1. Dysmenorrhea Hub A brief definition of dysmenorrhea, followed by links to overviews,research articles, diagnosis and treatment. dysmenorrhea hub. http://www.projectlinks.org/dysmenorrhea/

Dysmenorrhea hub Dysmenorrhea is defined as cyclic pain, headaches, or bloating with menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea is usually caused by prostaglandin (responsible for the normal functions of the uterus during menstruation) production. Dysmenorrhea usually is less severe after a woman has a baby. Acne Allergy Antibiotics Antioxidants ... Primary Dysmenorrhea - by Andrew S. Coco, M.D., Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Recommendations for the Treatmet of Dysmenorrhea - from University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program. Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent by MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia - updated by J. Gordon Lambert, MD, Associate Medical Director; RxRemedy. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - by McKinley Health Center. Dysmenorrhea from eMedicine Journal - by Alan D Clark, MD, Director, Teaching Faculty, Physician Assistant Studies, Southwest Missouri State University, Spring, St John's Regional Health Center. Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) - by Cowell Student Health Center, University of California, Davis. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramping) - by University of Maryland, College Park.

2. Dysmenorrhea - Painful Periodsor Painful Menstruation dysmenorrhea is painful periods or painful menstruation that can be the result of many causes. What is dysmenorrhea? dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation. http://www.dysmenorrhea.org/html/dysmenorrhea.htm

Send this link to a friend Search this site What is Dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation. Painful periods may be caused by a number of reasons. Sometimes a combination of factors may be responsible. Medical history and a careful physical exam are helpful in diagnosing the problem. The Causes of Painful Periods Include: Tipped uterus or retroverted uterus A tipped uterus may also cause pain during intercourse Endometriosis The tissue lining the uterus – the endometrium – may grow outside the uterus causing pain during periods. Hormonal changes and imbalances – A hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining called prostaglandin causes uterine contractions. Women with severe dysmenorrhea have higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than other women. Adenomyosis – A condition where the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle of the uterus.

3. University Of Illinois Health Center - Dysmenorrhea Read lengthy explanation and examination of the condition known commonly as menstrual cramps includes details on treatment. Menstrual Cramps. (dysmenorrhea). dysmenorrhea, Greek for painful menstruation, is classified as primary (from the http://www.uiuc.edu/departments/mckinley/health-info/womenhlt/mencramp.html

4. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) A military pamphlet about the causes, symptoms, risk factors, prevention, treatment and danger signs of painful menstruation. http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/departments/gyn/text_files/menstrual health/DYSM

DYSMENORRHEA (Menstrual Cramps) DESCRIPTION Severe, painful cramps during menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea means pain has recurred regularly or within a year or two of the first period (puberty). Secondary dysmenorrhea means pain began years after periods started. Women with dysmenorrhea are generally fertile. Severity of symptoms varies greatly from woman to woman, and from one time to the next in the same woman. Dysmenorrhea usually is less severe after a woman has had a baby. FREQUENT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Cramping and sometimes sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower back and thighs. The pain starts at onset of menses and lasts for hours to days. Nausea and vomiting (sometimes). Diarrhea(occasionally). Sweating Lack of energy. Urinary frequency. Irritability, nervousness, depression. CAUSES Strong or prolonged contractions of the muscular wall of the uterus. These may be caused by concentration of prostaglandins (hormones found in the cervix and uterus). Research shows that women with dysmenorrhea produce and excrete more prostaglandins than those who don't have as much discomfort. Dilation (stretching) of the cervix to allow passage of blood dots from the uterus to the vagina in cases where the cervix is narrowed or constricted Other causes include: Pelvic infections.

5. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea : Article By Alan D Clark, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrheais the pain, often incapacitating, that accompanies http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic156.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Obstetrics And Gynecology Dysmenorrhea Last Updated: March 11, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: menstrual cramps, cramps, menorrhalgia, painful menstruation, menstruation AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Alan D Clark, MD , Director, Teaching Faculty, Physician Assistant Studies, Southwest Missouri State University, Spring, St John's Regional Health Center Coauthor(s): Thomas Steele, DO † , Former Instructor, Department of Emergency and Trauma Services, Saint John's Regional Health Center Alan D Clark, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians American College of Forensic Examiners American Medical Association Missouri State Medical Association , and Southern Medical Association Editor(s): Steven A Conrad, MD, PhD

6. DYSMENORRHEA (Malta)---- Executive Bleeders Of Old-school Brutal Metal Lubricant BRUTALISM for all your interactive CDROM productions, internet projects and graphic design. http://www.brutalism.com/dysmenorrhea

This is a site of a musical project set up just for fun so if any women out there might in any way pretend to be sexually harassed or insulted by our crooked creativity, well what can we do for you other than suggesting you to pay a visit to the local zoo and blow a gorilla before even wasting time with this site? On the other hand, for all others with a healthy sense of humour, contact your local pharmacy and make sure to make love the way you have to cos we do not entertain ourselves to feel responsible of any future spawn as brutally stupid as us now. Meanwhile MAKE IT BLEED NOW!

7. OBGYN.net: Women's Health - Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) A guide to the causes and treatment of menstrual cramps. http://www.obgyn.net/women/conditions/hc-dysmeno.htm

OBGYN.net Women's Health Medical Conditons - Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) This page has moved in 5 seconds your browser will be automatically redirected to http://www.obgyn.net/conditions/conditions.asp please update your bookmarks.

8. Dysmenorrhoea - Period Pain Symptoms And Treatment A concise fact sheet on causes, symptoms and treatment of dysmenorrhea.Category Health Women s Health Menstruation dysmenorrhea......www.bupa.co.uk. http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheets/Dysmenorrhoea.html

search A-Z of health health news healthy living medicines ... A-Z of health Dysmenorrhoea (period pains) What is dysmenorrhoea? What causes dysmenorrhoea and who is at risk? An underlying gynaecological disorder causing the symptoms (ie secondary dysmenorrhoea) is diagnosed in only one-quarter of women with dysmenorrhoea. Several factors appear to worsen the pain of primary dysmenorrhoea: Having a retroverted (backward-tilting) uterus Lack of exercise Psychological stress One of the most common causes of secondary dysmenorrhoea is endometriosis (see separate factsheet). In this condition endometrial tissue not only lines the inside of the uterus but also is present outside the uterus in the abdominal cavity, where it undergoes the same monthly cycle of changes. Other causes include: A narrow cervical canal (eg after treatment for a cervical disorder) Fibroids Adenomyosis (non-cancerous invasion of the muscular wall of the uterus by the uterine lining) Inflammation of the fallopian tubes Abnormal fibrous attachments (adhesions) between organs What are the symptoms and complications of dysmenorrhoea?

9. Dysmenorrhea Describes in detail how TCM practitioners in China solve dysmenorrhea with traditional strategies and herbs. http://www.tcmtreatment.com/images/diseases/dysmenorrhea.htm

You are browsing: Dysmenorrhea Dysmenorrhea means that women have periodic pain during or prior to or after menstrual period in the lower abdomen or even faint in severe cases. It has been customary to classify cases of dysmenorrhea into two main groups: primary or functional dysmenorrhea referring to the one which is not caused by organic diseases, and secondary dysmenorrhea referring to the one caused by organic diseases in reproductive system. Main Points of Diagnosis 1. The pain in the lower abdomen appears with menstrual cycle. 2. The pain can spread over the whole abdomen, lumbosacral region or there is dragging pain in the vulva and anus. It varies in degrees and can be relieved when the menstrual blood flows smoothly. 3. Gynecological examination: Those without organic diseases in the pelvic cavity are primary dysmenorrhea; those with organic diseases in the pelvic cavity are secondary dysmenorrhea. Differentiation and Treatment of Common Syndromes 1. Blood Stasis due to Stagnation of Qi

10. HealthWorld Online - Herbal Medicine - Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea David L. Hoffmann B.Sc. Two forms of dysmenorrhea can be identifiedPrimary dysmenorrhea not related to any definable pelvic lesion. http://www.healthy.net/asp/templates/article.asp?PageType=article&ID=1184

11. Dysmenorrhea - HealthWorld Online A brief overview is outlined by Dr. Hoffman. http://www.healthy.net/library/books/hoffman/REPRODUCTIVE/dysmenorrhea.htm

12. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - Health Information Health information discussing menstrual cramps, primary a more common type of dysmenorrhea,and secondary - defined as menstrual pain due to pelvic pathology http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/womenhlt/mencramp.html

Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) Dysmenorrhea, Greek for painful menstruation, is classified as primary (from the beginning and usually lifelong) or secondary (due to some physical cause and usually of later onset). The uterus is a muscle. Like all muscles, it contracts and relaxes. Most uterine contractions are never noticed, but strong ones are painful. During strong contractions, the uterus may contract too strongly or too frequently, causing the blood supply to the uterus to be temporarily cut off. This deprives the muscle of oxygen, causing pain. In addition to painful uterine cramping with menses, women with dysmenorrhea may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, weakness, and/or fainting. Symptoms may vary in severity from cycle to cycle, but generally continue throughout the reproductive years. Dysmenorrhea can be an incapacitating problem, causing significant disruption in a woman's life each month. PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea and is due to the production of prostaglandins. These are natural substances made by cells in the inner lining of the uterus and other parts of the body. The prostaglandins made in the uterus make the uterine muscles contract and help the uterus to shed the lining that has built up during the menstrual cycle. If excessive prostaglandins are produced, the woman may have excessive pain or dysmenorrhea with her menstrual cycle. Prostaglandins can also cause headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

13. Dysmenorrhea - Painful Periodsor Painful Menstruation dysmenorrhea is painful periods or painful menstruation that can bethe result of many causes. What is dysmenorrhea? dysmenorrhea http://www.dyspareunia.org/html/dysmenorrhea.htm

Send this link to a friend Search this site What is Dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation. Painful periods may be caused by a number of reasons. Sometimes a combination of factors may be responsible. Medical history and a careful physical exam are helpful in diagnosing the problem. The Causes of Painful Periods Include: Tipped uterus or retroverted uterus A tipped uterus may also cause pain during intercourse Endometriosis The tissue lining the uterus – the endometrium – may grow outside the uterus causing pain during periods. Hormonal changes and imbalances – A hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining called prostaglandin causes uterine contractions. Women with severe dysmenorrhea have higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than other women. Adenomyosis – A condition where the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle of the uterus.

14. Welcome To BEXTRA.com - Consumer Manufacturer's information on this medication, which is used to treat osteoarthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis, as well as moderate to severe menstrual pain (primary dysmenorrhea). http://www.bextra.com

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15. EHP 108-11, 2000: Science Selections Secondhand smoke increases the occurrence of dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) in nonsmoking women; moreover, the more secondhand smoke a woman is exposed to daily, the higher her risk for dysmenorrhea. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/108-11/ss.html#smoke

Science Selections Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 108, Number 11, November 2000 Smoke-Filled Rooms A Clearer Look at PM Childhood Tooth Decay Smoke-Filled Rooms ETS Causes Menstrual Pain Studies show that women who smoke are twice as likely to experience dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) as nonsmokers, and smoking prolongs the symptoms of this condition. Fewer data are available on whether secondhand exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home or work also raises the risk for dysmenorrhea in nonsmoking women. In this issue, a team of environmental researchers headed by epidemiologist Changzhong Chen of the Harvard School of Public Health report that ETS exposure does indeed increase the occurrence of dysmenorrhea in nonsmoking women EHP . Moreover, the more ETS a woman is exposed to daily, the higher her risk for dysmenorrhea. Cramped quarters. Indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may triple a woman's risk of menstrual pain. Greenwell/EHP Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological problem that not only reduces quality of life but also accounts for significant medical costs and absenteeism from work. Previous studies that looked for an association between ETS and dysmenorrhea were not well controlled. For example, they included retrospective studies that relied on subject recall of symptoms, and involved older women (who have less dysmenorrhea) or women with prior dysmenorrhea (which may have been influenced by factors other than ETS). The current, better-controlled study followed 165 newly wed, nonsmoking Chinese women through 625 menstrual cycles. The women's average age was 26 years, and they had no past history of dysmenorrhea. Chinese society offers a unique opportunity to study the consequences of ETS exposure because men smoke heavily, whereas women generally do not smoke. Because the women in the study were trying to conceive for the first time, none of them used birth control. This ruled out any impact of previous births or contraceptives, both of which have been implicated in contributing to dysmenorrhea.

16. Gynecologic Health Center | Menstrual Disorders | Dysmenorrhea: A Painful Time Women's Health Interactive dysmenorrhea, the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps. http://www2.womens-health.com/health_center/gynecology/gyn_md_dysmen.html

// ad_area = 'womens_health_interactive_internal/00000'; // ad_area = 'womens_health_interactive_ros/30252'; // ad_area = 'womenshealth_intc_cardiodis/30469' // ad_area = 'womens_health_intc_heartdis/29634'; // ad_area = 'womens_health_intc_ob_gyn/29657'; // ad_area = 'whi_con_gyn_healthcenter/39483'; // ad_area = 'WHI_Con_HealthCenter_homepg/39896'; ad_area = 'e_healthcaresolutions'; ad_vertical = 'pt'; ad_disease = 'gynecology'; ad_sitepage = 'www2.womens-health.com' ad_section = 'index.phtml' sitepage = ad_sitepage + '/' + ad_section + '/' + ad_vertical + '/' + ad_disease THERE ARE PROBABLY few women who can truthfully claim they’ve never had dysmenorrhea, the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps. The majority of women are thought to experience some degree of dysmenorrhea. CAUSES There are two types of dysmenorrhea: With primary dysmenorrhea , no disease or other medical cause can be found for the pain and other symptoms, which may include backache, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and a feeling of tenseness. Primary dysmenorrhea frequently affects women in their teens and early 20s, who have never had a baby. The symptoms are caused by prostaglandin, a natural hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining. The level of prostaglandin increases in the second half of the menstrual cycle. When a woman’s period begins, the cells in the uterine lining release prostaglandin as they are shed. Women with severe primary dysmenorrhea have significantly higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than do other women.

17. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea : Article By Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic complaintsin young women who present to clinicians today (Jamieson, 1996).The term http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic606.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Obstetrics/gynecology Dysmenorrhea Last Updated: March 20, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation, painful menses, spasmodic dysmenorrhea, congestive dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, PID, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumors, cervical stenosis, cervical occlusion, adenomyosis, fibroids, uterine polyps, intrauterine adhesions, congenital malformations, bicornate uterus, subseptate uterus, intrauterine contraceptive devices, IUCDs, intrauterine devices, IUDs, transverse vaginal septum, pelvic congestion syndrome, Allen-Masters syndrome AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 9 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD , Clinical Fellow, Developmental Endocrinology Branch/Gynecological Endocrinology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Coauthor(s): Karim Anton Calis, PharmD, MPH

18. CHOICE For IHerb - Dysmenorrhea What is it? Cause Symptoms How long will it last? Is it contagious? Is it hereditary? What you can do to combat dysmenorrhea What your health care provider can do Caution Can you prevent menstrual cramps? Where to seek help Resources WHAT IS IT? http://community.healthgate.com/GetContent.asp?siteid=iHerb&docid=/tnp/pg000376

19. Women's Health - Dysmenorrhea ViaHealth Disease and Wellness Information ViaHealth's Women's Services Support Groups, Birthing, Ob/Gyns/Midwives dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and http://www.viahealth.org/disease/womenshealth/dysmen.htm

ViaHealth Disease and Wellness Information ViaHealth's Women's Services Support Groups Birthing Ob/Gyns/Midwive ... s Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary. primary dysmenorrhea - from the beginning and usually lifelong; severe and frequent menstrual cramping caused by severe and abnormal uterine contractions. secondary dysmenorrhea - due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; painful menstrual periods caused by an another medical condition present in the body (i.e., pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis). What causes dysmenorrhea? The cause of dysmenorrhea depends on whether the condition is primary or secondary. In general, women with primary dysmenorrhea experience abnormal uterine contractions as a result of a chemical imbalance in the body (particularly prostaglandin and arachidonic acid - both chemicals which control the contractions of the uterus). Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by other medical conditions, most often endometriosis ( a condition in which tissue that looks and acts like endometrial tissue becomes implanted outside the uterus, usually on other reproductive organs inside the pelvis or in the abdominal cavity - often resulting in internal bleeding, infection, and pelvic pain). Other possible causes of secondary dysmenorrhea include the following:

20. Advanced Search Primary dysmenorrhea. ANDREW S. COCO, MD Lancaster General Hospital Lancaster,Pennsylvania TABLE 1 Circumstances That May Indicate Secondary dysmenorrhea. http://www.aafp.org/afp/990800ap/489.html

Advanced Search Primary Dysmenorrhea ANDREW S. COCO, M.D. Lancaster General Hospital Lancaster, Pennsylvania P rimary dysmenorrhea is a very common problem in young women. It is usually defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring at the onset of menstruation in the absence of any identifiable pelvic disease. It is distinguished from secondary dysmenorrhea, which refers to painful menses resulting from pelvic pathology such as endometriosis. A relative lack of physician awareness of the very high rates of prevalence and the substantial morbidity of dysmenorrhea often leads to inadequate treatment of this problem. With the widespread availability of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is often assumed that women are treating themselves adequately. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Menstrual Fluid Prostaglandin Levels The rightsholder did not grant rights to reproduce this item in electronic media. For the missing item, see the original print version of this publication. FIGURE 1.

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