81. FOCUS - November 22, 2002 - NUTRITION: Enzyme Implicated In Insulin Resistance Nutrition Enzyme Implicated in insulin resistance. Microbiology Worms Teach Lessonon Mechanism of Fungal Infection. Enzyme Implicated in insulin resistance. http://focus.hms.harvard.edu/2002/Nov22_2002/nutrition.html

Pathology: Protein Predicts Heart Disease Better than Cholesterol Nutrition: Enzyme Implicated in Insulin Resistance Microbiology: Worms Teach Lesson on Mechanism of Fungal Infection Faculty Advancement: Symposium Addresses Advancement Barriers for Women and Minority Faculty Pain Relievers May Explain Some Hypertension in Women Diet Guidelines Predict Disease Risk Better Cardiology Visits Improve Survival After Heart Attack Clinical Exam Scores May Predict Future Performance on Boards Halamka Named Chief Information Officer at HMS New Appointments to Full and Named Professorships Fu Fellows Luncheon Allston School Receives Children's Health Award BioMed Central: Peer-reviewed Articles Published Online for Free CommuteWorks Offers Rapid Rail Program In Memoriam: Arthur Solomon Honors and Advances Program Fills Early Mental Health Needs Among Students Balancing Drug Markets Toward Leveling World Health Front Page NUTRITION Enzyme Implicated in Insulin Resistance Pity the poor fat cell. An extra soda in the afternoon, a shorter walk after dinner, and all of a sudden you've gained a few pounds. Clothes strain at the seams, zippers resist closure, and buttons pop off.

82. Insulin Resistance And Hyperinsulinemia insulin resistance AND HYPERINSULINEMIA. What are insulin resistance (IR)and hyperinsulinemia? Why is insulin resistance medically important? http://www.health-alliance.com/hospitals/Jewish/glueck/insulin_resistance.htm

Home Hospitals Jobs webBabies ... News INSULIN RESISTANCE AND HYPERINSULINEMIA What are insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia? Beta cells in the pancreas produce insulin. Insulin stimulates uptake of glucose (sugar) from the blood to the cells in the body. When the body's cells are resistant to the action of the insulin, it is called insulin resistance (IR). As a result of the insulin resistance, the pancreas produces much more insulin than normal. This is called hyperinsulinemia (Figures 1,2). As an example, in a normal person, 1 unit of insulin might be needed to help 10 mg of glucose go into the cell, but in a hyperinsulinemic person, 10 units of insulin might be needed to get the same 10 mg of glucose into the cell (Figure 2). With hyperinsulinemia and IR come a myriad of problems including the following: high triglycerides (increased risk of heart and stroke) high plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI-Fx), causing increased risk of clotting low HDL cholesterol (increased risk of heart attack and stroke) high uric acid (gout) polycystic ovary syndrome (endocrine disorder with oligo-amenorrhea, infertility, hirsutism, obesity, high Leptin levels

83. Pathophysiology Of Insulin Resistance Herz 20 5 15, (1995). Pathophysiology of insulin resistance. H. Häring. Munich. Insulinresistance is combined with abnormalities of insulin secretion. http://www.bnk.de/herz/herzeng/herz95_1e/haereng.htm

Herz 20: 5 - 15, (1995) Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance Munich SUMMARY Address all Correspondence to: Germany Home Page HERZ Home Page BNK

84. Symposium On Insulin Resistance Set Mass. May 10 2000 Tech Talk Search MIT News Comments MIT.WEDNESDAY, MAY 10, 2000. Symposium on insulin resistance set. The http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/2000/may10/insulin.html

Published by the MIT News Office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. May 10 Tech Talk Search MIT News ... MIT WEDNESDAY, MAY 10, 2000 Symposium on insulin resistance set The Clinical Research Center and the Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology are sponsoring a multidisciplinary symposium on Tuesday, May 16 from 1-6pm in Bartos Theater on "Insulin Resistance in Human Disease." Topics will include the cardiovascular implications of insulin resistance, use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize insulin resistance, and novel insulin resistance syndromes. Invited speakers are Professor Joseph Avruch, Assistant Professors Steven Grinspoon and Anne Taylor, and instructor James Meigs of Harvard Medical School; and Gerald Shulman, professor of medicine and physiology at Yale University. May 10 Tech Talk Search MIT News ... MIT

85. The Latest Research On Overcoming Insulin Resistance insulin resistance is a term that describes the diminished sensitivityof cells to the signaling effects of insulin. It is especially http://www.infoaging.org/d-diab-10-r-insulin.html

Learn: Find out more about healthy aging Subscribe: Sign up to receive free AFAR publications Donate: Support aging research Search infoaging.org Select an Issue Alzheimer's disease Breast cancer Depression Diabetes Heart diseases Macular degeneration Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Prostate cancer Stroke The latest research on overcoming insulin resistance Insulin resistance is a term that describes the diminished sensitivity of cells to the signaling effects of insulin. It is especially found in patients with type 2 diabetes, but also found in patients with type 1 diabetes. When we eat, our blood glucose, or sugar, levels rise. That rise prompts the pancreas to secrete insulin into the circulation. Insulin binds to specific proteins on the surfaces of cells, which leads to the stimulation of glucose transport into muscle and fat cells, where it is used or stored. In diabetes, several steps in this pathway are impaired, which leads to prolonged elevations of blood sugar. Researchers are identifying what factors, such as hormones, receptors, and other cellular proteins are implicated in this process and its malfunction, in hopes of developing a strategy to overcome insulin resistance. Researchers have looked at the relationship between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. They have introduced the term endothelial dysfunction to describe some of the abnormalities in blood vessels that lead to atherosclerosis. The endothelium is the innermost layer of cells that line the blood vessels, and it is the site of the early damage done by atherosclerosis. The endothelium is not simply a static, structural layer of cells but in fact is highly active and an important structure in metabolism. The endothelium helps to regulate the bore of the blood vessels, to direct blood and its components to particular cells, and influence the passage of molecules into and out of the blood vessels. The endothelium has receptors for many hormones and hormone-like agents whereby its activities can be influenced. Some scientists speculate that endothelial dysfunction is a cause of insulin resistance.

86. IDD : Institute For Diabetes Discovery insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic defect in Type 2 diabetes.In most studies, insulin resistance is defined as a reduction http://idd-diabetes.com/research/insulin.html

Insulin resistance (IR) is a key metabolic defect in Type 2 diabetes. In most studies, insulin resistance is defined as a reduction of insulin's ability to stimulate the disappearance of glucose from the circulation. It does, however, also apply to other processes that are regulated by insulin, such as the suppression of hepatic glucose production and its antilipolytic action. Patients suffering from type 2 diabetes display IR or obesity. Most importantly, IR, coupled with impaired insulin secretion leads to the development of severe diabetes. Therefore, treatment of IR, whether a primary defect in diabetes or obesity-related, would improve metabolic control and may completely reverse the development of diabetes. IDD focuses on the insulin signal-transduction pathway to improve insulin sensitivity. The ongoing research will lead to safe, orally available drugs to treat type 2 diabetes. In addition, as these drugs will reduce hyperinsulinemia (an independent risk factor for heart disease), they may also be beneficial for obese individuals at risk for developing diabetes.   View Diabetic Atherosclerosis Research Focus View More IDD Publications IDD 676 Glycation ... Sponsor Relationships The Institute for Diabetes Discovery 23 Business Park Drive Branford, CT 06405

87. Insulin Resistance Syndrome Most people with type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance, but many more people whoare not diabetic also have insulin resistance. insulin resistance Syndrome. http://www.healthwell.com/healthnotes/Concern/Insulin_Resistance_Syndrome.cfm

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88. EVMS/WHRV Radio Rounds: Insulin Resistance Wednesday, November 1, 2000, insulin resistance. Aaron I. Vinik, MBB.CH.Department This concept is now known as insulin resistance. With http://www.evms.edu/about/evms_rr/nov2000/11-01_vinik.html

Suggest this page to a friend Archives Introduction April 2001 ... May 1999 For further information, please contact: EVMS Office of Institutional Advancement Wednesday, November 1, 2000 Insulin Resistance Aaron I. Vinik, M.B.B.CH. Department of Internal Medicine Research Director of the Strelitz Diabetes Institutes Eastern Virginia Medical School I am Dr. Aaron Vinik, professor of internal medicine and director of the Strelitz Diabetes Research Institute at Eastern Virginia Medical School. I am here to tell you about the concept of insulin resistance and what this means to you, your health, your risk for macrovascular disease, and what you can do about it. With the ability to measure insulin in the blood, discovered by Yalow and Berson in 1961 for which they were awarded the Nobel prize, we first learned that most patients with Type 2 diabetes have too much insulin in their blood rather than too little as occurs in Type 1 diabetes. What appears to be wrong is the body's ability to recognize the insulin, like having a key that is unable to fit the lock, which represents the receptor, which is defective. This concept is now known as insulin resistance. With the availability of the insulin assay, we soon learned that insulin resistance is part of a much larger picture. It is found in people with high blood fat levels, hypertension, and obesity, particularly a high waist to hip ratio (the apple as opposed to pear shape); it is also found in women with polycystic ovaries who do not menstruate regularly, have an excess of male hormone (testosterone), and have too much hair on their face and forearms. In addition, they may have gout and abnormalities in the skin such as black velvety spots on the neck and jaw area. These features are not all cosmetic because they confer an increased susceptibility to heart attacks, strokes and gangrene.

89. WebMD - Unfit, Heavy Teens With Insulin Resistance On Path To Physical Fitness May Protect Against insulin resistance. By Jennifer Warner WebMDMedical News, Reviewed By Brunilda Nazario, MD on Friday, March 07, 2003. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/62/71474.htm

90. Laure Morin-Papunen. Insulin Resistance In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. ISBN 951-4 insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Laure MorinPapunen.Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu. http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514257405/

Library units Collections Databases What's new ... index.html Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome Laure Morin-Papunen Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oulu Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu Academic Dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, for public discussion in Auditorium 4 of the University Hospital of Oulu, on September 29th, 2000, at 12 noon. University of Oulu Manuscript received 8 August 2000 Manuscript accepted 15 August 2000 Communicated by Docent Leena Anttila Docent Pekka Leinonen UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU FINLAND 2000 ISBN 951-42-5740-5 URN:ISBN:9514257405 Abstract The polycystic ovary syndrome, described first as the association of bilateral polycystic ovaries and amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, hirsutism and obesity, was later shown to be a complex metabolic syndrome. The first purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hyperinsulinaemia and the severity of insulin resistance and glucose tolerance disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome by means of the oral glucose tolerance test and the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp. The next goal was to investigate whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome would benefit from insulin-sensitising drugs, and in particular to compare the effects of metformin and a contraceptive pill containing ethinyl oestradiol and cyproterone acetate. Altogether, 81 women with polycystic ovary syndrome and 34 healthy control subjects were involved in the study.

91. Insulin Resistance insulin resistance. Although we have known about insulin resistance for a longtime, it is only recently that most of us have become interested in it. http://www.mendosa.com/resistance.htm

Insulin Resistance By Rick Mendosa A lthough we have known about insulin resistance for a long time, it is only recently that most of us have become interested in it. I think that there are two reasons for our greater concern. For 66 years we have known the difference between people who have insulin resistance and those who don't. In his January 1936 Lancet It took the work of Gerald Reaven, M.D., to kick off the current wave of interest in insulin resistance. An endocrinologist who taught at Stanford University from 1959 to 1995 and who since then has been senior vice president for research for Shaman Pharmaceuticals in South San Francisco, Dr. Reaven took us much closer to understanding the condition in a 1988 lecture. His Banting Lecture on the " Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease " in the American Diabetes Association's professional journal Diabetes was the first to link insulin resistance with related variables including high cholesterol and high blood pressure as a cluster of risk factors for heart disease. It was in this article that he bestowed the name "Syndrome X" to these variables. Four or five non-professional books about insulin resistance and Syndrome X have appeared in the last couple of years, bringing these concepts to a much broader audience. The best of the bunch is Dr. Reaven's

92. Welcome To PalmGear.com! insulin resistance Calculator. 1.0. In 1985 a homeostatic model wasdeveloped for the assessment of insulin resistance aka HOMA. http://www.palmgear.com/software/showsoftware.cfm?prodID=43704

93. Education: The Ins And Outs Of Insulin Resistance Back to EDUCATION MAIN PAGE . The Ins and Outs of insulin resistanceAlthough scientists What is insulin resistance? To better http://www.sbdrc.org/Pages/page33.html

Back to EDUCATION MAIN PAGE The Ins and Outs of Insulin Resistance Although scientists have intensely studied insulin resistance for four decades, its link to conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes has recently landed it squarely in the media spotlight. Despite this heightened focus, there's still a lot to learn as scientists attempt to uncover new knowledge about insulin resistance and its effects on health. Until then, the questions and answers below provide a brief overview about what is known to date. What is Insulin Resistance? To better understand insulin resistance, let's review some basic biochemistry. Insulin is a hormone produced by the islet cells of the pancreas. When blood glucose (blood sugar) rises after food is eaten, the pancreas pumps out insulin, whose job is to shuttle glucose into cells, where glucose is used for energy or stored as glycogen. To do its job, insulin must fit like a key into receptors lining the outside of thc cell Each cell contains 20,000 or more insulin receptors. Once inserted in the cell's receptors, insulin activates an enzyme in the receptors called tyrosine kinase. This triggers a series of events that allows glucose to enter the cell. With insulin resistance, the cells "resist" this process, so instead of entering the cell, glucose builds up in the blood. The pancreas responds by pumping out higher than normal levels of insulin in an attempt to reduce blood glucose to normal levels. What Causes Insulin Resistance?

94. GMHC | Insulin Resistance insulin resistance. What Is insulin resistance? Furthermore, there is anassociation with insulin resistance and elevated triglyceride levels. http://www.gmhc.org/living/treatment/insulin.html

Insulin Resistance What Is Insulin Resistance? After food is ingested blood glucose levels begin to rise. In response, the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin. The insulin helps to bring glucose into the body's cells where it is used for fuel. In insulin resistance this mechanism is impaired and the glucose that does not reach the cells remains in the blood. Over time this elevation in blood glucose can lead to diabetes. Furthermore, there is an association with insulin resistance and elevated triglyceride levels. How Do You Know If You Are Insulin Resistant? Normal range for blood glucose levels in the fasting state is 80-120 mg/dl. A level of 126 mg/dl or greater is considered diabetic. A consistent fasting blood glucose level of 100-115 mg/dl may suggest the onset of insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance. Remember it is best to have your blood test taken on an empty stomach. Possible Causes Of Insulin Resistance Testosterone deficiency Some medications Family history/genetics Obesity/overweight Depleted glutathione which can affect insulin sensitivity.

95. Syndrome X And Insulin Resistance SyndromeX insulin resistance. What is Insulin? Insulin is a hormonesecreted by the pancreas. It What is insulin resistance? Insulin http://www.seniorindian.com/syndrome_x.htm

Home Free E-Mail Positive Outlook Social Aspects ... Contact Us What is Insulin? Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. It helps the body utilize blood glucose (blood sugar) by binding with receptors on cells like a key would fit into a lock. Once the key insulin- has unlocked the door, the glucose can pass from the blood into the cell. Inside the cell, glucose is either used for energy or stored for future use in the form of glycogen in liver or muscle cells. What is insulin resistance? Insulin resistance occurs when the normal amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas is not able to unlock the door to cells. To maintain a normal blood glucose, the pancreas secretes additional insulin. In some cases (about 1/3 of the people with insulin resistance), when the body cells resist or do not respond to even high levels of insulin, glucose builds up in the blood resulting in high blood glucose or type 2 diabetes. Even people with diabetes who take oral medication or require insulin injections to control their blood glucose levels can have higher than normal blood insulin levels due to insulin resistance. Why is insulin resistance in the news?

96. Insulin Resistance And Hyperinsulinemia For an excellent discussion of the role of insulin resistance, read the 1997American Diabetes Association Consensus Development Conference report. http://www.wfp50427.w1.com/insulin_resistance_and_hyperinsulinemia.htm

Home Up Peripheral tissue resistance to the effects of insulin has been strongly connected to glucose intolerance, and the emergence of type 2 diabetes. Although often seen in obese individuals, this is independent of obesity or waist circumference. For an excellent discussion of the role of insulin resistance, read the 1997 American Diabetes Association Consensus Development Conference report Haffner et al (1995) report on their follow up of 714 Mexican-American participants in the San Antonio Heart Study. Ninety-one (91) of these subjects developed type 2 diabetes by the time of follow up. Looking at both fasting insulin levels (as an indicator of insulin resistance) and at the change in insulin levels in response to changes in glucose load (as a measure of insulin secretion), they found that both increased resistance and decreased insulin secretion at baseline independently predicted those patients who later were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Forty-four of the 91 patients identified at follow-up had normal glucose tolerance tests, but evidence of insulin resistance; other patients had impaired glucose tolerance on testing. As one would suspect, insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinemia have also been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The so-called

97. Scientists Close In On Trigger Of Insulin Resistance Scientists Close In On Trigger Of insulin resistance Extra sugar can causeinsulin resistance in cells. Now scientists have an explanation. http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/2002/APRIL/020415.htm

April 15, 2002 MEDIA CONTACT: Joanna Downer PHONE: E-MAIL: jdowner1@jhmi.edu Scientists Close In On Trigger Of Insulin Resistance Extra sugar can cause insulin resistance in cells. Now scientists have an explanation. In experiments with fat cells, Johns Hopkins scientists have discovered direct evidence that a build-up of sugar on proteins triggers insulin resistance, a key feature of most cases of diabetes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . The scientists found that at least two proteins involved in passing along insulin's message were unlikely to work properly when coated in extra sugar. Type 2 diabetes, the most common form in adults, occurs when muscle, fat and other tissues stop responding to insulin's signals to mop up sugar from the blood. The resulting high blood sugar, if uncontrolled, can lead to blindness, amputation and death. Understanding sugar's precise influence on insulin's activity may help improve treatment and prevention, scientists hope. "Cells don't respond to insulin itself. Instead, a whole cascade of events, set in motion by insulin, eventually causes cells to take in sugar," explains Gerald Hart, Ph.D., professor and director of biological chemistry in the school's Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences. "We now have an explanation of how sugar can affect these signals, and even a hypothesis for how high blood sugar could cause tissue damage in diabetes by improperly modifying proteins."

98. References: Beyond Insulin Resistance And Syndrome X Beyond insulin resistance and Syndrome X The OxidativeDysoxygenative Insulin Dysfunction(ODID) Model – Part I, II III. by Majid Ali, MD. Order back issues, http://www.townsendletter.com/AugSept_2002/insulin_resistance_references0802.htm

August/September, October and November 2002 Beyond Insulin Resistance and Syndrome X: by Majid Ali, MD Order this issue! References 1.    Ali M. Spontaneity of Oxidation in Nature and Aging, (monograph). Teaneck, NJ, 1983. 2.    Ali M. Leaky Cell Membrane Disorder (monograph). Teaneck, NJ, 1987. 3.    Ali M. The agony and death of a cell. In: Syllabus of the Instruction Course of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine. Denver, Colorado, 1985. 4.    Ali M. Molecular medicine. In: The Cortical Monkey and Healing. Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bloomfield, NJ, 1990. Ali M. Ascorbic acid reverses abnormal erythrocyte morphology in chronic fatigue syndrome, Am J Clin Pathol 6.    Ali M. Ascorbic acid prevents platelet aggregations by norepinephrinc, collagen, ADP and ristocetin. Am J Clin Pathol 7.    Ali M. The basic equation of life. In: The Butterfly and Life Span Nutrition. The Institute of Preventive Medicine Press, Denville, New Jersey. pp 225-236, 1992, 8.    Ali M. Oxidative theory of cell membrane and plasma damage. In

99. Cardiovascular Diabetology | Abstract | Gender Differences In Factors Influencin Original Investigation Gender differences in factors influencing insulin resistancein elderly hyperlipemic nondiabetic subjects Radka Lichnovská , Simona http://www.cardiab.com/content/1/1/4/abstract

Welcome guest user Home Browse articles Search Weblinks ... Issue 1 Viewing options Abstract Full text PDF Other links: E-mail to a friend Download references Post a comment PubMed record ... Related articles in PubMed Search PubMed For Key E-mail Corresponding author Original Investigation Gender differences in factors influencing insulin resistance in elderly hyperlipemic non-diabetic subjects and Cardiovascular Diabetology Abstract Background The increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance-related metabolic syndrome, a disorder that greatly increases the risk of diabetes, heart attack and stroke, is alarming. One of the most frequent and early symptoms of metabolic syndrome is hypertriglyceridemia. We examined the gender differences between various metabolic factors related to insulin resistance in elderly non-diabetic men and postmenopausal women of comparable age suffering from hypertriglyceridemia, and compared them with healthy subjects of equal age. Results The indexes of insulin resistance HOMA IR and QUICKI were significantly higher in both hyperlipemic men and women than in controls; 95% confidence limits of hyperlipemic subjects did not overlap with controls. In both normolipemic and hyperlipemic men and women serum leptin correlated significantly with insulin resistance, while HDL-cholesterol correlated inversely with HOMA-IR only in women (both normo- and hyperlipemic), and serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF and decreased HDL-cholesterol were significant determinants in women, while body mass index and decreased HDL-cholesterol were significant determinants in men. The coefficient of determination (R

100. NEJM -- Sign In Clinical Implications of Basic Research from The New England Journal of Medicine Resistin, Obesity, and insulin resistance The Emerging Role of the http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/345/18/1345

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