61. Screening For Cervical Cancer: Recommendations And Rationale Screening for cervical cancer (continued). Recommendations of Others. US PreventiveServices Task Force. Screening for cervical cancer. AHRQ Publication No. http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/cervcan/cervcanrr2.htm

Screening for Cervical Cancer (continued) Recommendations of Others The new guidelines of the American Cancer Society (ACS) recommend initiating screening 3 years after onset of sexual activity but no later than age 21. ACS recommends annual screening with conventional Pap tests, or screening every 2 years if liquid-based cytology is used, until age 30; thereafter, the screening interval can be extended to 2-3 years based on past screening results and risk factors. Most other North American organizations have previously recommended beginning screening at onset of sexual activity or at age 18; these include the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) , American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM), American Medical Association (AMA), the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Some of them may update their guidelines in light of the new recommendations on starting age. These organizations recommend that initial screening be conducted annually, but most recommendations permit Pap testing less frequently after three or more normal annual smears, based on patient risk factors and the discretion of the patient and physician. Guidelines of the ACS

62. The HPV Test - Greater Protection Against Cervical Cancer Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus), the cause of virtually all cervical cancer,is a far more accurate way to detect cancer and precancer than the current http://www.thehpvtest.com/

New Clinical Guidelines Published in JAMA Recommend HPV Testing for Borderline Pap Test Results Testing for HPV (human papillomavirus), the primary cause of virtually all cervical cancer, is a more accurate way to detect cancer and pre-cancer than the current management strategy of repeating the Pap test following an ASC-US (borderline) or mildly abnormal Pap result. What can I do? Relevent Links Site Map

63. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer What is Cancer Anyway? Causes and Risks Symptoms. Cancervical cancer Be Prevented? Many cases can be prevented! http://www.coolnurse.com/cervical_cancer.htm

Cervical Cancer What is Cancer Anyway? Causes and Risks Symptoms Cancer is a group of more than 100 different diseases. They all affect the body's basic unit, the cell. Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal and divide without control. All of the organs of the body are made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells divide to produce more cells only when the body needs them. This orderly process helps keep us healthy. If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue forms. This mass of extra tissue, called a growth or tumor, can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancerous. They can usually be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. The most important thing is that cells from benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Benign tumors are not a threat to life. Polyps, cysts, and genital warts are types of benign growths of the cervix.

64. NCCC Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Information Information from the National cervical cancer Coalition about cancer treatment and vaccine trials. http://www.nccc-online.org/hpv.htm

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) This area provides important information regarding Human Papillomavirus (HPV) , including some of the latest cancer trials and information on upcoming vaccines. Please choose an area of interest from the menu on the right. Click here for Additional Information on HPV HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV): A virus that is the cause of warts of the hands and feet, as well as lesions of the mucous membranes of the oral, anal and genital cavities. More than 50 types of HPV have been identified, some of which are associated with cancerous and precancerous conditions. The virus can be transmitted through sexual contact and is a precursor to cancer of the cervix. There is no specific cure for an HPV infection, but the virus often can be controlled by podophyllin (medicine derived from the roots of the plant Podophyllum peltatum) or interferon, and the warts can be removed by cryosurgery, laser treatment or conventional surgery. SOme sicientitsts believe HPV can "clear" out of the body. top CERVICAL CANCER AND OTHER HPV-RELATED STUDIES Portland Kaiser Cohort Study of HPV and Cervical Neoplasia top The Guanacaste Study of HPV Natural History top Vaccine Trial A large randomized trial is planned in Costa Rica to evaluate the efficacy of two virus-like particle (VLP)-based prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines developed at NCI. Volunteers in the trial will be screened for cervical disease at entry and will receive three VLP or three placebo vaccinations over the course of six months. Participants will be actively followed for a period of four years and information will be collected on side effects of the vaccine (safety), immune induction by the vaccine (immunogenicity), and the occurence of cervical disease (efficacy).

65. Task Force Recommends Regular Cervical Cancer Screening For Most Women - RTI Int Task Force Recommends Regular cervical cancer Screening for Most Women RTI InternationalWebpage - The US Preventive Services Task Force recommendeds that http://www.rti.org/page.cfm?objectid=3AAC37E9-384B-40DC-B680DEB82F632D83

66. Wired News: Eliminating A Deadly Cancer Scientists say a vaccine currently being tested in several countries holds great promise for eradicating cervical cancer, the secondbiggest killer of women. Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,20387,00.html

Welcome to Wired News. Skip directly to: Search Box Section Navigation Content Search: Wired News Animations Wired Magazine HotBot (the Web) Eliminating a Deadly Cancer Page 1 of 1 03:00 AM Jun. 24, 1999 PT Scientists are testing a new vaccine for cervical cancer that could help eradicate the second-biggest cancer killer in women. Cervical cancer, caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects nearly half a million women worldwide each year and kills nearly 200,000. Story Tools Today's Top 5 Stories Tables Top Typical Bar Diversions Rasta Man Comes in From the Cold The Search for Total Information Saddam's Bunker Stands Tough ... War Hack Attacks Tit For Tat The vaccine works by tricking the body's immune system into believing it is being attacked by the virus so it launches an immune response. Read ongoing Med-Tech coverage "If the vaccine is successful, then we would want to vaccinate the population and that would include vaccinating school-age children at approximately 12 years of age, before individuals become sexually active," Dr. Daron Ferris of the Medical College of Virginia told the BBC science program Tomorrow's World Wednesday.

67. Cervical Cancer cervical cancer, which is almost always preventable, continues to be a large publichealth problem in many developing countries because of limited access to http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/3cc/3cc.htm

Reading Materials Workshop Proceedings Related Links Reading Materials WHO Press Release, 11 October 2001 : Cervical Cancer Screening is Failing to Control Disease in Many Developing Countries, Researchers Say Medscape Editorial : Innovative Approaches to Cervical Cancer Prevention Article in Bulletin of WHO : Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low- and middle-income developing countries, Sankaranarayanan R (Adobe Acrobat 175K) Preventing Cervical Cancer in Low-Resource Settings Outlook, Vol. 18, No. 1. PATH Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Lancet Journal Article : Visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical-cancer screening: test qualities in a primary-care setting Lancet Journal Commentary Policy on Distribution of Materials Workshop Proceedings 2000 - Training Issues for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Low-Resource Settings (Summary) 1997 - Alternatives in Cervical Cancer Screening and Treatment in Low-Resource Settings (Highlights) Related Links Alliance for Cervical Cancer Prevention JHPIEGO University of Zimbabwe PATH (Program for Approriate Technology in Health) Reproductive Health Outlook: Cervical Cancer (PATH) National Cervical Cancer Coalition International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

68. Story Gallery - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation More than 600 women die every day from cervical cancer, mostly in thedeveloping world. It generally strikes women in midlife when http://www.gatesfoundation.org/storygallery/cervicalcancer.htm

Home Story Gallery More than 600 women die every day from cervical cancer, mostly in the developing world. It generally strikes women in midlife when they have completed their childbearing and are playing an increasingly important economic and social role in their families and communities. Health care providers in developing countries regularly see women with advanced, incurable cervical cancer. At this late stage, there is little they can do to save women's lives. Even drugs designed to ease cancer pain often are unavailable. Yet cervical cancer can be readily prevented through screening and treatment using relatively simple technologies. While the majority of women in industrialized countries have access to basic cervical cancer preventive services, women in the developing world generally do not. Progress and Prevention Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, and is the leading cause of death from cancer among women in developing countries. But unlike many cancers, cervical cancer can be prevented. A first line of defense is to educate women about how to protect themselves from Human Papilloma virus — HPV — a common infection that causes most cervical cancers. For women at risk of cervical cancer, secondary prevention is the key to saving lives. Using relatively inexpensive screening and treatment technologies, to detect abnormal cervical tissue before it progresses, can prevent cervical cancer. Successful programs reach a large proportion of women at risk, screen them for precancerous lesions (new approaches including visual inspection of the cervix and HPV testing will help), and treat those who need to be treated with simple approaches like cryotherapy, the freezing of precancerous cells.

69. The Sexually Transmitted Disease No One Talks About By Julie Sevrens. Detroit Free Press Article about the virus and its link to cervical cancer. http://www.freep.com/news/health/hpv2_20000502.htm

Home News Sports Entertainment ... Hugh McDiarmid SECTIONS Today's stories Metro Wayne Oakland ... Place an ad The sexually transmitted disease no one talks about HPV has been around since ancient times, but it often goes undetected May 2, 2000 BY JULIE SEVRENS KNIGHT RIDDER NEWSPAPERS When parents talk to their children about the birds and the bees, there's one thing that's rarely mentioned: the human papilloma virus. ABOUT HPV The human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted disease, with about 5.5 million new cases occurring in the United States every year. Here are some other facts about the disease: Nearly three out of four Americans from the ages of 15 to 49 have been infected with HPV. Most have just never known it. The body's immune system often can sufficiently suppress or perhaps even kill the virus on its own. Vaginal, oral and anal sex can all spread the disease, as can skin-to-skin contact in the genital region. Abstinence is the best defense. Condoms offer some protection but, because they do not cover the entire genital area, it is possible to acquire the virus while using them. Most HPV cases are symptomless and often harmless. Of the 70 to 100 strains of HPV thought to be in existence today, just two are responsible for causing genital warts. About a dozen are high-risk strains associated with causing cervical cancer. It is possible to acquire more than one virus strain.

70. Grants - Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Date, Title. 12.17.2001, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) $6,800,309over 3 years to support the Alliance for cervical cancer Prevention. http://www.gatesfoundation.org/GlobalHealth/Grants/default.asp?showYear=2001

71. CNN - Pap Smears, Safe Sex Prevent Cervical Cancer - Apr. 4, 1996 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9604/04/nfm/

Pap smears, safe sex prevent cervical cancer, experts conclude April 4, 1996 Web posted at: 1:00 a.m. EST From Correspondent Eugenia Halsey WASHINGTON (CNN) A panel of experts from the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday that virtually all cervical cancer deaths could be prevented by a combination of safe sex and regular pap smears. Almost 5,000 American women die every year from cervical cancer. Three months ago, 31-year-old Valerie Paterno found out through a routine pap smear that she had cervical cancer. Her treatment: a radical hysterectomy. Today, she is alive. Now she encourages other women to have regular pap smears. "It's not something you put off. It's not a fun thing to do, but it's not a bad thing to do. And it saved my life; it could save yours" Valerie Paterno Doctors say that for treatment to be effective, the cancer must be detected early. "The key is going to be making sure that all women have access to medical care, access to the medical system where they can then enter into these screening programs," said Dr. Albert Steren, a gynecological oncologist at Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. The expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Health agrees. It found that more widespread pap smears, especially among the economically disadvantaged such as minorities, older women, rural residents, and the poor could wipe out the disease.

72. MayoClinic A description of the disease, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. http://www.mayoclinic.com/home?id=5.1.1.3.23

73. Fact Sheet 3.13 However, the exact nature of the association between OC use and riskof cervical cancer remains unclear. cervical cancer Brinton LA. http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_13.htm

Cancer Facts CIS Home Cancer.gov Dictionary Search Date reviewed: 02/12/03 Oral Contraceptives and Cancer Risk Key Points The results of the Women’s Contraceptive and Reproductive Experience (Women’s CARE) study indicated that current or former use of oral contraceptives (OCs) among women ages 35 to 64 did not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer ( see section on Breast Cancer Studies have consistently shown that using OCs reduces the risk of ovarian cancer ( see section on Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers There is some evidence that long-term use of OCs may increase the risk of cancer of the cervix ( see section on Cancer of the Cervix There is some evidence that OCs may increase the risk of certain cancerous liver tumors ( see section on Liver Tumors References Introduction Oral contraceptives (OCs) first became available to American women in the early 1960s. The convenience, effectiveness, and reversibility of action of birth control pills (popularly known as “the pill”) have made them the most popular form of birth control in the United States. However, concerns have been raised about the role that hormones play in a number of cancers , and how hormone-based OCs might contribute to their development.

74. CNN - Study: Strongest Proof Yet Links Tobacco, Cervical Cancer - June 17, 1997 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/9706/17/tobacco.cervical/

Study: Strongest proof yet links tobacco, cervical cancer June 17, 1997 Web posted at: 9:22 p.m. EDT (0122 GMT) CHICAGO (CNN) A tobacco carcinogen was found among women with cervical cancer in a new study, providing one of the strongest links to date between that type of cancer and cigarette smoke. The carcinogen also was found in women exposed to secondhand smoke, suggesting that environmental smoke may also be linked to cervical cancer, according to researchers. The carcinogen, known as NNK, has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. "This is an extremely important finding that should lead to further studies in women who smoke, and those exposed to secondhand smoke, to find out how this carcinogen interacts with cervical cells to cause cancer," said Dr. Steven Waggoner of the University of Chicago, who conducted the study. Studies from the past 10 to 15 years have suggested that among women who smoke, the risk of cervical cancer is two to five times higher than in nonsmokers, Waggoner said. While previous research was based on questionnaires and medical records, the current study was based on physical evidence that compared cervical mucous in smokers and nonsmokers.

75. HealthScope > Health Resources > Your Health & Wellness > Cervical Cancer Screen Health Resources Your Health Wellness cervical cancer Screenings.cervical cancer Screenings. Why is cervical cancer screening important? http://www.healthscope.org/Interface/health_resources/health_wellness/cervical_c

Health Plan Ratings How to Select a Health Plan What Health Plan Quality Means Health Plan Rating Methods ... Health Resources Cervical Cancer Screenings Why is cervical cancer screening important? More than 50,000 cases of non-invasive cervical cancer are detected annually (Source: Healthy People 2000 Approximately 15,000 new cases of invasive cervical cancer are diagnosed every year. Approximately 4,600 women die annually from the disease (Source: The Harvard Guide to Women's Health, Cervical cancer is most often found in younger women. Older women however, are more likely to die from cervical cancer, primarily because cervical cancer in older women tends to be diagnosed at a more advanced stage. Regular Pap smears among older women could lower this risk of death. If every woman over 18 had regular Pap tests as recommended, total deaths from cervical cancer could be reduced by as much as 75%. What is a Pap smear? How often is a Pap test recommended? If you are: You should have a Pap test: Over the age of 18 Every one to three years At high risk for cervical cancer Every year Women at high risk of cervical cancer are those who: Had their first sexual intercourse before age 17;

76. InteliHealth: InteliHealth Home From the National Women's Health Information Center; questions and answers about this disease, its diagnosis, causes and treatment. http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH?d=dmtContent&c=278373&p=~br,IHW|~st

77. This Page Has Moved Centre for Chronic Prevention and Control cervical cancer. Backgroundand History of Cervical Screening in Canada. cervical cancer http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/ahi/cervicalcancer/

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/ccdpc-cpcmc/cc-ccu/index_e.html http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/ccdpc-cpcmc/cc-ccu/index_e.html

78. Division Of Cancer Prevention Home Page A tip sheet addressed specifically to women who are ages 65 and older. http://rex.nci.nih.gov/PREV_AND_ERLYDETC/TSENG.HTM

Breast cancer Colorectal cancer Lung cancer Prostate cancer More... Diet, food, and nutrition Smoking More... Understanding cancer prevention Detection/screening trials Ongoing trials and recent results Search for specific clinical trials (PDQ) More... Weekly cancer prevention lectures (Colloquia Series) Upcoming Workshops and meetings NCI calendar of scientific meetings More... Early Detection Research Network (EDRN) Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) National Lung Screening Trial Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program More... Funding and grants Fellowship and training programs Statistical Software Reports, publications, and resources More... Organ Systems Research Groups Foundations of Prevention Research Groups Offices and research groups Staff list Job opportunities More... Validating Biomarkers: Early Detection Research Network Launches First Phase III , article, JNCI, March 19, 2003 (requires subscription Early Reproductive Events and Breast Cancer, February 20, 2003 NCI-Funded Clinical Trials Show Aspirin Reduces Recurrence of Polyps, March 05, 2003 Free Radicals: The Pros and Cons of Antioxidants; June 26-27, 2003 ... ACCESSIBILITY

79. Health Canada - It's Your Health - Screening For Cervical Cancer Screening for cervical cancer. The Issue. cervical cancer can for the mostpart be avoided or easily treated. Risk Factors For cervical cancer. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/iyh/diseases/cervical_cancer.html

Diseases Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer Colorectal Cancer ... Subscribe Screening for Cervical Cancer The Issue Cervical cancer can for the most part be avoided or easily treated. It can also be easily detected by regular screening. However, most women who develop cervical cancer have not been screened in the three years prior to their diagnosis. Background The cervix is the lower part of the uterus leading into the vagina. This is an area where cells change rapidly, and where malignant cell changes are most likely to occur. While cervical cancer is the tenth most common cancer among Canadian women of all ages, it is the third most common among women aged 20 to 49. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test is used to detect changes in the cervix before they become cancerous or when they are at a stage when treatment can be effective. Since the introduction of the Pap test more than 25 years ago, the death rate from cervical cancer has declined dramatically, dropping almost 50 percent. The survival rate is 74 percent over five years. However, approximately 1,450 Canadian women will receive a diagnosis this year of invasive cervical cancer, and approximately 420 women will die from this disease. Woman who are older (aged 40-59), immigrant, Aboriginal or have a lower socio-economic status are at higher risk of developing cervical cancer, primarily because they have not been screened at all or have been screened irregularly.

80. Grounds For Health - Bringing Health Care To Coffee Growing Communities Grounds for Health is a nonprofit organization that provides cervical cancer screening to women living in coffee growing communities of Mexico. http://www.groundsforhealth.com

Home About Us Founders Trips ... Contact Us Read it now! Grounds For Health provides top notch technicians. write here.....(more) In many coffee producing countries, women do most of the work Many volunteers from North America come to Mexico to help. groundsforhealth@coffee-ent.com

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