81. Cryptosporidiosis: Sources Of Infection And Guidelines For Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. cryptosporidiosis Sources ofInfection and Guidelines for Prevention*. Incidence of cryptosporidiosis. http://www.softwater.com/sources.htm

Back to the Water Treatment Page Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cryptosporidiosis: Sources of Infection and Guidelines for Prevention* Dennis D. Juranek From the Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum has been recognized as a human pathogen since 1976. From 1976 to 1982 the disease was rarely reported and primarily occurred in immunocompromised persons. In 1982, the number of reported cases began to increase dramatically as part of the AIDS epidemic. Initially the increase was limited to immunocompromised persons; however, with the aid of newly developed laboratory diagnostic techniques, outbreaks in immunocompetent persons began to be recognized. In immunocompetent persons, Cryptosporidiosis is manifested as an acute, self-limiting diarrheal illness lasting 7 to 14 days and it is often accompanied by nausea, abdominal cramps, and low-grade fever. In patients with AIDS, Cryptosporidiosis is generally chronic and more severe than in immunocompetent persons; the voluminous watery diarrhea is often debilitating and may be accompanied by severe abdominal cramps, weight loss, anorexia, malaise, and low-grade fever [1].

82. Cryptosporidiosis cryptosporidiosis. What is cryptosporidiosis? cryptosporidiosis is a disease causedby a parasite called Cryptosporidium parvum. Who can get cryptosporidiosis? http://www.vdh.state.va.us/epi/crypto1f.htm

Cryptosporidiosis What is cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by a parasite called Cryptosporidium parvum . Cryptosporidiosis was responsible for a large drinking water outbreak of diarrheal disease in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1993. Who can get cryptosporidiosis? Anyone, but it may be more common in persons with impaired immune systems and in children in daycare centers. Where is this parasite found? Cryptosporidium is found in the digestive systems of infected animals and humans. Any pet, farm animal or wild animal, including birds, fish, and reptiles, can become infected. Calves are the most likely animals to be infected. When infected animals or humans go to the bathroom, they pass Cryptosporidium oocysts (egg-like forms of the organism) in their stools. How is cryptosporidiosis spread? People or animals become infected by swallowing the oocysts. This can occur after touching stools from infected humans or animals or after handling objects contaminated with infected stool material. Unwashed hands can then transfer the oocysts to the mouth. Persons and animals can also become infected by drinking water or eating raw or undercooked food contaminated with stool material from infected animals or humans. Some people have become sick after swimming in public pools contaminated with stools from infected persons. What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?

83. Cryptosporidium & Cryptosporidiosis: Drinking Water Cryptosporidium cryptosporidiosis Drinking Water parasite that infects manand a wide range of domestic and wild animals in healthy adults, is an http://www.accepta.com/Industry_Water_Treatment/Cryptosporidium_Drinking _Water.

defaultStatus="Expert in Water Treatment and Speciality Chemicals: Call +44 (0) 1625 267 581 or buy online"; Cryptosporidium is a parasite that infects man and a wide range of domestic and wild animals. It causes cryptosporidiosis, which in healthy adults, is an unpleasant diarrhoea lasting for up to two weeks. At present there is no cure for cryptosporidiosis and the condition can be serious for, and fatal to, the immuno-compromised e.g. those receiving chemotherapy or AIDS patients. Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium poses a challenge to water treatment processes because of its small size and resistance to disinfection processes. However, the Inspectorate's investigations of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have shown that they are invariably related to inadequate provision or poor operation of water treatment. There is good evidence that careful operation of the coagulation/flocculation and filtration processes provides consumers with a very high level of protection against exposure to the parasite. The Regulatory Position In June 1999 the UK Government introduced regulations that required water companies to carry out risk assessments to establish whether there is a significant risk from Cryptosporidium in water supplied from each of their treatment works. Where there is a risk, water companies must use a process for treating the water to ensure that the average number of oocysts is less than 1 per 10 litres of water. Water companies must use a regulatory method for sampling and analysis to check that they are complying with the standard.

84. Nebraska HHS System:  Cryptosporidiosis Epidemiology Fact Sheet cryptosporidiosis Fact Sheet. What is cryptosporidiosis? cryptosporidiosisis a diarrheal illness caused by the protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvum. http://www.hhs.state.ne.us/epi/epicrypt.htm

Cryptosporidiosis Fact Sheet What is cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal illness caused by the protozoa, Cryptosporidium parvum . Infections range from inapparent to severe, watery diarrhea. Other symptoms include abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting, and fever. The symptoms wax and wane but generally stop in about 30 days for otherwise healthy people. Immunocompromised people (e.g., people with AIDS or cancer) may develop chronic cryptosporidiosis. How is the organism spread? The organism can be spread in a number of ways. Person-to-person spread plays an important role, especially in diaper-aged children. Animal-to-person spread occurs, especially with animals less than six months old. Cryptosporidia can be spread via contaminated food and water. The largest known common-source outbreak occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1993, when over 400,000 people became ill. Because the level of chlorine normally used to treat water does not kill cryptosporidia, outbreaks have been associated with swimming pools. Other potential vectors include fruits and vegetables contaminated by cryptosporidia from the soil. What is the incubation period for cryptosporidiosis?

85. TAG: The OI Report - Cryptosporidiosis of AIDSRelated Opportunistic Infections (OIs), cryptosporidiosisby Laura Morrison. MICROBIOLOGY EPIDEMIOLOGY Cryptosporidium is http://www.aidsinfonyc.org/tag/comp/ois98/14.html

THE OI REPORT: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections (OIs) CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS by Laura Morrison Cryptosporidium is a small, obligate, intracellular protozoan that occurs widely in nature and causes disease in animals and humans. While many species of Cryptosporidium have been identified, only two, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium muris, are known to infect mammals (Upton 1985). Cryptosporidia are highly infectious and can be transmitted through water, food, animal-to-human and human-to-human contact. Because of Cryptosporidia's ubiquity and ease of transmission, people with compromised immune systems should take special precautions to avoid exposure, which are outlined in the prevention section later in this chapter. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Human cryptosporidiosis is generally caused by C. parvum, and its primary clinical manifestation is profuse, watery, non-bloody diarrhea. Other symptoms include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea, vomiting and weight loss. Immunocompetent humans may contract cryptosporidiosis, but they are able to rid themselves of the disease within a short period even without treatment. There are three types of clinical presentations of cryptosporidiosis in persons with HIV infection: transient or acute disease, which lasts less than 28 days (typically in persons with CD4 counts greater than 200); chronic disease, with diarrhea lasting more than 28 days; and fulminant disease, with greater than or equal to 20 stools a day. It is not known how frequently these types of presentations occur in PWAs.

86. CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS cryptosporidiosis. What is cryptosporidiosis? cryptosporidiosis is aparasitic infection caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum. http://health.utah.gov/els/epidemiology/epifacts/crypto.html

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS What is Cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum . Infectious oocysts (the state in the parasite's life cycle when the organism is surrounded by a protective shell) of C. parvum are small. They can survive for months in soil under cool dark conditions, for up to a year in low-turbidity water, and are more resistant to chemical agents (including chlorine) than the majority of protozoa. Infectivity appears to cease when oocysts are frozen, freeze-dried, boiled, or heated to 140 or above for 5 to 10 minutes. Who gets Cryptosporidiosis? Anyone can get Cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidia have been associated with illness worldwide, including several waterborne outbreaks in the United States and the United Kingdom. Groups at increased risk for infection include animal handlers, travelers, homosexual men, and close personal contacts of infected individuals (families, daycare and healthcare workers). Peak infection rates occur in the young and decrease progressively with age. How is Cryptosporidiosis transmitted?

87. Medical Considerations CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS www.HIVdent.org, Medical Considerations CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE HIVINFECTEDADULT Disease-Specific Protocols cryptosporidiosis. cryptosporidiosis. http://www.hivdent.org/medmid/middsp003.htm

www.HIVdent.org Medical Considerations CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE HIV-INFECTED ADULT Disease-Specific Protocols CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS Definition: An intestinal infection caused by a protozoan parasite, usually self-limited in immunocompetent patients. It produces profuse, watery diarrhea with abdominal cramping in immunocompromised patients. Inability to clear cryptosporidia is a marker of severe immune suppression and is an AIDS-indicator disease if an HIV-infected patient's diarrhea caused by this organism has persisted for four weeks or longer. Cryptosporidium may also cause cholangitis, and, rarely, infection in other sites outside the GI tract. S: Patient complains of some combination of diarrhea, RUQ abdominal pain and cramping, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, fever, anorexia, weight loss, and/or malaise. HX: Anal-oral contact Ingestion of contaminated or unsafe water Stool frequency (6-26 bowel movements daily) Stool volume (mean 3.6 liters) O: PE: Document significant weight loss Abdominal tenderness often diffuse Diarrhea usually watery and without gross blood Evidence of HIV infection A: Rule out bacterial, viral and other parasitic causes of diarrhea.

88. Cryptosporidiosis - Quick Facts About cryptosporidiosis. What is cryptosporidiosis? cryptosporidiosis,(kriptoe-spo-rid-e-OH-sis), often called crypto , is http://www.in.gov/isdh/healthinfo/cryptoqfacts.htm

State Health Commissioner Deputy State Health Commissioner Indiana Family Helpline Basic Agency Information ... for School Personnel: 2002 Health Care Professions Annual Reports 1997 Registered Nurse Survey 1997 Physicians Databook 1998 Dentist and Dental Hygienist Surveys ... Contact Us var dir = location.href.substring(0,location.href.lastIndexOf('www.in.gov/')); var url = location.href.substring(dir.length,location.href.length+1); document.write("") About ... Cryptosporidiosis What is Cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis, (krip-toe-spo-rid-e-OH-sis), often called "crypto", is a disease caused by a very small, one-celled parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum , that can live in the intestine of humans and animals. Healthy people recover on their own, but in people with AIDS or others with weak immune systems, crypto can be very serious and even cause death. How is Crypto spread? You can get crypto by eating food contaminated with the stool (bowel movement) of an infected person. Farm animals, such as calves, can pass crypto in their stool. You can also get crypto by swallowing contaminated water from lakes, rivers, streams, swimming pools or hot tubs. Crypto is not killed by chlorine used to treat drinking water. Crypto can be spread from person-to-person by sex that may involve contact with stool. It may also be spread by touching others with unwashed hands after using the bathroom or by touching items such as diapers or linens soiled with stool and then touching your mouth.

89. An Outbreak Of Cryptosporidiosis In North East Lincolnshire: A Multi Agency Resp An Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in North East Lincolnshire A Multi AgencyResponse. cryptosporidiosis rates have assumed usual background rates. http://www.nhsetrent.gov.uk/ph/ph_conference2000/cryptosporidiosis.htm

An Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis in North East Lincolnshire: A Multi Agency Response This poster describes the response to an increase in the number of cases of cryptosporidiosis identified in North East Lincolnshire in spring 2000. Forty-four cases of cryptosporidiosis were identified during a six-week period, against a background rate of one case in the preceding five months. An outbreak control team was established as recommended by Bouchier. After exploring a range of possible sources of infection, virtually all cases were linked epidemiologically to the use of a local swimming pool, or were contacts of such cases. Microbiological testing revealed contamination of the pool water and filters with cryptosporidial oocysts. The outbreak control team agreed a number of responses. These included: Temporary closure of the swimming pool Investigation and treatment of pool water and filters be undertaken Improvements in pool management to ensure appropriate sampling and record keeping Awareness raising among pool users regarding pool hygiene and faecal contamination hazards Advice to schools to be strengthened regarding hygiene in relation to pool use The Local Authority should consider undertaking a survey of all swimming pools in the area to examine standards of pool hygiene and management The swimming pool reopened after remedial treatment and testing and the outbreak was declared over by late June. Cryptosporidiosis rates have assumed usual background rates. Effective collaboration between a wide range of health and other agencies facilitated an efficient and effective response.

90. Notifiable Condition: Cryptosporidiosis cryptosporidiosis cryptosporidiosis in Washington State New requirements forthe reporting of cryptosporidiosis were instituted in December of 2000. http://www.doh.wa.gov/notify/nc/cryptosporidiosis.htm

You are here: DOH Home Notifiable Conditions » Cryptosporidiosis Index Search Employees Site Directory: Notifiable Conditions: Cryptosporidiosis Other links concerning Notifiable Conditions Local Health Jurisdictions How to Report a Notifiable Condition Glossary Legal Requirements ... EpiTrends Posters PDF documents require the free Acrobat Reader. Click here to download a copy Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis in Washington State New requirements for the reporting of cryptosporidiosis were instituted in December of 2000. In the first year of reporting, DOH received 73 case reports. Cryptosporidia Purpose of Reporting and Surveillance To identify sources of transmission (e.g., a commercial product or public water supply) and to prevent further transmission from such sources. When the source is a risk for only a few individuals (e.g., an animal or private water supply), to inform those individuals how they can reduce their risk of exposure.

91. Disease Fact Sheets - Cryptosporidiosis cryptosporidiosis Facts. What is cryptosporidiosis? Unfortunately, the laboratorytests currently available to diagnose cryptosporidiosis are not very accurate. http://www.co.boulder.co.us/health/hpe/FactSheets/crypto.htm

Search Health Home Health Planning Communicable Disease Control Emergency Preparedness ... Newsletter Cryptosporidiosis Facts What is Cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium which can cause diarrheal illness in humans and animals (especially very young animals). It is a very small organism, about 4-6 microns. Small numbers of oocysts of the parasite may be capable of causing illness. Symptoms Most persons experience watery diarrhea (average 12 or more stools per day), abdominal cramping, and weight loss. About half of the cases will have low-grade fever (usually no higher than 101°F) and vomiting. Symptoms may recur after several days of normal stool. Some people can be infected without apparent symptoms. The illness is mild to moderate in severity and self-limited, usually lasting about two weeks (ranging from one to 30 days). However, in persons with severely weakened immune systems, the illness can be severe, long-lasting, and even life-threatening. The incubation period typically ranges from 1-14 days with an average of 6-7 days. Transmi ssion Cryptosporidium is spread by fecal oral transmission. The parasite is shed in the feces (stools) of infected people and animals. You can contract

92. First Report Of Cryptosporidiosis Among Iraqi Children Translate this page First report of cryptosporidiosis among Iraqi children This is the firstreported occurrence of cryptosporidiosis among Iraqi schoolchildren. http://www.emro.who.int/Publications/EMHJ/0201/16.htm

First report of cryptosporidiosis among Iraqi children Volume 2, Issue 1, 1996, Page 115-120 Nadham K. Mahdi, Imad A. Al-Sadoon and Adel T. Mohamed ABSTRACT Of 240 Iraqi children under five years old with a primary diagnosis of gastroenteritis and dehydration, 22 were excreting Cryptosporidium oocysts in their stools. This is the first reported occurrence of cryptosporidiosis among Iraqi schoolchildren. Samples were collected and examined by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method between March and November 1994. The frequency distribution of Cryptosporidium among 114 positive cases with intestinal parasites was 18.3%. The boy-to-girl ratio was 1:2 among the Cryptosporidium -positive children. Most patients complained of abdominal colic and watery diarrhoea and were clinically dehydrated. The associated symptoms were fever and vomiting. Cryptosporidium and Giardia appeared to be associated. La cryptosporidiose signalée pour la première fois chez des enfants iraquiens RESUME Sur les 240 enfants iraquiens âgés de moins de cinq ans chez lesquels on avait diagnostiqué une gastro-entérite accompagnée de déshydratation, 22 avaient dans leurs selles des oocystes du parasite intestinal Cryptosporidium . C'est la première fois que l'on signale la survenue de cas de cryptosporidiose chez des écoliers iraquiens. Des prélèvements ont été recueillis et examinés en utilisant la méthode de Ziehl-Neelsen modifiée entre mars et novembre 1994. La répartition de la fréquence de Cryptosporidium

93. An Outbreak Of Cryptosporidiosis In The Netherlands précédente . Surveillance report An outbreak of cryptosporidiosisin the Netherlands, volume, 1. issue, 2. date, févr. 1996. page, 1112. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v01n02/0102-222.asp

home Eurosurveillance Monthly archives 1996 > Volume 1 / Issue 2 page précédente Surveillance report An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in the Netherlands volume issue date févr. 1996 page PDF This document is also available in printer friendly pdf format I.A. van Asperen , T. Mank , G.J. Medema , C. Stijnen , A.S. de Boer , J.F. Groot , P. Ten Ham , J.F. Sluiters , M.W. Borgdorff National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands General Practitioners Laboratory, Haarlem, The Netherlands Ruwaard van Putten Hospital, Spijkenisse, The Netherlands Regional Health Department, Spijkenisse, The Netherlands Regional Health Department, Haarlem, The Netherlands University Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The outbreak Only parasitology departments in the Netherlands routinely examine stools for cryptosporidial oocysts and baseline data on the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis are sparse. Two surveys of patients with gastroenteritis suggest that 1% to 2% have cryptosporidiosis, with a peak of 3% to 4% in June and August (1, and personal communication L.M. Kortbeek, National Institute), much smaller proportions than the 17% in Spijkenisse in August 1995. On 31 August, the Dutch Medical Inspectorate commissioned the National Institute to investigate the source of the outbreak.

94. Cryptosporidiosis And Viral Diarrhea THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN cryptosporidiosis AND. The importance of cryptosporidiosisin mixed infections in calves was compared to its role as a sole infection. http://www.isrvma.org/article/55_1_5.htm

VOLUME THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS AND BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES A.M. Tromp and S. Bruckstein Hechaklait, 83815 Beer Tuvia, Israel and Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Abstract The importance of Cryptosporidiosis in mixed infections in calves was compared to its role as a sole infection. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) as a silent partner in a mixed infection with comparatively high mortality was diagnosed in a small dairy farm. The rate of mortality in the home-born calves was generally higher than in purchased calves. In cases of diarrhea with comparatively high mortality where the only laboratory finding is Cryptosporidium parvum , BVD should than be considered as a possible additional factor, since it is present in many Israeli farms. Introduction The protozoan Cryptosporidium is a parasite that is pathogenic for mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. The parasite was first described in 1907 by Tyzzer.(1) The first clinical case of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle was published in 1971(2) and the first case in humans was published in 1976(3). Cryptosporidiosis was first diagnosed in Israel in 1982 by Nobel et al.(4). Dairy practitioners have noted that the incidence of Cryptosporidium in the feces from calves with diarrhea was relatively high; in Mexico it was 5%(5), and in the US it was 22.4%.(6,7) A survey was conducted in Beer - Tuvia dairy farms from December 1991 through March 1993, showed that the percentage was as high as 33%. In a recent article it was reported that the protozoan appeared in all the tested calves, and was isolated as the sole pathogen in 24% of the cases of diarrhea up of to 45 days of age.(8)

95. MJA: Lemmon Et Al., Outbreak Of Cryptosporidiosis Linked To An Indoor Swimming P Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to an indoor swimming pool. Objective To determinethe extent and source of a community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/dec2/lemmon/lemmon.html

Home Issues Classifieds More... ... Search Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis linked to an indoor swimming pool Jennifer M Lemmon, Jeremy M McAnulty and Jason Bawden-Smith MJA Subsequently cited in Sinclair I, Fairley CK, Hellard ME. Protozoa in drinking water: is legislation the best answer? MJA 1998; 169: 296-297. Australasian Medical Publishing Company Journalists are welcome to write news stories based on what they read here, but should acknowledge their source as "an article published on the Internet by The Medical Journal of Australia <http://www.mja.com.au/>". Abstract Introduction Methods Results ... Current contents list MJA Abstract Objective: To determine the extent and source of a community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Design: Questionnaire-based survey and matched case-control study. Setting: Sutherland area in southern Sydney, September 1994 to January 1995. Participants: 70 patients reported by pathology laboratories to have stool specimens positive for cryptosporidia, of whom 43 were surveyed; 35 were compared with age- and neighbourhood-matched controls. Main outcome measures: Demographic characteristics and potential risk factors in the two weeks before onset of illness.

96. Crypto.htm E67 Criptosporidiosis. cryptosporidiosis. What is cryptosporidiosis? cryptosporidiosis(crypto) is a disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, a tiny parasite. http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/ideas/factsht/crypto.htm

CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS What is Cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is a disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum , a tiny parasite. Both people and animals may get crypto. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, fever, stomach cramps, and vomiting. In healthy people, the illness usually lasts 1 to 2 weeks. In people with poor immune systems (those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or recent organ transplants), the infection may be severe and last longer. How is Crypto Spread? The stool (feces) of infected people or animals has Cryptosporidium parasites in it. You can get crypto by: touching something with stool on it and putting your hand in your mouth eating food or drinking water that has stool in it You are more likely to get crypto if you: have contact with stool from an infected person through sexual contact or while caring for a person with crypto are a child in a day-care work at a day-care center have contact with infected animals How Do I Protect Myself? Always wash your hands (and tell others to do the same) before fixing food before eating after using the toilet after changing diapers after changing clothes or bedding soiled with stool after caring for people with diarrhea after touching or petting animals Do not drink from rivers, lakes, or swimming pools

97. Cryptosporidiosis cryptosporidiosis. What is cryptosporidiosis? cryptosporidiosis is an illnesscaused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium, a singlecelled parasite. http://oci.mcw.edu/article/954992544.html

Search: search tips Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Infections/Infectious Diseases By keywords: diarrhea cryptosporidium Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Cryptosporidiosis What is cryptosporidiosis? Cryptosporidiosis is an illness caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium , a single-celled parasite. Is cryptosporidiosis a new disease? Although Cryptosporidium is not new, it was not recognized as a cause of human disease until 1976. Most people had never heard of the disease until 1993, when over 400,000 people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin became ill after drinking water contaminated with the parasite. Since the Milwaukee outbreak, concern about the safety of drinking water has increased, and new attention has been focused on determining and reducing the risk for cryptosporidiosis from community and municipal water supplies. What are the signs and symptoms of cryptosporidiosis? By far, the most common symptom is diarrhea which is usually watery and profuse, and often accompanied by abdominal cramping. Nausea, vomiting, fever, headache and loss of appetite may also occur. Rarely, the parasite can cause an inflammation of the gall bladder or infect the lining of the respiratory tract causing pneumonia. Some persons infected with Cryptosporidium may not become ill.

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