1. MEDLINEplus: Fungal Infections fungal infections. Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on FungalInfections • General • Histoplasmosis • Sporotrichosis. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/fungalinfections.html

Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Fungal Infections Contents of this page: From the NIH General/Overviews Diagnosis/Symptoms Prevention/Screening ... Children Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Fungal Infections: General Histoplasmosis Sporotrichosis You may also be interested in these MEDLINEplus related pages: Athlete's Foot Candidiasis Tinea Infections Infections From the National Institutes of Health Microbes in Sickness and in Health (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) General/Overviews Introduction to Fungi (DoctorFungus Corporation) Mycotic Disease Listing (National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases) Clinical Trials ClinicalTrials.gov: Mycoses (National Institutes of Health) Diagnosis/Symptoms Skin Rashes and Other Changes: Self-Care Flowcharts (American Academy of Family Physicians) Prevention/Screening Fungus Infections: Preventing Recurrence (American Osteopathic College of Dermatology) Research Live Recombinant Vaccine Protects Against Fungal Disease (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) Specific Conditions/Aspects Aspergillosis (DoctorFungus Corporation) Blastomycosis (DoctorFungus Corporation) Coccidioidomycosis (DoctorFungus Corporation) Cryptococcosis (DoctorFungus Corporation) Fungal Sinusitis (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inc.)

2. Fungal Infections granules in exudate that are fungal colonies. D. Systemic mycoses infections that originate primarily in the lungs http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/fungi.htm

TO GO BACK TO MY Fungi and Human Disease Humans have a high level of innate immunity to fungi and most of the infections they cause are mild and self-limiting. This resistance is due to: 1. the fatty acid content of the skin, 2. the pH of the skin, mucosal surfaces and body fluids, 3. Epithelial cell turnover, 4. Normal flora, 5. Transferrin, 6. Cilia of the respiratory tract. When fungi do pass the resistance barriers of the human body and establish infections, the infections are classified according to the tissue levels initially colonized. A. Superficial mycoses - infections limited to the outermost layers of the skin and hair. Disease Etiological Agent Symptoms Identification of Organism Pityriasis versicolor Malassezia furfur hypopigmented macules Spaghetti and meatballs appearance of organims in skin scrapings. Tinea nigra Exophiala werneckii black macules Black, 2-celled oval yeast in skin scrapings Black piedra Piedraia hortai black nodule on hair shaft black nodule on hair shaft composed of spore sacs and spores White piedra Trichosporon beigelii creme-colored nodules on hair shaft white nodule on hair shaft composed of mycelia that fragment into arthrospores B. Cutaneous mycoses

3. Virtual Hospital: Infectious Diseases Of The Central Nervous System: Parenchymal Medical information on cerebral abscesses, syphilis, parasitic infections, fungal infections, viral infections, and CJD. http://www.vh.org/Providers/TeachingFiles/CNSInfDisR2/Paren.html

For Providers Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System Parenchymal Infections Gary Baumbach, M.D., Department of Pathology, University of Iowa College of Medicine Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed Contents Cerebral Abscess Syphilis Parasitic Infestations Toxoplasma Malaria Cysticercosis Trypanosomiasis Amebiasis Fungi Viruses Arboviruses and Rickettsia Poliomyelitis ... Title Page See related Provider Textbooks about Neurology or Pathology See related Provider Topics Abscesses Bacterial Infections Brain and Nervous System Brain Diseases ... Pathology or Viral Infections See related Patient Textbooks about Neurology or Pathology See related Patient Topics Bacterial Infections Brain and Nervous System Brain Diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease ... Pathology or Viral Infections Virtual Hospital Home Virtual Children's Hospital Home Site Map ... UI Health Care Home http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/pathology/CNSInfDisR2/Paren.html

4. Bacterial Infections And Mycoses Compilation of medical microbiology and infectious diseases sites.Category Health Conditions and Diseases Infectious Diseases...... Mycology A DaSilva Univ of South Carolina (US) On Pathogenic Fungi S Kilvington- Leicester (UK) fungal infections Virtual Grand Rounds 23 pictures from http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/c1.html

search help staff Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Patients and laypersons looking for guidance among the target sources of this collection of links are strongly advised to review the information retrieved with their professional health care provider. Alphabetical List of Diseases Search PubMed at NCBI/NLM About Bacteria JW Kimball An [lecture guide; G Kaiser ] - (US) Introduction to the Bacteria , and on the Evolution of the Eukaryotes - Tree of Life, Berkeley (US) Bacteria Cell Structure - Molecular Expressions/Florida State Univ. (US) About the Bacterial Cell Wall LM Stannard ] - (ZA) Bacteriology Fox and Mayer ] - Univ of South Carolina (US) Bacteriology [text book chapter] - Univ of South Carolina of Medicine (US) Briefly about Bacterial Biochemical Tests - Bio Techs Info Centre (AU) List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature JP Euzeby ] - Toulouse (FR) Up-to-Date Bacterial Nomenclature - DSMZ (DE) Bacteria of Medical Importance T Paustian ] - Univ of Wisconsin (US) A Web-Surfer's Guide to Bacteria Associated With Infections in Humans - Oxford Univ Press (UK) Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diseases - Topics in Infect Dis Newsletter (AU) The Species Filing Cabinet at the Virtual Museum of Bacteria T Wassenaar Clinical Bacteria: Five Groups - BuddyCom The Shapes of Bacteria [image] - Merck Manual/Home ed.

5. Fungal Infections – Information For Patients And Their Doctors Treatment of fungal infections. Deep fungal infections. Chromoblastomycosis. Mycetoma. Other fungal infections. Mould http://www.dermnet.org.nz/dna.fungi

Sponsors do not influence content Home Patient information Fungal skin infections Link to DermNet's pages about fungal skin infections. Introduction Yeast infections Candida Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Cyclic vulvovaginitis Napkin dermatitis ... Paronychia (Nail fold infections) Skin fold infections Vulvovaginal thrush Malassezia Pityriasis (tinea) versicolor ... Laboratory tests Dermatophyte infections Dermatophytide (id) reactions (fungal allergy) Mycology Tinea infections Tinea barbae (beard) Tinea capitis (scalp) Tinea corporis (body) Tinea cruris (groin) Tinea faciei (face) Tinea manuum (hand) Tinea pedis (foot) Tinea unguium (nails) Treatment of fungal infections Deep fungal infections Chromoblastomycosis Mycetoma Other fungal infections Mould infections Tinea nigra Related pages Athlete's foot Cradle cap Intertrigo (body fold rashes) Seborrhoeic dermatitis If you have any concerns with your skin or its treatment, see a dermatologist for advice. New Zealand Dermatological Society. Last updated 15 February 2003

6. HollisEden - Harnessing Science For The Most Important Health Issues Of Our Time Discovers, develops and commercializes products to treat diseases caused by viral, bacterial, parasitics or fungal infections. (Nasdaq HEPH). http://www.holliseden.com/

7. Fungal InfectionsThis Website Offers Information On Fungal Infections Of The Ski 151). Opportunistic fungal infections are particularly likely to occur in patients during therapy with corticosteroids, http://redirect-west.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.fungal-infections.info/&y=02

8. Fungal Infections Of The Skin - Dermatologychannel infections by fungi (singular fungus). Many of these fungal infectionsaffect the skin. Doctors give some fungal infections of http://www.dermatologychannel.net/fungalinfections/

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Medical Store advertisement advertisement FUNGAL INFECTIONS Overview Risk Factors Types Symptoms ... FAQs CONDITIONS Acne Alopecia (baldness) Birthmarks Blistering Disorders ... Blood Vessel Disorders Dermatitis (Eczema) Follicle Disorders Fungal Infections Lyme Disease ... Viral Infections RESOURCES Anatomy Clinical Trials Links News Focus ... Videos ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Pressroom Testimonials Overview Most people are familiar with infections and diseases caused by bacteria and viruses, but many are unaware that there is a whole set of disorders related to infections by fungi (singular: fungus). Many of these fungal infections affect the skin. Doctors give some fungal infections of the skin the general name "tinea." Superficial fungal infections are found in the top layers of the skin and mucous membranes, the hair, and the nails. Examples of fungal infections of the skin and other external surfaces include athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and candida. These can affect the hair and nails as well. Deep fungal infections invade deeper layers of the skin and hair follicles and can spread to the blood or internal organs. Fungi Fungi are a unique group of organisms that have some plantlike characteristics. Examples of fungi include mushrooms, mold, and yeast. Fungi differ from plants, however, in two major ways: (1) their cell walls are made of chitin, rather than cellulose, and (2) they lack the ability to make their own food by photosynthesis; thus they grow directly on their food source. This food source can be the human skin.

9. Vicuron . Home Biopharmaceutical company focused on the marketing, development and discovery of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. (Nasdaq VERS). http://www.versicor.com/

COMPANY OVERVIEW PEOPLE OF VICURON CONTACT PIPELINE PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS COLLABORATIONS DRUG DISCOVERY RESEARCH COMBINED EXPERTISE NEWS EVENTS Vicuron Pharmaceuticals is New Name for Versicor

10. Fungal Infections fungal infections. WHAT ARE THEY? http://www.doctorupdate.net/du_toolkit/leaflets/l31.pdf

11. Fungal Infections Of The Skin - Treatment - Dermatologychannel as corticosteroids or antifungal agents. fungal infections can recurand treatments are usually more successful if started early. http://www.dermatologychannel.net/fungalinfections/treatment.shtml

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Medical Store advertisement advertisement FUNGAL INFECTIONS Overview Risk Factors Types Symptoms ... FAQs CONDITIONS Acne Alopecia (baldness) Birthmarks Blistering Disorders ... Blood Vessel Disorders Dermatitis (Eczema) Follicle Disorders Fungal Infections Lyme Disease ... Viral Infections RESOURCES Anatomy Clinical Trials Links News Focus ... Videos ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Pressroom Testimonials Treatment General Treatment Issues Underlying Conditions Medical conditions can predispose a patient to fungal infections. For example, if someone with a fungal infection has diabetes, their sugar level may need to be brought under control before treatment can be effective. A depressed immune system may need to be treated for antifungals to work. When someone affected has been using antibiotics or corticosteroids, they may have to stop or taper those medications in order to aid fungus treatment. Suitability of Medications and Dosages A doctor generally matches the medication, topical or oral, to the organism against which it is effective. One oral antifungal used commonly over the years, griseofulvin, is effective for treating tinea capitis, for example, but not candida and certain mold infections. The drug ketoconazole (Nizoral®) is effective against tinea versicolor but not against other fungal infections. Many new broad-spectrum antifungal agents effectively treat a wide range of organisms. Thus, doctors can start patients on a regimen of antifungals without waiting for culture results. Three of these new antifungals are itraconazole (Sporanox®), terbinafine (Lamisil®), and fluconazole (Diflucan®). A typical course for each follows:

12. Canesten A Bayer drug for treatment of fungal infections. Offers indication information, product lists and descriptions, FAQs, and history. http://www.canesten.com

Country pages Canada UK Germany Mexico Netherlands Canesten® is the market leader for treatment of dermatological and gynaecological fungal infections. Canesten® contains the original active ingredient clotrimazol developed by Bayer. Clotrimazol was introduced into the market in 1973 world-wide and its effectiveness could not be reached by any other active ingredient yet. Today, clotrimazol is the best known active ingredient in topical antifungal therapy. Products Fungal Infections More than 25 Years The variety of the product range allows fast, reliable and convenient use against fungal diseases. Today, Canesten® is available in many countries. Bayer researchers continuously develop innovative and effective remedies for new areas of application for all types of fungal diseases. As area of interest fungal infections offers a complete service concerning fungal infections. Here, we have compiled interesting facts and comprehensive background information. Illustrations and More than 25 years of clinical experience have made Canesten® what it is today: an effective, well tolerated and safe drug product for fungal infections. animations facilitate understanding of fungal infections. Find out more about fungal infections, prevention and successful treatment with Bayer's leading over-the-counter- product Canesten® and stay healthy!

13. Simple Facts Sheets: Fungal Infections a Simple Facts Sheet from the AIDS Treatment Data Network. fungal infections.Thrush is the most common and least serious fungal infection in HIV+ people. http://www.aegis.com/factshts/network/simple/fungal.html

a Simple Facts Sheet from the AIDS Treatment Data Network fungal infections Thrush is the most common and least serious fungal infection in HIV+ people. It can affect the mouth, throat, skin, stomach, and vagina. In a person with a weakened immune system, thrush can cause more serious problems. This condition is sometimes called candidiasis, because the germs that cause it are called candidiasis albicans. Other types of fungus have been discovered, however, so it may be necessary to try different drugs besides the ones that are used now. Some medications, such as antibiotics, steroids, and cancer medications, may cause thrush. Oral Thrush (in the mouth) looks like white or red patches. It can cause sore throat, pain when swallowing, and nausea. It can also take away your appetite, make eating painful, and make food taste different. Treatments for oral thrush include mouthwash and tablets called troches. Some people try baking soda or hydrogen peroxide mixed with water to rinse the mouth. If the thrush is advanced, this isn't likely to work. Treatments for thrush include clotrimazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole. These drugs have different brand names. These drugs sometimes lose their effects when taken for long periods of time, but new ways to use these drugs, and new drugs are being studied. Vaginal candidiasis is a common yeast infection of the vagina. A yeast infection may be the first sign that a woman is HIV+. Symptoms include severe itching, burning, and a thick discharge, often white in color. It is possible that an infection such as unrecognized TB may be causing a vaginal yeast infection. Nystatin tablets are used for treatment. Clotrimazole ointment is another treatment, which is sold over-the-counter as Gyne-Lotrimin, Lotrimin, or Mycelex. Studies have shown that HIV-negative women may only have to take the drug DiFlucan one time to treat this condition. Always consult with your doctor before beginning treatment.

14. Department Of Medical Microbiology Information about the tasks of the Department, which include teaching, research, laboratory diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections, and external quality control in medical microbiology for Switzerland. http://www.unizh.ch/imm/

Gloriastr. 30/32 PO Box Switzerland Tel: ++41-1-634-2700 FAX: ++41-1-634-4906 Home Deutsch Teaching Research Diagnostics ... "Links" The Department (Institute) of Medical Microbiology is part of the School of Medicine of the University of Zurich. The tasks of the Department include teaching, research and laboratory diagnosis for bacterial and fungal infections. Research Activities Mechanisms of host-pathogen-interaction Molecular basis of bacterial pathogenicity and virulence Biochemical and genetic basis of resistance to antimicrobial agents Molecular diagnostics Teaching Teaching is offered to third-year medical, dental and microbiology students for the University of Zurich as well to second-year pharmaceutical students for the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Diagnostics Diagnostic divisions are accredited by the Swiss Accreditation Service of the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology and Accreditation (EU Standard 45001:1989) under the accreditation number 266. The institute is responsible for organizing a quality control scheme. The scheme is open to clinical microbiological laboratories.

15. Simple Facts Sheets: Fungal Infections fungal infections. Thrush is the most common and least serious fungal infection in HIV+ people. http://www.atdn.org/simple/fungal.html

a Simple Facts Sheet from the AIDS Treatment Data Network fungal infections Thrush is the most common and least serious fungal infection in HIV+ people. It can affect the mouth, throat, skin, stomach, and vagina. In a person with a weakened immune system, thrush can cause more serious problems. This condition is sometimes called candidiasis, because the germs that cause it are called candidiasis albicans. Other types of fungus have been discovered, however, so it may be necessary to try different drugs besides the ones that are used now. Some medications, such as antibiotics, steroids, and cancer medications, may cause thrush. Oral Thrush (in the mouth) looks like white or red patches. It can cause sore throat, pain when swallowing, and nausea. It can also take away your appetite, make eating painful, and make food taste different. Treatments for oral thrush include mouthwash and tablets called troches. Some people try baking soda or hydrogen peroxide mixed with water to rinse the mouth. If the thrush is advanced, this isn't likely to work. Treatments for thrush include clotrimazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole. These drugs have different brand names. These drugs sometimes lose their effects when taken for long periods of time, but new ways to use these drugs, and new drugs are being studied. Vaginal candidiasis is a common yeast infection of the vagina. A yeast infection may be the first sign that a woman is HIV+. Symptoms include severe itching, burning, and a thick discharge, often white in color. It is possible that an infection such as unrecognized TB may be causing a vaginal yeast infection. Nystatin tablets are used for treatment. Clotrimazole ointment is another treatment, which is sold over-the-counter as Gyne-Lotrimin, Lotrimin, or Mycelex. Studies have shown that HIV-negative women may only have to take the drug DiFlucan one time to treat this condition. Always consult with your doctor before beginning treatment.

16. Fluconazole Delays Fungal Infections In AIDS Patients Fluconazole Delays fungal infections In AIDS Patients News clotrimazole.In the study, 32 patients developed invasive fungal infections. http://www.aegis.com/news/niaid/1993/CDC93074.html

Fluconazole Delays Fungal Infections In AIDS Patients News from NIAID - December 15, 1993 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases The drug fluconazole significantly delays the onset of fungal infections in people with AIDS according to a study supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ( NIAID William Powderly, M.D., of the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Mo., plans to present the data at the First National Conference on Human Retroviruses and Related Infections in Washington, D.C., on Dec. 15. The study, AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) 981, compared fluconazole to clotrimazole among HIV-infected patients who had fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells, the crucial immune system cell targeted by HIV. Fungal infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis or candidiasis , are among the many opportunistic infections to which HIV-infected people become susceptible as their immune systems deteriorate. Up to 13 percent of AIDS patients develop cryptococcal infections, caused by a yeast-like fungus found in contaminated soil. The yeast Candida albicans is found naturally in most people and is the most common fungus to cause infections in patients with AIDS. Begun in September 1989, the trial compared a single, 200 milligram (mg) daily tablet of fluconazole to five, 10 mg daily doses of clotrimazole lozenges in 428 participants randomly assigned to either therapy. The study closed to accrual in September 1992 and investigators followed patients through June 30, 1993.

17. Fungizone Online Fungizone Description Amphotericin B - RxList Monographs with links to full prescribing information for this parenteral drug indicated for progressive, potentially lifethreatening fungal infections....... http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/amphoter.htm

Amphotericin B Health News Please, take our 1 second survey! SEASONAL DEPRESSION MENTAL HEALTH ... WEIGHT LOSS WARNING This drug should be used primarily for treatment of patients with progressive and potentially life-threatening fungal infections; it should be not be used to treat noninvasive forms of fungal disease such as oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis and esophageal candidiasis in patients with normal neutrophil counts. DESCRIPTION FUNGIZONE intravenous (Amphotericin B for Injection) contains amphotericin B, an antifungal polyene antibiotic obtained from a strain of Streptomyces nodosus . Amphotericin B is designated chemically as [1R-( 1R*, 3S*, 5R*, 6R*, 9R*, 11R*, 15S*, 16R*, 17R*, 18S*, 19E, 21E, 23E, 25E, 27E, 29E, 31E, 33R*, 35S *, 36R*, 7S*)] Amino dideoxy D mannopyranosyl) oxy],3,5,6,9,11,17,37 octahydroxy trimethyl 13 oxo dioxabicyclo[ 33.3.1] nonatriaconta heptaene carboxylic acid.

18. Fungus Infections Skin fungus infections are hard to recognize. The itching, flaking, redness, and thickened skin of fungal infections can look just like other types of dermatitis or skin allergies. http://www.quickcare.org/skin/fungus.html

Fungus Infections (tinea pedis). Jock Itch (tinea cruris). Ringworm (tinea corpora). Candidiasis. This brownish-red, itchy discoloration affects the underarms, corners of the mouth, rectal area, and beneath the breasts. The same type of fungus causes vaginal yeast infections (candida albicans). Tinea Versicolor. Because of all these factors, prevention is a matter of both personal hygiene and minimizing contact with potential carriers or contaminated objects. See the chart below for guidelines on prevention. Preventing Skin Fungus Infections Personal Hygiene Use anti-perspirants and talcum powder to keep high-risk areas dry. Recommended Products section) and anti-fungal socks. In high humidity, keep clothing loose and light; avoid knits and less breathable synthetic materials. Avoidance Wear thongs or other footwear in public locker rooms, pools, and showers. Always wear a thick T-shirt or sweatshirt and long shorts or sweat pants while sharing exercise equipment. Wipe off vinyl surfaces with a dry towel before using exercise equipment. There are several effective OTC anti-fungal medications. Because different fungi affect different locations, medications are sometimes specific for those locations. The recommendations below should help you sort it out.

19. Fungal Infections This website offers information on fungal infections of the skin,their causes and. The function of the gold standard therapeutic http://www.fungal-infections.info/

supported by Did you know that our skin consists of many different layers? This complex makeup enables the skin to fulfil very varied tasks and functions. It is a very large, versatile and flexible organ that has a direct influence on the entire body. Skin Structure Have you ever experienced a fungal infection? Infections are not particularly dangerous, but very unpleasant. Typical symptoms are reddening, scaling, formation of blisters, as well as itching and burning sensations. Fungi are persistent and need to be treated quickly. Skin Infections Clotrimazole is a modern broad spectrum antifungal which inhibits ergosterol synthesis, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. When ergosterol is lacking the cell membrane gets damaged, leading to the destruction of the fungus. How does Clotrimazole work?

20. ADAP Drugs: Flucytosine Used to treat serious fungal infections caused by Candida or Cryptococcus. (Ancobon, 5FC) http://www.atdn.org/access/drugs/flucy.html

flucytosine (Ancobon, 5FC) Drug description Flucytosine is used to treat serious fungal infections caused by Candida or Cryptococcus. Cryptococcus usually infects the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, causing cryptococcal meningitis. Cryptococcal meningitis is usally treated with intravenous amphotericin B . Sometimes a doctor will use a combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine to try and bring the cryptococcal infection under control more quickly. However, recent studies show that this combination may be no better than amphotericin B alone due to the side effects of flucytosine. Other new studies have shown that the combination of flucytosine and another antifungal drug, fluconazole , may be just as effective as intravenous amphotericin B at treating cryptococcal meningitis. Flucytosine and fluconazole are both pills. Side effects Bone marrow toxicity can cause anemia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia and, rarely, agranulocytosis and eosinophilia. Other side effects can be nausea, vomiting, anorexia, bloating, diarrhea, and, rarely, bowel perforation. Reversible elevations in liver enzymes have been reported. Occasionally, rashes may be a side effect. Some side effects that have only been seen very rarely are confusion, hallucinations, headaches, sedation, vertigo and liver enlargement.There has also been a case of severe allergic-type reaction to the drug in at least one person with AIDS. This type of reaction is called anaphylaxis. Dosage The usual dosage of flucytosine for adults and children is 50-150mg/kg daily, administered in equally divided doses at 6 hour intervals.

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