1. CDC Travelers' Health Information On Leishmaniasis . leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmittedby the bite of some species of sand flies. Description Health information for international travel. From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Category Health Conditions and Diseases Parasitic leishmaniasis......leishmaniasis. http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/leishmaniasis.htm

Contents Destinations Outbreaks Diseases Vaccinations ... GeoSentinel NEW! National Center for Infectious Diseases USDA/APHIS NEW! Importing food, plant, animal products U.S. State Department Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization Leishmaniasis Description Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of some species of sand flies. The disease most commonly manifests either in a cutaneous (skin) form or in a visceral (internal organ) form. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by one or more skin sores (either open or closed) that develop weeks to months after a person is bitten by infected sand flies. The manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis, such as fever, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and anemia, typically develop months, but sometimes years, after a person becomes infected. Occurrence Leishmaniasis is found in approximately 90 tropical and subtropical countries around the world. More than 90% of the world's cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, and Sudan. It also occurs in some of the following regions: the Americas (from northern Argentina to southern Texas in the United States); northern Asia; the Middle East; and Africa (particularly east and north Africa). Leishmaniasis is not found in Australia or Oceania (that is, the Pacific islands, including Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia).

2. Leishmaniasis Control Pointers to information on leishmaniasis The chapter on leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV coinfection contains a background of the diseases including a brief http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/leish

CSR Home Outbreak news Disease info Surveillance Leishmaniasis Surveillance and control of leishmaniasis Download the free Adobe(R) Acrobat(R) Reader Version 4 to view this file Afghanistan: WHO appeals for US$ 1.2 million to tackle largest single epidemic of disfiguring disease WHO Press Release 28 June 2002 Read more about the appeal for control of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul The Leishmaniases and Leishmania /HIV Co-infections WHO Fact Sheet WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases - Leishmaniasis and Leishmania/HIV Co-infection This report focuses on the analysis and interpretation of data collected by WHO on the surveillance of infectious epidemic-prone diseases, the strengths and weaknesses of the data and how the data can be used and interpreted. The chapter on leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection contains a background of the diseases including a brief history, a short description of the transmission process, clinical features, and other characteristics of leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection that are important for surveillance. The available data are described, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the surveillance system. This is followed by a summary of the trends of leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection and a concluding section. A list of reference documents and web pages are also available.

3. Leishmaniasis, Canine leishmaniasis is an infectious disease of people and wild and domestic animals throughout temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. http://www.cvm.okstate.edu/instruction/kocan/vpar5333/5333iig.htm

Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease of people and wild and domestic animals throughout temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. Old World Leishmania donovani complex- Causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Africa, India, South America and Mediterranean countries. Transmitted by sand flies ( Phlebotomus spp Leishmania tropica complex Causative agent of cutanious leishmaniasis in Asia, west Africa and Mediterranean countries. Sandfly transmitted. New World Leishmania braziliensis complex. Parasites in this group produce cutanious lesions or mucocutanious lesions. I is most common in Central and South America with some reportings in U.S. There may be numerous wildlife reservoirs. The cutanious form of the disease, usually manifested by single ulcerated lesions on the ears is most common. Knowledge of leishmaniasis is important to the clinician since infections can cause clinical disease in dogs and cats and because these animals are reservoirs for the organism in some locations. In the Americas, parasites of the

4. DPDx - Leishmaniasis Causal Agent, Life Cycle, and Geographic Distribution Causal Agent leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease that is transmitted by sandflies and caused by obligate http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Leishmaniasis.htm

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5. EMedicine - Leishmaniasis : Article By John Halpern, DO, FACEP Introduction, clinical, differentials, workup, treatment, medication, followup, miscellaneous, pictures, test questions, bibliography. From emedicine. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic296.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Infectious Diseases Leishmaniasis Last Updated: September 25, 2001 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania tropica mexicana, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania aethiopica, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania chagasi AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: John Halpern, DO, FACEP , Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Coral Springs Medical Center Coauthor(s): N Ewen Wang, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Hospital John Halpern, DO, FACEP, is a member of the following medical societies:

6. V I S C E R A L __ L E I S H M A N I A S I S Clinical pathology findings of Visceral leishmaniasis are presented, along with diagnostic guidelines. http://www.geocities.com/donovanivl/

7. Division Of Parasitic Diseases - Leishmania Infection Reports Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Emerging Infectious Diseases. From Centers for Disease Category Health Conditions and Diseases Parasitic leishmaniasis......Leishmania Infection (leishmaniasis). Fact SheetLeishmania. Emerging Infectious Diseases(EID). The Reemergence of Visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil (Vol. 2/No. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/leishmania/default.htm

Alphabetical Listing Travel Leishmania Infection (Leishmaniasis Leishmania Leishmania Infection Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Unexplained Illness Among Persian Gulf War Veterans in an Air National Guard Unit: Preliminary Report August 1990-March 1995 (June 16, 1995 / 44(23);443-447) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Ohio (August 23, 1985 / 34(33);515-6) Viscerotropic Leishmaniasis in Persons Returning from Operation Desert Storm 1990 - 1991 (February 28, 1992 / 41(08);131-134) Global Disease Elimination and Eradication as Public Health Strategies (December 31, 1999 / Vol. 48 / Supplement) Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) The Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil Emerging Infectious DiseasesBrazil (Vol. 4./No. 1 January-March 1998) Hospitalizations after the Gulf-War Hospitalizations after the Gulf-War–Reply to K.M. Leisure et al. Top Home ... CDC Health Topics A-Z This page last reviewed June 7, 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of Parasitic Diseases

8. Leishmania Donovani Slides of L.donovani and L.mexicana. From Atlas of Medical Parasitology (Italy). http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/lei1.htm

BLOOD, BONE MARROW, SPLEEN AND LIVER PARASITES ZOOMASTIGOPHOREA Order: Kinetoplastida LEISHMANIA DONOVANI leis1-ic Leishmania sp.: life cycle. don2-ic Visceral leishmaniasis has a wide geographic distribution. North-Eastern China, India, Middle-East, Southern Europe (Mediterranean bassin), Northern Africa, Central-East Africa and, in foci, Central and South America (especially Brazil and Honduras). (Adapted and redrawn from: Lutte contre les leishmanioses. Rapport d'un Comité OMS d'experts. Série de Rapports techniques, n.793, 1990.) don2a-ic The infection is transmitted by various species of Phlebotomus, the sand fly. Phlebotomus spp Courtesy of Bayer, from Bayer Manual of Pest Control don3-ic Leishamnia spp wich affect humans can be differentiated by geographical distribution, clinical spectrum, immunological features, isoenzymes and Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) characterization. Leishmania amastigotes, bone marrow aspirate, Giemsa stain).

9. Canine Interferon-gamma As An Adjuvant In Immunisation Of Dogs With Leishmania C Immunization using interferongamma as an adjuvant. http://www.stw.nl/projecten/U/udg3703.html

Canine interferon-gamma as an adjuvant in immunisation of dogs with Leishmania crude antigens Titel van het onderzoek Canine interferon-gamma as an adjuvant in immunisation of dogs with Leishmania crude antigens (UDG3703). Omschrijving van het onderzoek Protective immunity to several infectious agents, including Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium leprae, measles virus and HIV has been shown to be mediated by Thl cells that secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and other cytokines contributing to cell mediated effector mechanisms resulting in the elimination of the invading organism. In murine models the association between resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis and the activation of Thl cells producing cytokines such as IFN-gamma, and IL(interleukin)-2 has been documented. In contrast, susceptibility to Leishmania infection is associated with activation of Th2 cells secreting IL-4 and IL-10 which results in failure to activate macrophages, leading to disease progression. We have recently proposed canine leishmaniasis as a more appropriate model for human leishmaniasis since, in contrast to mice, dogs can develop visceral leishmaniasis upon

10. Leishmaniasis. The UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme For Research And Traini Update, project reports, highlights, progress, publications, workplans and research grants, resources .Category Health Conditions and Diseases Parasitic leishmaniasis......leishmaniasis, Widespread in 22 countries in the New World and in 66 nationsin the Old World, leishmaniasis is not found in Southeast Asia. http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/leish/default.htm

TDR diseases Leishmaniasis Leishmania parasites are named after W.B. Leishman, who developed one of the earliest stains of Leishmania in 1901. Widespread in 22 countries in the New World and in 66 nations in the Old World, leishmaniasis is not found in South-east Asia. Human infections are found in 16 countries in Europe, including France, Italy, Greece, Malta, Spain and Portugal. Occurring in several forms, the disease is generally recognized for its cutaneous form which causes non-fatal, disfiguring lesions, although epidemics of the potentially fatal visceral form cause thousands of deaths. TDRnews special feature: miltefosine Breakthrough new oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis Disease information Life-cycle of Leishmania Strategic direction for leishmaniasis research ... Strategic emphases for leishmaniasis research Selected achievements over TDR's history Parasite genome New drugs brought to registration Disease Research Coordinator: Dr P Desjeux

11. Diagnosis Summary information plus clickable slides, references and world maps. From Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology. http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/parasites/leish1.htm

The Leishmaniases The leishmaniases is a group of diseases caused by protozoan haemoflagelates of the genus Leishmania. These protists belong to the family of the Trypanosomatidae (order Kinetoplastida) and are closely related to the trypanosomes. The disease is tranmitted by female sandflies ( Phlebotomus or Lutzomya ) that feed on the blood of an animal or human host. Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis . It affects mainly sylvatic animals such as rodents and opossums and domestic animals such as dogs. The disease is prevalent in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, the Middle Esat, North and East Africa, the south of Europe (the Mediterranian basin) and Central and South America. The disease occurs in three different manifestations depending on the region where it occurs and on the parasite: ( Click here for the World maps of leishmaniases, 22k The different manifestations of Leishmaniasis Type of leishmaniasis Species Visceral Leishmania donovani Cutaneous Oriental sore, (Bouton d'orient) L. tropica

12. Leishmaniasis-001 Dept. of Dermatology University of Iowa College of Medicine leishmaniasis - Face and Ears This image was graciously provided by Dr. Clara Jaramillo of Medellin, Colombia. Return to Image Index page. Return to Dermatology's Home page. http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/~Clara/Leish002.htm

Dept. of Dermatology - University of Iowa College of Medicine Leishmaniasis - Face and Ears Return to Image Index page. This image was graciously provided by Dr. Clara Jaramillo of Medellin, Colombia. Return to Image Index page. Return to Dermatology's Home page. September, 1997

13. Leishmania Sp. (leishmaniasis) Members of the genus Leishmania infect many vertebrates, including humans, dogs, and rodents. http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/leishmania.html

Leishmania spp. (leishmaniasis) Members of the genus Leishmania infect many vertebrates, including humans, dogs, and rodents. The life cycles of members of the genus involve a vertebrate host (e.g., the human) and a vector (a sand fly) that transmits the parasite between vertebrate hosts. In the vector the parasite takes on a characteristic morphological form known as the promastigote (see below), and it reproduces asexually in the vector's gut. When the vector bites the vertebrate host, promastigotes are injected into the vertebrate host. The promastigotes enter cells of the vertebrate host and change into a form called the amastigote (see below). The amastigote reproduces in the host's cells, and when the cell eventually dies the amastigotes are released and infect other cells ( view a diagram of the life cycle ). The symptoms and pathology associated with leishmaniasis result from the amastigotes killing the host's cells. There are many different "diseases" caused by Leishmania . In some diseases the amastigotes do not spread beyond the site of the vector's bite. This results in a "cutaneous leishmaniasis" (oriental sore, Jericho boil, Aleppo boil, or Dehli boil) that often heals spontaneously ( view geographic distribution ). In other instances the amastigotes may spread to the visceral organs (liver, spleen), resulting in "visceral leishmaniasis" (kala-azar or Dum-Dum fever) (

14. Medmicro Chapter 82 Information on Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, and Visceral types. From University of Texas Medical Branch, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, 'Hemoflagellates'. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch082.htm

Hemoflagellates Rodrigo A. Zeledón General Concepts American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) Clinical Manifestations Symptoms of acute disease may include fever, local or general edema, lymphadenopathy, tachycardia, heart enlargement, and myocarditis. Heart alterations and, occasionally, megaesophagus or megacolon may appear as late sequelae. Structure Typical, small trypomastigotes are found in peripheral blood and intracellular amastigotes in tissues. Classification and Antigenic Types Strains of Trypanosoma cruzi are differentiated by isoenzyme patterns and DNA sequencing. No antigenic variation is observed. Multiplication and Life Cycle Intracellular amastigotes divide to form pseudocysts, which release nondividing trypomastigotes into the blood. Trypomastigotes ingested by a vector bug transform in the insect intestine into epimastigotes, which reproduce to form infective metacyclic trypomastigotes, which are expelled in feces and enter a new host through skin abrasions. Pathogenesis Inflammatory reactions around pseudocysts lead to myocarditis and destruction of parasympathetic ganglia (mainly of the heart and myenteric plexus). An autoimmune reaction may develop.

15. Case Report-Leishmaniasis Treatment (Israel).Category Health Conditions and Diseases Parasitic leishmaniasis......Leshcutan, a new available topical treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis Photo1a Typical lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L.major. http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/leis_cr.htm

CASE REPORT AND UPDATES IN PARASITOLOGY Leshcutan, a new available topical treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis By Joseph El-On and Louis Weinrauch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel. Leishmaniasis designates a human disorder produced by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania The cutaneous form of the disease (cutaneous leishmaniasis, CL), is one of the most important causes of chronic ulcerative skin lesions. The disease occurs clinically as either acute CL, chronic CL, recurrent CL and diffuse CL. Photo 1a: Typical lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L.major Several species of Leishmania are involved, including L.major L.tropica and L. aethiopica on the Old World, and several species of the L.braziliensis and L.mexicana in the New World. The disease still presents a therapeutic problem in several parts of the world. Both, parenterally (sodium stibogluconate, antimoy-N-methyl-glutamine, pentasmidine and amphotericin-B) and orally (rifampicin, dapson, ketoconazole, itraconazole and allopurinol)

16. Vlhp From University of East London, B.Sc Microbiology course project. http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/D.P.Humber/akhter/vlhp.htm

Visceral Leishmaniasis These pages are created by Masoud Akhtar for submission in partial fulfilment of the final year B.Sc Microbiology course at the university of East London under the supervision of Dr. David Humber. Contents Introduction Geographical distribution and epidemiology Transmission Visceral leishmaniasis: The disease and sypmtoms ... References (c) Masoud Akhtar, University of East London, Romford Road, London, E15 4LZ. E-mail any comments to M. Akhtar: AKH4002M@UEL.AC. UK

17. Combination Allopurinol And Antimony Treatment Versus Antimony Alone And Allopur Combination allopurinol and antimony treatment versus antimony alone and allopurinol alone in the Category Health Conditions and Diseases Parasitic leishmaniasis......Combination allopurinol and antimony treatment versus antimony alone andallopurinol alone in the treatment of canine leishmaniasis (96 cases). http://www.inno-vet.com/articles/1999/1199/17.htm

Combination allopurinol and antimony treatment versus antimony alone and allopurinol alone in the treatment of canine leishmaniasis (96 cases). Denerolle P, Bourdoiseau G Clinique veterinaire, La Seyne/Mer, France. J Vet Intern Med 1999 Sep-Oct;13(5):413-5 The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term clinical outcome for dogs with leishmaniasis that were treated with 3 different protocols: combined treatment with antimony and allopurinol, antimony alone, or allopurinol alone. Ninety-six dogs included in this study were determined to have leishmaniasis on the basis of (1) clinical features, (2) identification of the parasite in smears of lymph node, bone marrow aspirates, or skin biopsies, and (3) specific immunofluorescent assay. Three groups of dogs were defined: 45 dogs (group 1) were treated with antimony (100 mg/kg s.c. q24h) given concurrently for 1 month with allopurinol (15 mg/kg p.o. q12h), and then allopurinol alone for 8 months at the same dosage; 40 dogs (group 2) were treated with antimony alone according to the manufacturer's instructions (200 mg/kg s.c. q24h at 2-day intervals for 3-6 months); and 11 dogs (group 3) were treated with allopurinol alone (15 mg/kg p.o. q12h for 1-20 months). Information concerning signalment, history, physical examination findings, serologic testing and number of dogs becoming seronegative, outcome for each treated dog (clinical cure versus failure), and long-term survival were combination treatment, duration of treatment with antimony is shorter and long-term administration of allopurinol is well tolerated.

18. Leishmaniasis. The UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme For Research And Traini Leishmania Infection. (leishmaniasis). Leishmania. Leishmania Infection http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/leish

TDR diseases Leishmaniasis Leishmania parasites are named after W.B. Leishman, who developed one of the earliest stains of Leishmania in 1901. Widespread in 22 countries in the New World and in 66 nations in the Old World, leishmaniasis is not found in South-east Asia. Human infections are found in 16 countries in Europe, including France, Italy, Greece, Malta, Spain and Portugal. Occurring in several forms, the disease is generally recognized for its cutaneous form which causes non-fatal, disfiguring lesions, although epidemics of the potentially fatal visceral form cause thousands of deaths. TDRnews special feature: miltefosine Breakthrough new oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis Disease information Life-cycle of Leishmania Strategic direction for leishmaniasis research ... Strategic emphases for leishmaniasis research Selected achievements over TDR's history Parasite genome New drugs brought to registration Disease Research Coordinator: Dr P Desjeux

19. Indian Institute Of Chemical Biology IICB is based in Calcutta. Eminent scientists such as Dr. HK Majumder working on the effect of flavones in kerbing leishmaniasis. http://sunsite.sut.ac.jp/asia/india/jitnet/india/csir/iicb.html

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB) Address: 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Calcutta - 700 032 Telephone: 733491, 734503 Telegram: LIVINGCELL CALCUTTA Telex: 021-7108 IICB IN Fax: (91-33) 730284 Established: 1935 (Taken over 1956) Mandate To conduct research in bological sciences for seeking solution to medical and biological problems faced by the country and utilize the results for biotechnological and biomedical applications To strive to achieve an appropriate balance between long-term research of basic nature and short-term research of commercial potential vibrio cholerae and development of an effective, long-acting oral vaccine against cholera infection; development of novel approaches towards fertility control and regulation; delineation of cellular and molecular basis of brain development, and genesis and prevention of movement disorders; investment of gastric physiology; development of tissue -targeted drug-delivery systems; investigation of the molecular mechanism of biocatalysis; studies on the biosynthesis and radiopharmaceuticals for myocardial imaging, and renal and hepatobiliary studies; development of protein engineering facilities and of theoritical treatment and models for self-organizational phenomena in living systems. Significant Achievements IICB has developed a bacteriophage typing technique for identifying cholera infection, which has become widely accepted and won the recognition of WHO.

20. Leishmaniasis OF DIRECT AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SERODIAGNOSIS OF VISCERAL leishmaniasis IN MAN AND CANINE RESERVOIRS IN IRAN G.H. http://www.edae.gr/leishmaniasis.html

HELLENIC ASSOCIATION DERMATOLOGY - VENEREOLOGY LEISHMANIASIS Collection by G. Karakatsanis A brief history Allopurinol Indications Anti-leishmanial pharmaceutical formulations (US4594241) Antigen Expression on Leishmania Alberto Marquet Espinosa Antiparasitic Chemotherapy Research Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Strathclyde 1999 APPLICATION AND EVALUATION OF DIRECT AGGLUTINATION TEST IN SERO-DIAGNOSIS OF VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS IN MAN AND CANINE RESERVOIRS IN IRAN G.H. Edrissian, H. Hajaran, M. Mohebali, G. Soleimanzadeh, S. Bokai, A. Anvari, M.T. Sarkissian, A. Kanani, A. Nadim ASTA Medica entwickelt mit Miltefosin Therapeutikum gegen weitverbreitete Tropenerkrankung Asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi Infection in Relatives and Neighbors o... ATLAS OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY Badaro. 1990. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony and interferon gamma, N Engl J Med, Vol. 322, p. 16 ... Combatting Leishmaniasis in India by John Ramlochand Current Approaches to Leishmaniasis Medscape Cytokine profile and pathology in human leishmaniasis Dermatologie Online Atlas (DOIA) Erlangen: Leishmaniose Dermatology Online Atlas (DOIA) Erlangen: Leishmaniasis ... Discussion (Seroepidemiological Studies of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in ...

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