus rattus. The http://allfreeessays.com/student/free/The_Bubonic_Plague.shtml

AllFreeEssays.com The Bubonic Plague Essay Data Section Author: Unknown Title: The Bubonic Plague Type: Student Submitted All Free Essays . com

42. Bubonic Plague In NYC :: FearMongers :: Paranoia On Parade bubonic plague in NYC on 200211-14 132631 Topic Disease. Their lab resultsare still pending, but bubonic plague is the likely diagnosis. http://www.fearmongers.com/article.php?sid=192

43. Penn State News Medieval Black Death Not bubonic plague. April 12, 2002. Buffalo, NY The Black Death of the 1300s was probably not the modern disease http://www.psu.edu/ur/2002/blackdeath.html

44. Scientists Identify Genes Critical To Transmission Of Bubonic Plague Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of bubonic plague. There arethree clinical forms of human plague bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic. http://www.niaid.nih.gov/newsroom/releases/plague.htm

FOR RELEASE Thursday, July 18, 1996 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time Laurie K. Doepel doepel@nih.gov Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague Throughout human history, no other infectious disease has inflicted more havoc, or aroused more fear, than the plague. The Black Death, as it came to be known during the 14th century pandemic, originates with a bacterium called Yersinia pestis , transmitted from rodent to rodent by fleas and to humans usually incidentally. Centuries after the peak of its destruction, scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML) in Hamilton, Mont., have identified a critical genetic link to its transmission. As reported in the July 19, 1996, issue of Science , they found that three genes in Y. pestis change it from a harmless, long-term inhabitant in the flea midgut to one that amasses in its foregut. As a result of this obstruction, the flea begins to starve, leading to a blood-feeding frenzy during which it regurgitates the mass of bacteria and thereby efficiently transmits the plague. Although scientists have known that plague transmission depends on the plug of bacteria developing in the flea's foregut, until now, they had little understanding about the molecular and genetic mechanisms by which this colonization occurs. "This particular system is probably particular to plague and fleas, and not a strategy used by other arthropod-borne microbes," says medical microbiologist B. Joseph Hinnebusch, Ph.D., primary author of the paper and staff fellow in RML's Laboratory of Microbial Structure and Function (LMSF). Senior scientist and medical entomologist in LMSF, Tom G. Schwan, Ph.D., is a co-author on the paper.

45. Bubonic Plague: Transmission Linked To Bacterial Genes, September 1996 bubonic plague Transmission Linked to Bacterial Genes. Throughouthuman history, no other infectious disease has inflicted more http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/dateline/0996/page9.htm

Bubonic Plague: Transmission Linked to Bacterial Genes Throughout human history, no other infectious disease has inflicted more havoc, or aroused more fear, than the plague. The Black Death, as it came to be known during the 14th century pandemic, originates with a bacterium called Yersinia pestis , transmitted from rodent to rodent by fleas and to humans usually incidentally. Centuries after the peak of its destruction, scientists at NIAID's Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML) in Hamilton, Mont., have identified a critical genetic link to its transmission. As reported recently in Science , they found that three genes in Y. pestis change it from a harmless, long-term inhabitant in the flea midgut to one that amasses in its foregut. As a result of this obstruction, the flea begins to starve, leading to a blood-feeding frenzy during which it regurgitates the mass of bacteria and thereby efficiently transmits the plague. Although scientists have known that plague transmission depends on the plug of bacteria developing in the fleas foregut, until now, they had little understanding about the molecular and genetic mechanisms by which this colonization occurs. "This particular system is probably particular to plague and fleas, and not a strategy used by other arthropod-borne microbes," says medical microbiologist B. Joseph Hinnebusch, Ph.D., primary author of the paper and staff fellow in RML's Laboratory of Microbial Structure and Function (LMSF). Senior scientist and medical entomologist in LMSF, Tom G. Schwan, Ph.D., is a co-author on the paper. Their experiments, which began about four years ago, focused on three hemin storage (

46. ABCNEWS.com : Man Has Bubonic Plague A New Mexico man in isolation at a New York City hospital tested positive for bubonicplague, the rare and dangerous bacterial disease, health officials said. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/bubonicplague021106.html

var SectionID="US"; var SubsectionID="DailyNews"; var NameID="bubonicplague021106"; var flash = 0; var ShockMode = 0; var Flash_File_Path = "http://adimages.go.com/ad/sponsors/compaq/comp-log0302/comp-log0302.swf"; var default_image = "http://adimages.go.com/ad/sponsors/compaq/comp-log0302/comp-log0302.gif"; var default_alttext = "visit hp.com"; var ad_width = "95"; var ad_height = "30"; on error resume next FlashInstalled = (IsObject(CreateObject("ShockwaveFlash.ShockwaveFlash.4"))) If FlashInstalled = "True" then flash = 1 End If Good Morning America World News Tonight Primetime Nightline ... This Week March 30, 2003 HOMEPAGE NEWS SUMMARY US INTERNATIONAL ... TRAVEL FEATURED SERVICES RELATIONSHIPS SHOPPING DOWNLOADS WIRELESS INTERACT BOARDS CHAT NEWS ALERTS CONTACT ABC Man Tests Positive for Bubonic Plague Preliminary Tests Show New Mexico Man Has Middle Ages Disease The Associated Press N E W Y O R K, Nov. 6 Print This Page Email This Page See Most Sent EXCLUSIVE: No Signs of Chemical Weapons ... Money Can't Buy Turkish Support of War There had not been a case in New York City in at least the past 100 years, city Health Commissioner Thomas Frieden said. There was no evidence of danger to the public, he said. A woman identified as the man's wife also was hospitalized, but her tests had not been completed. The pair's names were not released, but officials said they were in the city on vacation.

47. Pravda.RU Bubonic Plague Registered In Kazakhstan In the Omsk region, in southern Siberia, preventive measures are beingtaken to block the penetration of bubonic plague from Kazakhstan. http://english.pravda.ru/cis/2001/08/13/12396.html

Aug, 13 2001 Accidents CIS Culture Diplomatic ... About Pravda.RU:CIS:More in detail BUBONIC PLAGUE REGISTERED IN KAZAKHSTAN In the Omsk region, in southern Siberia, preventive measures are being taken to block the penetration of bubonic plague from Kazakhstan. Health posts have been set up on all border auto roads of the Omsk region, and they examine people crossing from Kazakhstan. Similar measures are being introduced on railways, at airports, and on ships. The possibility of quarantine is not ruled out. The Kzyl-Orda district of Kazakhstan is reported to have registered two cases of bubonic plague, one with a lethal outcome. RIA 'Novosti' Pravda.RU:CIS HUMAN ORGANS TRAFFICKED IN UKRAINE Ukraine's law enforcement bodies in Lvov have arrested a group of medical personnel suspected of dealing in human organs for transplantation, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry said on Monday. More detail GEORGIAN PRESIDENT CONFIDENT IN STABILITY OF HIS GOVERNMENT Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze stated on Monday that he excluded a possibility of destabilization of the situation in the country during the forthcoming autumn when elections into local government bodies were to take place. Shevardnadze, former Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, stated in his interview to the National radio station that "presently various people speak at length that in the fall the government would fail to avoid mass demonstrations. More detail SCIENTISTS REFUSE TO TAKE PART IN CONFERENCES HELD IN USA AFTER ARREST OF RUSSIAN PROGRAMMER

48. Pravda.RU Serbian Refugees Have No Chance To Return Home 1010 AIDS bubonic plague OF THE 21ST CENTURY Twenty years after the first articleappeared on a new syndrome, in the US MMWR report for Disease Control, AIDS http://english.pravda.ru/world/2001/06/06/

Jun, 06 2001 Made in Pravda.ru Pravda.ru comes forward with working out conceptions and creating new corporative representative sites, as well as with promotion of new products in the Net. More in detail CIS Companies Culture ... About Pravda.RU:World SERBIAN REFUGEES HAVE NO CHANCE TO RETURN HOME The most of Serbian refugees, that have left Kosovo, think only about returning home. According to John Ruich, the head of International Committee of the Red Cross in Belgrad, refugees also hope, that Serbian police and army will also return to Kosovo, because it is the only way to guarantee security. More detail RUSSIAN BOSNIA PEACEKEEPER STRENGTH TO BE CUT By July 1 the strength of the Russian airborne brigade of the international force in Bosnia will be reduced by 200 to 900 servicemen, the RIA Novosti correspondent quotes Georgi Shpak, commander of the Russian airborne troops, as saying. More detail ARABS SUE SHARON IN BRUSSELS COURT Several suits came to the local court against Israel's Prime Minister Ariel Sharon as two Arabs resident in Belgium accuse him of terrorism and human rights trespasses. More detail MACEDONIA: CLASHES RAGE ON Ethnic Albanian rebels keep on attacking government security forces. Clashes resumed last night in the vicinity of Kumanovo, in the country's north, with all available firearms used. The army is hitting back with artillery and tank gunfire.

49. The Bubonic Plague: Black Death (Teachers make sure to look here) Scourge of the Black Death. (This may bea helpful tool for planning this lesson.) Bibliography for the bubonic plague. http://bw.k12.ri.us/Kicke/middleages\plague.htm

The Plague "Black Death" Bubonic Plague: Elements of Profile The Churches Involvement In the Bubonic Plague (article written by high school students) Bubonic Plague: The Black Death The Black Death: Bubonic Plague Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe The Plague ... The Black Plague (includes maps, graphs, etc.) Below are examples of what you will find. Major European Trade Routes Graphs with Population Change Plague in Europe (map) Medical Background Medicine and The Black Plague (Includes a link to lesson ideas) Ring-a-ring a roses Guided Lesson (Teachers make sure to look here) Scourge of the Black Death (This may be a helpful tool for planning this lesson.) Bibliography for the Bubonic Plague Back to Resources

50. New Bubonic Plague Test Developed New bubonic plague test developed. Diagnostic tool offers rapid results,say scientists. ASSOCIATED PRESS. Jan. bubonic plague is not contagious. http://www.msnbc.com/news/860436.asp

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Search ... Money New bubonic plague test developed Diagnostic tool offers rapid results, say scientists ASSOCIATED PRESS Scientists have developed a simple and reliable test to rapidly diagnose plague, a sometimes deadly disease that authorities fear could be used in a bioterror attack. Take our interactive quizzes Sign up for our free health e-newsletter eDiets Diet Center Loan Center Yellow Pages Newsletters ... MSN Broadband Late diagnosis is the major cause of death and spread of the disease. Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is chiefly a disease of rodents. However, it can spread to humans, mostly through flea bites. About 3,000 people get infected each year, primarily in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Doctors usually diagnose the disease by looking at symptoms and confirm it by laboratory tests. There is no immediate diagnostic test. There are three main forms of plague in humans: bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic. After the bacteria get into a person through a flea bite, they migrate to the nearest lymph nodes, where they cause a painful swelling or bubo, from which bubonic plague takes its name. Bubonic plague is not contagious. Most cases are noticed at this point and treated with antibiotics. Without treatment the chances of dying from plague are between 15 percent and 30 percent in the bubonic stage. With treatment, nearly everyone can be saved.

51. BBC News | HEALTH | Black Death And Plague 'not Linked' It is wrong to describe the mediaeval Black Deathdisease as bubonic plague, say anthropologists. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/1925513.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Health Front Page World UK ... AudioVideo SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobiles/PDAs Feedback ... Low Graphics Friday, 12 April, 2002, 15:40 GMT 16:40 UK Black Death and plague 'not linked' Fleas from black rats spread bubonic plague The Black Death that affected Britain in the 14th century was probably not the modern disease known as bubonic plague, scientists claim. The symptoms of the 14th century disease are similar to bubonic plague, and historically they have been referred to as one and the same. Bubonic plague is spread by the fleas of rats and other rodents. However, anthropologists in the US believe the Black Death was caused by any number of infectious organisms, probably transmitted through person-to-person contact. The spread of the Black Death was more rapid than we formerly believed Dr James Wood, anthropologist The university research team studied church records and other documents from the UK to reconstruct the virulence and pattern of the disease. They looked at bishops' records which show that many priests died during the epidemic.

52. BBC NEWS | Health | Bubonic Plague 'could Return To The UK' bubonic plague 'could return to the UK' Black rats have reappeared in some partsof the UK Climate changes and increasing globalisation could bring back the http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_456000/456831.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Health News Front Page World UK ... Programmes SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Text Only ... Help EDITIONS Change to World Bubonic plague 'could return to the UK' Black rats have reappeared in some parts of the UK Climate changes and increasing globalisation could bring back the diseases of the Middle Ages, an expert has warned. Vic Simpson of the government's Veterinary Laboratories Agencies told a seminar at the British Veterinary Association's annual conference that the bacterium responsible for the Black Death which ravaged Europe and Asia between the 14th and 17th centuries could find its way back to Britain. He said black rats, the bacterium's hosts, had recently reappeared in some parts of the UK. "The species has the potential to reestablish large populations in areas of urban decay," he stated. The Black Death was caused by a huge growth in the number of infected black rats living close to man. Infection was spread to man through bites from rat fleas, causing deadly bubonic plague and a highly contagious strain of pneumonia. Mr Simpson said the bacterium responsible - Yersinia pestis - which is still present in some parts of the world and caused 108 deaths in 1992, could find its way back into the UK as a result of international trade.

53. Learning Objectives: Bubonic Plague bubonic plague History and Update Learning Objectives. Presented byElsie Lee, MD, MPH Understand the epidemiology of bubonic plague http://www.cdnetwork.org/Learning Objectives bubonic_plague.htm

Bubonic Plague: History and Update Learning Objectives Presented by: Elsie Lee, MD, MPH Understand the epidemiology of bubonic plague globally and nationally, review of symptoms of plague Learn about bubonic plague in a historical perspective Understand current issues in bubonic plague, including recent cases in New York City Understand modern control methods and treatment for plague Register for Webcast © 2003 Clinical Directors Network, Inc.

54. 1st SPOT Bioterrorism Anthrax Smallpox Botulism Bubonic Plague the bioterrorism threat Anthrax Smallpox Botulism bubonic plague TularemiaEbola. 1st SPOT Bioterrorism. CDC Anthrax Advisory. bubonic plague. http://1st-spot.net/topic_bioterrorism.html

1st SPOT Bioterrorism CDC Anthrax Advisory Anthrax and Bioterrorism Webliography Biological Weapons Control And Bioterrorism Preparedness Biological Weapons: a Partial List ... Weapons of Mass Destruction Notice to consumers: make sure that you are getting authentic Cipro. Currently Bayer is the patent holder. Is It Time To Bust The Cipro Patent? 2 Buy Cipro Cipro 4 Anthrax ANTHRAX Anthrax Infection Bacteriology 330 Lecture Topics: Anthrax Biological warfare in WW I Chemical - Biological Agents Fact Sheet ... World Anthrax Data Site SMALLPOX CDC Smallpox Workshop Amherst and Smallpox Biological Weapons Scared of Smallpox ... Timelines of Bioweaponry: Links. BOTULISM Anti-botulism vaccine is goal Botulism Fact Sheet Biological Warfare Defense Information Sheet BUBONIC PLAGUE Biological/Bacteriological Warfare Bubonic Plague TULAREMIA BioWar Tularemia: Defense Information Sheet Tularemia Experiment In Martha's Vineyard EBOLA Advent of Health - Ebola Ebola Virus Info Anthrax Smallpox ... Enter your birthday and you could win $5 Million! Books at Half.com MyFreebies your Free stuff! FEEDBACK SUBMIT URL ADVERTISE 1st SPOT webmaster

55. CheatHouse.com - The Bubonic Plague 482). This certainly paints an The bubonic plague. Note! The sentencesin this essay are shuffled, making this essay unusable . If http://www.cheathouse.com/eview/6305_the_bubonic_plague.html

Cantor states that, No one - peasant or aristocrat - was safe from the disease [bubonic plague], and once it was contracted, a horrible and painful death was almost a certainty. The dead and the dying lay in the streets abandoned by frightened friends and relatives (482). This certainly paints an The bubonic plague Note! The sentences in this essay are shuffled, making this essay unusable If you want to read the essay in it's original and proper state, click here. We use this page for our internal search engine, and it's not meant to be viewable. World History Home Essays [LOGIN] ... 1995-2003, Loadstone

56. Bubonic Plague Kills By Cutting Off Cellular Communication September 15, 1999 (18) bubonic plague kills by cutting off cellularcommunication. ANN ARBORYersinia pestis, the deadly bacterium http://www.umich.edu/~newsinfo/Releases/1999/Sep99/r091699a.html

The University of Michigan News and Information Services News Release 412 Maynard Ann Arbor, Michigan September 15, 1999 (18) Bubonic plague kills by cutting off cellular communication ANN ARBOR-Yersinia pestis, the deadly bacterium that causes bubonic plague, kills by cutting off a cell's ability to communicate with other immune system cells needed to fight off the bacterial invasion. In a study published in the Sept. 17 issue of Science , University of Michigan scientists identify one protein responsible for the plague's lethal effect and the molecular family it targets. "Yersinia is a clever pathogen," says Kim Orth, Ph.D., a research investigator in the U-M Medical School . "It found our Achilles heel-one family of molecules used by every mammalian cell to transmit signals involved in the immune response and cell death." If scientists can understand the mechanism Yersinia uses to control cell signaling and how it destroys the immune communications system, it could have important implications in medicine, especially in cancer and immune-related diseases, Orth adds. "YopJ, the protein Yersinia uses to block this signaling process, is one of six proteins injected by the bacteria into immune cells called macrophages," says

57. Astrotale - What Does The Bubonic Plague, A Nervous Breakdown, And Failing As A What does the bubonic plague, a nervous breakdown, and failing as a farmerhave to do with the greatest scientific publication of all time? http://www.wpo.net/astrotales/newton.html

W HAT D OES THE B UBONIC P LAGUE, A N ERVOUS B REAKDOWN, AND F AILING AS A F ARMER H AVE TO DO WITH THE G REATEST S CIENTIFIC P UBLICATION OF ALL T IME? The greatest scientific publication of all time is the Principia, which basically described in practical mathematical terms the modern view of the Universe, which contributed to everything from the Industrial Revolution to Space Travel. The author of the Principia is Isaac Newton - recognized by western civilization as single-handedly contributing more to the development of science than any other individual in history. His biographers describe him as surpassing all the gains of the great scientific minds of antiquity "producing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed before." Newton was born unto a poor farming family and because he failed as farmer his mother sent him to Cambridge study to become a preacher. Though he was not particularly good at grammar school, Newton was exposed to mathematics and science while at Cambridge. Suddenly, for two years, Cambridge was closed because of the plague. And during this time Newton left these formal studies to make most of the significant discoveries of his lifetime. An introverted man, who never told a joke and never laughed, Newton suffered a massive nervous breakdown in 1675 which took him over 4 years to recover . Despite this, Newton published the Principia in 1687. The Principia included the famous Laws of Motion without which modern space travel would be impossible.

58. Purging Pestilence - The Bubonic Plague Purging Pestilence. The bubonic plague. Historical background Images110 Images 11-20 Images 21-30 Images 31-40 Images 41-52. http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/public/gallery/plague/title.htm

Purging Pestilence The Bubonic Plague Historical background Images 1-10 Images 11-20 Images 21-30 ... Images 41-52

59. Historical Background To The Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague Historical background. Back. The bubonic plaguehit Sydney in January 1900. Spreading from the waterfront http://www.records.nsw.gov.au/public/gallery/plague/history.htm

The Bubonic Plague Historical background Back The Bubonic Plague hit Sydney in January 1900. Spreading from the waterfront, the rats carried the plague throughout the city. Within eight months 303 cases were reported and 103 people were dead. Quarantine areas were established. These stretched from Millers Point east to George Street, along Argyle, Upper Fort, and Essex Streets then south to Chippendale, covering the area between Darling Harbour and Kent Streets, west to Cowper Street, Glebe, along City Road to the area bounded by Abercrombie, Ivy, Cleveland Streets, and the railway. The area east from George Street enclosed by Riley, Liverpool, Elizabeth and Goulburn Streets, Gipps, Campbell and George Streets were also quarantined, as were certain areas in Woolloomooloo, Paddington, Redfern and Manly. Cleansing and disinfecting operations in the quarantine areas lasted from 24 March to 17 July and included the demolition of 'slum' buildings. Photographs were taken of buildings before demolition and inspectors took notes of other property destroyed. The photographs also include the interior and exterior of houses, stores, warehouses and wharves, and surrounding streets, lanes and yards, thus providing a fairly clear indication of the state of the city during and immediately after the Plague. Local residents were employed to undertake the cleansing, disinfecting, burning and demolition of the infected areas, including their own homes. Shovels, brooms, mattocks, hoses, buckets, and watering cans, were tools used to clear, clean, lime wash and disinfect. Not only bu

60. BUBONIC PLAGUE AS AN INDICATOR OF DIFFUSION? bubonic plague AS AN INDICATOR OF DIFFUSION? Every year a few peoplein the Arizona New Mexico region contract bubonic plague. Where http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf045/sf045p02.htm

Science Frontiers ONLINE No. 45: May-Jun 1986 Issue Contents Other pages Home Page Science Frontiers Online All Issues This Issue Sourcebook Project Sourcebook Subjects BUBONIC PLAGUE AS AN INDICATOR OF DIFFUSION? Every year a few people in the Arizona New Mexico region contract bubonic plague. Where did this persistent pocket of infection come from? One school of thought has the germ arriving with the rats on ships docking in California during the Gold Rush of 1849. But how could the plague have crossed the mountains and across several radically different ecosystems? One would anticipate finding records of the plague as it made its way into the Southwest. It is true that a less virulent disease, the sylvatic plague, transmitted by similar mechanisms, does exist in the Pacific Coast area; but the bubonic plague does seem highly localized in Arizona and New Mexico. Perhaps another explanation can be discovered in the history of the bubonic plague and the settlement of the Southwest. The plague seems to have commenced in Athens about 430 BC. More or less isolated epidemics followed, but from 1334 to 1351 the disease decimated most of the known world: Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Of course, the American Southwest was not part of the "known world" of 1334-1351. But, coincidentally (?),this was just about the time that the Hohokam and Anasazi cultures began to decline rapidly in the Southwest. Link this observation to the purported Roman and Hebrew artifacts in the region (SF#43), and one sees the possibility that Old World travellers brought the bubonic plague to the New World well before Columbus landed!

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