41. Turner Syndrome The letter Y designates the chromosome associated with being male. only sex chromosomepresent is an X, the person will be a female with the turner syndrome. http://atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyclopedia/HTMLfiles/2748.html

Turner syndrome Alternative Names monosomy X, Ullrich-Turner syndrome, 45,X gonadal dysgenesis Definition Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the lack of an X chromosome. What is going on in the body? Turner syndrome only affects females. Because females with Turner syndrome don't have the normal number of chromosomes, the body's natural balance is upset. This results in underdevelopment of the ovaries, breasts, uterus and vagina. Females with this disorder are infertile. Women with Turner syndrome are shorter than average, usually under 5' tall. This disorder usually does not cause mental retardation , but some affected females have learning disabilities. They also may have confusion about space and distances. What are the signs and symptoms of the condition? The most common features of Turner syndrome are: short stature failure to develop sexually puffiness of the backs of the hands and feet at birth congenital heart disease low hairline on the back of the neck excess skin or webbing of the neck pigmented mole-like lesions on the skin kidney defects short fourth fingers inability to fully extend the elbows What are the causes and risks of the condition?

42. Turner Syndrome Clinical Trials Research Provides Hope for turner Girls turner syndrome is one of the few pairs ofchromosomes the sex chromosomes - determines whether you are male (XY) or http://www.turner-syndrome-clinical-trials.com/

Research Provides Hope for Turner Girls Turner Syndrome is one of the few genetic diseases that affects only females. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, one set from each parent. One of these pairs of chromosomes - the sex chromosomes - determines whether you are male (XY) or female (XX). In Turner's, there is a total or partial loss of one of the sex chromosomes. Because a Y-chromosome cannot function on its own, males lacking a sex chromosome are not produced. The X-chromosome can survive on its own, however, and the result is a girl with Turner Syndrome (XO). Determining the cause of the condition was due to extensive research, and the numerous girls and women who participated in early Turner Syndrome clinical trials. Genetic research did not stop there, however. Today, the goal is to identify the genes responsible for the medical problems associated with the disease. These include a webbed neck, short stature, lack of sexual development, non-verbal learning disabilities, heart and kidney defects and, in adult women, high blood pressure, diabetes and osteoporosis. Research also evaluates the effects of drugs, including hormones, on these conditions. Reason's To Join a Turner Syndrome Clinical Trial One of the most common motives for participating in a Turner Syndrome clinical trial is gaining access to new treatments. Of course, the possibility of being in the group using a placebo may appear to be of little immediate benefit. However, the advice from experts on effectively coping with the disease can be invaluable. In addition, participants benefit from the free examinations and assessments associated with the study.

43. Review Questions For Lecture 28 more than one possibility in most of the cases). a. turner syndromeb. Kleinfelter syndrome c. Triple X female. d. XYY male. 17. http://www.colorado.edu/MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/rq00/rq0028.html

MCDB 2150 Fall 2000 Review Questions Revised November 9, 2000 Lecture 28: Dosage Compensation, Sex-Limited, Sex-Influenced Inheritance 1. What is the Lyon hypothesis and how has its validity been demonstrated? 2. Describe the relationship among the following: Barr body, heterochromatin, late replication, dosage compensation, mosaicism. 3. Describe the major differences between dosage compensation in Drosophila and humans. 4. Describe three different types of human sex chromosome trisomy. What is the sex in each case? What are the major phenotypic traits in each case? Describe the genetic mechanisms that are responsible for the trisomy in each case. 5. Turner syndrome is the only viable human monosomy? a. How does Turner syndrome arise? b. Speculate on why individuals with Turner syndrome are viable when all other human monosomies are lethal. c. In view of your answer to part b, why do individuals with Turner syndrome enhibit any phenotypicdifferences from normal individuals. 6. What is a Barr body and what is its significance? 7. What mechanism makes human aneuploidies that involve sex chromosomes more viable than human aneuploidies that involve autosomes?

44. Other Resources male Infertility and Diagnosis Describes basic workup for male infertilitydiagnosis. Donor Egg/Sperm. Other. turner's syndrome Society. http://www.main.org/resolve/links.html

Other Resources Home Join RESOLVE Monthly Meetings Peer Group Support ... Contact Us Top ** Note: This information is provided to help you with your research. These resources are not listed as recommendations or endorsements by RESOLVE, RESOLVE of Central Texas or its members. National Fertility Information/Organizations Specific Fertility Conditions /Treatments IVF PCOS Endometriosis Adhesions ... Women's Health National Fertility Information/Organizations RESOLVE National Website A referral, support, and advocacy group also providing offline services such as booklets, newsletters, and telephone support. Chapters across the U.S. offer local support groups that offer seminars and peer group meetings. Ferti.net - Worldwide Fertility Network Provides excellent medical information/updates on recent findings, conferences, journal article reviews. Also: links to patient support groups worldwide, general diagnosis/treatment information and more. The American Infertility Association The American Infertility Association headquartered in New York City, is a national organization dedicated to assisting women and men facing decisions related to family building and reproductive healthfrom prevention and treatment to social and psychological concerns.

45. Genetic Features Of Turner Syndrome of a Xchromosome paired with a Y-chromosome will determine male development. onlya X-chromosome may survive and develop as a female with turner syndrome. http://turners.nichd.nih.gov/GeneticText2.html

Genetic Features of Turner Syndrome T urner syndrome is a disorder caused by the loss of genetic material from one of the sex chromosomes. Humans normally have a total of 46 chromosomes (which are tiny, DNA-containing elements) that are present in every cell of the body. DNA encodes genes, which specify all the proteins that make up the body and control its functions. In humans, there are 23 matched pairs of chromosomes in every cell. Each cell contains 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes that are the same in males and females. The remaining pair of chromosomes, the X- and Y-chromosomes, are not shaped similarly, and thus are not matched in the same way as the autosomes. The X- and Y-chromosomes are called sex chromosomes. They are responsible for the difference in development between males and females. A Y-chromosome contains genes responsible for testis development; and the presence of a X-chromosome paired with a Y-chromosome will determine male development. On the other hand, two X-chromosomes are required for normal ovarian development in females. X-CHROMOSOME MONOSOMY D uring the process in which oocytes (eggs) or sperm are formed, one of the sex chromosomes is sometimes "lost" (see

46. Study Shows Y Chromosome Is Haven For Fertility Genes Page. The scientists suggest that Xhomologous NRY genes be investigatedas candidates for turner syndrome. male FERTILITY. Drs. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/1997/nov05/chromosome.html

Published by the MIT News Office at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. November 5 Tech Talk Search MIT News ... MIT WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 1997 Study shows Y chromosome is haven for fertility genes By Seema Kumar Whitehead Institute For decades, scientists thought that the human Y chromosome the male sex chromosome was nothing more than a smaller, less stable version of its partner, the X (the sex chromosome present in both females and males). However, new research led by Dr. David Page, professor of biology and a member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, reverses this unflattering picture of the Y and reveals it as a crucial player in the evolution of sex chromosomes and also as a safe haven for male fertility genes. These results are not only generating a new respect for the Y chromosome but also could lead to novel diagnostic techniques for thousands of infertile men. The results also have profound implications for understanding the genetic differences between men and women and the genetic underpinnings of chromosomal disorders such as Turner syndrome. In the October 24 issue of Science, Professor Page and first author Dr. Bruce Lahn report that a systematic search of the Y chromosome yielded 12 novel genes in the non-recombining region of the Y (NRY) a region of the Y that, unlike other chromosomes, does not undergo recombination or exchange genetic material with its partner, the X.

47. Pediatric Oncall - Turner's Syndrome girls. Q.2 How does turner’s syndrome occur? A individual). A female usuallyhas XX chromosomes whereas a male has XY chromosomes. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/turner_syndrome.as

Question of day Alternative Medicine Journals Queries ... Shopping Mall UserName Password New Register Dr Ira Shah M.D, DCH(Gold Medalist), FCPS, DNB short stature in girls. In Turners syndrome, one of the X-chromosomes is missing or misshapen in most of the cells in the body. This is due to a biological accident, the reason for which is usually not found. THUS, NEITHER PARENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS AND CAN DO NOTHING TO PREVENT THIS FROM HAPPENING. Q.3 How does a child with Turners syndrome present? However, . Some only have short stature and no other physical findings. Q.4 What is the cause of short stature in Turners syndrome? For further details – See " Puberty in girls " Q. 5 Is it true that women with Turners syndrome cannot conceive? A.5 Since, girls with Turners syndrome have undeveloped ovaries; they are likely to be infertile, although there are rare cases of women with Turners syndrome having children. However, the uterus (womb) and vagina are normal, hence, their sexual function is unaffected. In vitro fertilization and embryo transplants offer the opportunity to carry a child through pregnancy and giving birth Q.6 I have heard the children with Turners syndrome have subnormal intelligence. Is it true?

48. First_draft.html whether a child is going to be a male or a female.X chromosome mutations causevarious human genetic disorders. Such as turner's syndrome, and Kleinfelters http://cat.nyu.edu/sgp/projects/vanessa/studentprojects/mark/first_draft.html

Mark Vasquez Lena Vanable The X Chromosome Abstract The X chromosome determines whether a child is going to be a male or a female.X chromosome mutations cause various human genetic disorders. Such as Turner's syndrome, and Kleinfelters syndrome. The abnormalties of sexual organs in humans will be discussed. The report will also discuss the normal X chromosome, and how these mutations affect the body. There are various genes on the X chromosome which affect the body when there are mutations present in the X chromosomes which are discussed. The male sex cell are responsible for the mutations of the chromosome. These abnormalties are found mostly in males, however are also found in women. Introduction If you are a female, you have two X chromosomes, however If you are a male, you have an X and a Y chromosome. A female receives an X chromosome from each parent and a male receives an X chromosome from his mother and a Y from his father . The male sex cell are responsible for the mutations which result in Klinefelter 's Syndrome. The female sex cells are responsible for the mutations which result in Turner 's Syndrome. Klinefelter's Syndrome "In 1942, Dr. Harry Klinefelter and his coworkers at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston published a report about 9 men who had enlarged breasts, sparse facial and body hair, small testes, and an inability to produce sperm.

49. Turner's Syndrome: A Case Study By: Carolyn Duda the same amount of Xchromosome material as the average male has. Another chromosomeabnormality associated with turner's syndrome is due to a small X-derived http://www-personal.umd.umich.edu/~jcthomas/JCTHOMAS/1997 Case Studies/C.Duda.ht

Turner's Syndrome: A Case Study by: Carolyn Duda Turner's Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects about one in every 2000 females born. A female with a normal genetic make-up has two X-chromosomes in each of her cells, one which she received from her father and one which she received from her mother. On the other hand, the typical female with Turner's Syndrome has only one X-chromosome in each of her cells due to a nondisjunction event during meiosis of her parents' gametes. There are several variations on this theme as other similar chromosome anomalies occur in a smaller percentage of females with Turner's Syndrome. Depending on the degree of nondisjunction of her parents' gametes, the genetic make-up of a Turner's patient can vary. As discussed above, the majority of patients have only one X-chromosome in all of their cells and thus they are karyotyped 45,XO. The cells in about 15 percent of Turner's patients contain a normal X chromosome plus an X-isochromosome. This isochromosome consists of the two long arms of the X-chromosome but no short distal arm. These individuals are karyotyped 46,XXp- (Nora and Fraser, 1989). Lyon hypothesized that early in the development of a normal female embryo, random inactivation of one of the two X-chromosomes in each cell occurs. This allows the female to have the same amount of X-chromosome material as the average male has. Recent studies have shown that there are genes on the X-chromosome which escape this inactivation. While there are genes located in various regions of the X-chromosome which escape inactivation (Davies, 1991), many of these genes are located on the short distal arm (Brown and Willard, 1990). In this way, the normal female has functioning genes from one complete X-chromosome plus functioning genes from the still active short distal arm of the mostly inactivated X-chromosome. On the other hand, females with the X-chromosome without this short distal arm lack the genes which would normally have remained active. As a result, a female with this X-isochromosome displays the same phenotype as the typical Turner's female who has only one X-chromosome.

50. Male "Housekeeping" Genes Discovered treatment for turner's syndrome, just better understanding of the condition, Lahnsaid. But the study could lead to more precise diagnosis of male fertility http://lists.isb.sdnpk.org/pipermail/health-list-old/1997-October/000616.html

Male "Housekeeping" Genes Discovered AO omair@dpc.khi.sdnpk.undp.org Sun, 26 Oct 1997 15:40:20 Previous message: Another Salman Rushdi Next message: 'Bad Back Blues' Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Previous message: Another Salman Rushdi Next message: 'Bad Back Blues' Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ]

51. Clinical Study: 00-CH-0219, Turner Syndrome: Genotype And Phenotype session to discuss their concerns and difficulties related to living with Turnersyndrome. Detail Type Active Accrual Of New Subjects Gender male Female http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/detail/A_2000-CH-0219.html

Protocol Number: 00-CH-0219 Title: Turner Syndrome: Genotype and Phenotype Number: 00-CH-0219 Summary: This study will examine the clinical and genetic factors related to Turner syndrome, a disorder of the female sex chromosomes. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes-thin strands of DNA-in the nucleus of every cell, which contain genes that determine our hereditary makeup. One pair of chromosomes is the sex chromosomes, designated X and Y. Females normally have two X chromosomes; however, patients with Turner syndrome have only a single X chromosome or one normal and one defective X chromosome. This abnormality can cause medical problems such as a webbed neck, low-set ears, and heart or kidney defects. It can also cause short stature, lack of sexual development and improperly functioning ovaries. Adult women with Turner syndrome have an increased risk of high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis. This study will try to identify the genes responsible for the specific medical problems associated with the disorder. Females 7 years of age and older with X chromosome defects may be eligible for this 3- to 5- day inpatient study at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. Participants will have a comprehensive physical examination, including (with the patient's permission) photographs of abnormal physical findings to document characteristics of Turner syndrome. Patients will have their body measurements (height, weight, hip and waist) taken and blood drawn for clinical and research purposes. Patients will be given a "metabolic diet," with meals designed to contain specific amounts of salt and carbohydrate to allow accurate measurements of blood pressure and glucose (sugar) metabolism.

52. Whitehead Press Releases 1997 - Y Chromosome suggest that Xhomologous NRY genes be investigated as candidates for turner syndrome.Second Evolutionary Strategy Implications for male Infertility. Drs. http://www.wi.mit.edu/nap/1997/nap_press_97_dpychrom.html

whitehead home publications press releases 1997 biology week ... Research Summaries Study Paints New Picture of Y Chromosome as a Safe Haven for Male Fertility Genes October 24, 1997 Contacts: Nadia Halim, Seema Kumar Phone: 617.258.7270 E-mail: newsroom@wi.mit.edu For decades scientists thought that the human Y chromosome, the male sex chromosome, was nothing more than a smaller, less stable version of its partner, the X (the sex chromosome present in both females and males). However, new research led by Dr. David Page, member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, and associate investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, reverses this unflattering picture of the Y and reveals it as a crucial player in the evolution of sex chromosomes and also as a safe haven for male fertility genes. These results are not only generating a new respect for the Y chromosome but also could lead to novel diagnostic techniques for thousands of infertile men. The results also have profound implications for understanding the genetic differences between men and women and the genetic underpinnings of chromosomal disorders such as Turner syndrome.

53. 97practice3 Its phenotype is most likely to be a) normal female b) normal male c)turner syndrome d) a hermaphrodite e) sterile male, otherwise normal. http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Class/bio300/97practice3.htm

Biology 300 Spring 1997 University at Stony Brook Prof. Elof Carlson QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 3 [ANSWERS FOR TA’S ONLY] 1. A zygote has the karyotype 46, XisoYq. Its phenotype is most likely to be: a) normal female b) normal male c) Turner syndrome d) a hermaphrodite e) sterile male, otherwise normal 2. A person with Klinefelter syndrome is most likely to have: a) small testes as an adult b) dwarf stature c) streak ovaries d) bilateral cryptorchy e) a violent, aggressive personality 3. The karyotype of a person with Turner syndrome is most likely to be: a) 47,XXX b) 47, XXY c) 46, XisoXp d) 45,X e) 45,Y 4. If non disjunction arises for the Y chromosome in a secondary spermatocyte and the two sperm that form each fertilize an egg, the resulting zygotes would give rise to: a) Klinefelter and Turner syndromes b) Turner syndrome and an aborted embryo c) Klinefelter syndrome and an aborted embryo d) XXX condition and Klinefelter syndrome e) Turner syndrome and XYY condition Define the following terms: a) isochromosome: a chromosome with two p arms or two q arms b) misdivision of the centromere: an event leading to isochromosome formation c) aneuploidy: the gain or loss of a chromosome during cell division d) mixed gonadal dysgenesis: an individual with two cell lines, one 46, XY and the other 45,X having a testis and a streak gonad and variable genital abnormalities

54. NOONAN SYNDROME A definition of Noonam syndrome, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations Category Health Conditions and Diseases Noonan syndrome...... unknown, but may be similar to that hypothesized for turner syndrome; genetic defect the3x greater maternal transmission of the gene over male transmission is http://www.icondata.com/health/pedbase/files/NOONANSY.HTM

Pediatric Database (PEDBASE) Discipline: GEN Last Updated: 8/19/93 NOONAN SYNDROME DEFINITION: A disorder of unknown etiology with phenotypic features similar to those of Turner Syndrome. EPIDEMIOLOGY: incidence: 1/1,000-1/2,500 live births age of onset: newborn risk factors: familial - autosomal dominant with variable expression (sporadic cases thought to represent de novo mutations) chrom.#: ? gene: ? M = F PATHOGENESIS: 1. Etiology unknown, but may be similar to that hypothesized for Turner Syndrome in support of this hypothesis, cystic hygromas and edema have been detected prenatally in suspected cases CLINICAL FEATURES: 1. Craniofacial Dysmorphisms 1. Newborn hypertelorism with down-slanting palpebral fissures (95%) deeply-grooved philtrum (95%) low-set posteriorly-rotated ears with thick helix (90%) low posterior hairline (55%) high-arched palate (45%) micrognathia (25%) 2. Infancy large head with turricephaly hypertelorism with prominent eyes and level palpebral fissures thick-hooded eyelids or ptosis nose with depressed root, wide base, and bulbous tip

55. Member Sign In Noonan's syndrome also called male turner's syndrome, pseudoturner's syndrome,Ullrich turner's syndrome, or cardiofacial syndrome was first described http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410764_3

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56. Member Sign In turner syndrome (TS) is the phenotype of human females with complete or partial Thesex chromosomes pair and recombine in PAR1 during male meiosis, maintaining http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/410899

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57. Abnormal Sex Differentiaton - Disorders Of Sex Differentiation For example, girls with turner syndrome have a 45,XO karyotype and boys with Klinefeltersyndrome have a when it is stated that 46,XY refers to male sex and http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/pediatricendocrinology/intersex/sd3.html

Contents Title Page Introduction Normal Sex Differentiation Disorders of Sex Differentiation ... Return to Pediatric Endocrine III. Disorders of Sex Differentiation - A General Outline Sex differentiation is a complex physiological process comprised of many steps. Problems associated with sex differentiation, or syndromes of intersexuality, occur when errors in development take place at any of these steps. Genetic Sex Problems can arise at fertilization when chromosomal sex is established. For example, girls with Turner Syndrome have a 45,XO karyotype and boys with Klinefelter Syndrome have a 47,XXY karyotype. It is also known that some women have a 46,XY or 47,XXX karyotype and some men a 46,XX or 47,XYY karyotype. Clearly then, when it is stated that 46,XY refers to male sex and 46,XX refers to female sex, this is a generalization which applies to most, but not all, individuals. Gonadal Sex Disorders of sex differentiation can occur when a bipotential gonad is incapable of developing into a testis or an ovary. The inability to develop testes may occur if a gene such as SRY is absent or deficient. When this is the case, a 46,XY fetus will not receive the SRY signal to develop testes despite the presence of a Y chromosome. Additionally, 46,XY fetuses may begin to develop testes, but this development can be thwarted, and subsequently MIS and androgen production may be absent or diminished. Finally, the normal disappearance of germ cells associated with ovarian development in fetuses is so accelerated in Turner Syndrome that by birth these babies possess gonadal streaks as opposed to normal ovaries.

58. 1Up Health > Ambiguous Genitalia > Common Causes Of Ambiguous Genitalia (Genital testes; causes infertility; may be associated with learning defects or mental retardation;affects 1/5001/1000 live male births); turner's syndrome (XOfemale http://www.1uphealth.com/health/ambiguous_genitalia_info.html

1Up Health Symptoms Guide Ambiguous genitalia Alternative Medicine ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Symptoms Guide Ambiguous genitalia Information Ambiguous genitalia : Common Causes Alternative names : Genitals - ambiguous Definition : A congenital physical abnormality where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either sex. (See also genetics Common Causes pseudohermaphroditism (when the genitalia are of one sex, but some physical characteristics of the other sex are present) true hermaphrodism (very rare both ovarian and testicular tissue is present and the child may have parts of both male and female genitalia) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (several forms, but the most common form causes the genetic female to appear male. Male infants with the most common form appear normal at birth, but may show premature sexual development as early as 6 months of age) many states test for this as part of the newborn screen (the blood test your baby has at 24-48 hours of life) chromosomal abnormalities including Klinefelter's syndrome (XXYmale, usually has small testes; causes infertility; may be associated with learning defects or mental retardation; affects 1/500-1/1000 live male births)

59. Turner Syndrome - Wikipedia the presence of a Xchromosome paired with a Y-chromosome will determine male development. Asa chromosomal condition, there is no cure for turner syndrome. http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_syndrome

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Turner syndrome From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Turner syndrome is a human genetic abnormality , caused by a defect in the sex chromosomes . Instead of the normal XX or XY sex chromosomes, only a single X chromosome is present. In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. People with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, webbed neck , low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the chest. Turner syndrome is a disorder caused by the loss of genetic material from one of the sex chromosomes. Humans normally have a total of 46 chromosomes (which are tiny, DNA-containing elements) that are present in every cell of the body. DNA encodes genes, which specify all the proteins that make up the body and control its functions.

60. Mar 19h Meeting Of ICRN Repetitive behaviour, the generation of novel idea and the male brainsome ideas from Autism and turner's syndrome. Michelle turner. http://www.dur.ac.uk/j.w.adams/icrnweb/meetings/icrgmar19th.html

Infant and Childhood Research Network University of Durham Infant and Child Interdisciplinary Research Seminar Programme Abstracts from March 19th 1999 Sex differences: an overview Anne Campbell Department of Psychology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE UK The talk will give a broad overview of theoretical perspectives on the emergence and maintaince of sex differences. Empirical work which has attempted to summarise the basic dimensions of sex differences in social behaviour will first be reviewed. Theoretical approaches to theses dimensions can be conceptualised as a continuum running for proximal, developmental causes (differential treatment and imitation, gender schematic processing) and further back to the proposed source of such differences in our evolutionary history. Sex differences in Visual preference tasks in infants Louisa Shirley Department of Psychology, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE UK Girls and Mathematics: Twenty Years on Maria Goulding School of Education, University of Durham, Leazes Road, Durham DH1 1TA, UK The performance of girls in public assessment in mathematics is now roughly similar to that of boys throughout compulsory schooling (i.e. at national tests for 5,7,and 14 year olds and at GCSE) but participation post 16 is still heavily weighted in favor of boys. The presentation will look at how research on girls and mathematics has thrown the spotlight on mathematics and how it is taught, and will look at 'the course work effect' at GCSE.

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