1. EID V3 N1: Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis In Wild Songbirds: The Spread Of A New Con Report about the disease, particularly affecting House Finches. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol3no1/fischer2.htm

Dispatches Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in Wild Songbirds: The Spread of a New Contagious Disease in a Mobile Host Population Download Article A new mycoplasmal conjunctivitis was first reported in wild house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus ) in early 1994. The causative agent was identified as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), a nonzoonotic pathogen of poultry that had not been associated with disease in wild songbirds. Since the initial observations of affected house finches in the mid-Atlantic region, the disease has become widespread and has been reported throughout the eastern United States and Canada. By late 1995, mycoplasmal conjunctivitis had spread to an additional species, the American goldfinch ( Carduelis tristis ). This new disease exemplifies the rapid spread of a pathogen following introduction into a mobile wildlife population and provides lessons that may apply to emerging human diseases. In February 1994, house finches with swollen or crusty eyelids and impaired vision were observed at backyard bird feeders in suburban Washington, D.C. ( ). Severely affected birds

2. About House Finch Disease (Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis) 1. Where and when was it first noted? 2. How to recognize mycoplasmal conjunctivitis 3. Stages of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis 4. Frequently Asked Questions about the disease 5. More on mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in House Finches http://birds.cornell.edu/hofi/abtdisease.html

Where and when was it first noted? 2. How to recognize Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis Stages of Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis Frequently Asked Questions about the disease More on mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in House Finches 6. For more information about avian diseases, visit the National Wildlife Health Center web site Photo by John B. Weeth

3. EID V3 N1: Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis In Wild Songbirds: The Spread Of A New Con Dispatches mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in Wild Songbirds The Spread of aNew Contagious Disease in a Mobile Host Population. Download Article http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no1/fischer2.htm

Dispatches Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in Wild Songbirds: The Spread of a New Contagious Disease in a Mobile Host Population Download Article A new mycoplasmal conjunctivitis was first reported in wild house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus ) in early 1994. The causative agent was identified as Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), a nonzoonotic pathogen of poultry that had not been associated with disease in wild songbirds. Since the initial observations of affected house finches in the mid-Atlantic region, the disease has become widespread and has been reported throughout the eastern United States and Canada. By late 1995, mycoplasmal conjunctivitis had spread to an additional species, the American goldfinch ( Carduelis tristis ). This new disease exemplifies the rapid spread of a pathogen following introduction into a mobile wildlife population and provides lessons that may apply to emerging human diseases. In February 1994, house finches with swollen or crusty eyelids and impaired vision were observed at backyard bird feeders in suburban Washington, D.C. ( ). Severely affected birds

4. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 6, Ch. 73, Pneumonia mycoplasmal Pneumonia. Mycoplasma families. mycoplasmal pneumonia isalso called primary atypical pneumonia or Eaton agent pneumonia. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section6/chapter73/73h.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 6. Pulmonary Disorders Chapter 73. Pneumonia Topics [General] Pneumococcal Pneumonia Staphylococcal Pneumonia Streptococcal Pneumonia ... Aspiration Pneumonia Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common pathogen of lung infections in persons aged 5 to 35 yr. This transmissible agent may be responsible for epidemics that spread slowly because it has a 10- to 14-day incubation period. Spread may involve close contacts or closed populations in schools, the military, and families. Mycoplasmal pneumonia is also called primary atypical pneumonia or Eaton agent pneumonia. M. pneumoniae attaches to and destroys ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract mucosa. Microscopically, it produces interstitial pneumonitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. Peribronchial areas are infiltrated with plasma cells and small lymphocytes; within the bronchial lumina are neutrophils, macrophages, fibrin strands, and epithelial cell debris. Symptoms and Signs Initial symptoms resemble influenza, with malaise, sore throat, and dry cough, which increase in severity as the disease progresses. There may be paroxysms of coughing, and cough produces sputum that is mucoid, mucopurulent, or blood-streaked. Unlike typical pneumococcal pneumonia, this disease progresses gradually. Acute symptoms usually persist for 1 to 2 wk followed by gradual recovery, although many patients continue to have constitutional symptoms with fatigue and malaise for several weeks. The disease is generally mild, and spontaneous recovery is the rule. However, some patients have severe pneumonia, sometimes causing the adult respiratory distress syndrome (see also

5. House Finch Disease Survey Home Page Monitors the occurrence of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis, a disease that affects House Finches and other wild bird species in the United States and Canada. Site describes the disease and how to recognize it. http://birds.cornell.edu/HOFI/index.html

Do you have House Finches or American Goldfinches at your feeders? Then sign up for the House Finch Disease Survey! Photo by Phil Musta The House Finch Disease Survey is an unprecedented opportunity for you to help researchers track the spread of an infectious disease in a wildlife population. The survey is easy to do: participants record the visits of House Finches and American Goldfinches at their feeders and the occurrence of diseased birds, and then send their data to the Cornell Lab of Ornithology. In doing so, they help scientists document the occurrence and spread of mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in the United States and Canada ( view map showing the prevalence of the disease since it was first observed). Your observations are needed so that we may better understand this avian disease. Photo by Phil Musta Has conjunctivitis reached western North America? There is now indication that mycoplasmal conjunctivitis has made its way to the West. Researchers recently confirmed the presence of the disease in Montana, and several participants of the House Finch Disease Survey from western states and British Columbia reported seeing House Finches with eye infections during 2001-2002 (see map).

6. LINCOMIX Antibiotic - Ileitis Mycoplasmal Pneumonia And Other Mycoplasmal Diseas Swine producers are often confused by the complexity of the mycoplasmal infections; this fact sheet is an attempt to clarify the information that is currently available about these swine diseases. http://redirect-west.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.lincomix.com/&y=027F05980DA9

7. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 13, Ch. 164, Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually Transmitted Chlamydial, mycoplasmal, And Ureaplasmal Infections (NongonococcalUrethritis; Nonspecific Urethritis; Mucopurulent Cervicitis http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section13/chapter164/164c.htm

8. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia And Other Mycoplasmal Diseases Of Swine, G77-364-A Swine producers are often confused by the complexity of the mycoplasmal infections;this fact sheet is an attempt to clarify the information that is currently http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/animaldisease/g364.htm

G77-364-A Mycoplasmal Pneumonia and Other Mycoplasmal Diseases of Swine Swine producers are often confused by the complexity of the mycoplasmal infections; this fact sheet is an attempt to clarify the information that is currently available about these swine diseases. Alex Hogg, University of Nebraska William P. Switzer, Iowa State University Daniel O. Farrington, Iowa State University Previous Category Catalog Order Info Mycoplasmal Pneumonia ... Mycoplasmal Arthritis Swine producers are often confused by the complexity of the mycoplasmal infections. This fact sheet is an attempt to clarify the information that is currently available about these swine diseases. There are three recognized Mycoplasma spp. of bacteria that cause disease in pigs Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Mycoplasmal pneumonia (in the U.S.) or porcine enzootic pneumonia (England and other countries) is caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae . Another synonym for this disease is swine enzootic pneumonia (SEP). Fifteen years ago this disease was called virus pneumonia of pigs (VPP); since that time it has been discovered that a mycoplasma, not a virus, is the cause. Mycoplasma are very small and readily pass through ordinary bacterial filters. In addition, mycoplasma are difficult to grow in the laboratory. For these reasons, it was originally assumed that mycoplasmal pneumonia was a virus. Mycoplasmal pneumonia affects pigs of all ages, starting with those as young as 7-10 days of age. It is estimated that 90% or more of the swine herds in the Midwestern United States are infected with mycoplasmal pneumonia.

9. Risk Factors Associated With Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis Risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finchesResults from a citizenbased study. Hartup, Barry K., Hussini http://birds.cornell.edu/hofi/hartup.html

Risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches: Results from a citizen-based study. Hartup, Barry K., Hussini O. Mohammed, George V. Kollias, and André A Dhondt. 1998. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34(2): 281-288. Observations from a citizen-based survey were used to identify potential risk factors associated with mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus

10. Mycoplasmal Infections In Chronic Illnesses mycoplasmal Infections in Chronic Illnesses Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes,Gulf War Illness, HIVAIDS and Rheumatoid Arthritis Garth L. Nicolson http://www.haciendapub.com/article24.html

Feature Article Mycoplasmal Infections in Chronic Illnesses: Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, HIV-AIDS and Rheumatoid Arthritis Garth L. Nicolson, PhD, Marwan Y. Nasralla, PhD, Joerg Haier, MD, PhD, Robert Erwin, MD, Nancy L. Nicolson, PhD, Richard Ngwenya, MD ABSTRACT M. fermentans, M. hominis, M. penetrans, M. pneumoniae ) were detected. Except for GWI, most patients had multiple mycoplasmal infections (more than one species of mycoplasma). Patients with different diagnoses but overlapping signs and symptoms often have mycoplasmal infections, and such mycoplasma-positive patients generally respond to multiple cycles of particular antibiotics (doxycycline, minocycline, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin). Multiple cycles of these antibiotics plus nutritional support appear to be necessary for successful treatment. In addition, immune enhancement and other supplements appear to help these patients regain their health. Other chronic infections may also be involved to various degrees with or without mycoplasmal infections in causing patient morbidity in various chronic illnesses. Introduction - Chronic Illnesses There is growing awareness that many chronic illnesses may have an infectious nature that is either responsible (causative) for the illness, a cofactor for the illness or appears as an opportunistic infection(s) that is responsible for aggravating patient morbidity.(1) There are several reasons for this notion, including the nonrandom or clustered appearance of an illness, often in immediate family members, the course of the illness, and its response to therapies based on infectious agents. Since chronic illnesses are often complex, involving multiple, nonspecific, overlapping signs and symptoms, they are difficult to diagnose and even more difficult to treat. Most chronic illnesses do not have effective therapies, and patients rarely recover from their conditions,(2) causing in some areas of the world catastrophic economic problems.

11. 1998: "Detection Of Mycoplasmal Infections In Blood Of Patients With Rheumatoid Chronic mycoplasmal Infections in Autism Patients. Figure 1. Percent incidence ofmycoplasmal infections in family members of veterans with Gulf War Illnesses. http://www.immed.org/publications/autoimmune_illness/1GNetal-AutismAustr02.3.22.

Proc. Intern. Mind of a Child Conference, Sydney, Australia 2002 Chronic Mycoplasmal Infections in Autism Patients Garth L. Nicolson,1 PhD, Marwan Y. Nasralla,2 PhD, Paul Berns,1 MD and Jeorg Haier,3 MD, PhD 1The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, USA,, 2International Molecular Diagnostics, Inc., Huntington Beach, California, USA, 3Department of Internal Medicine, and 3Department of Surgery, Wilhelm-University, Munster, Germany Correspondence: Prof. Garth L. Nicolson, Office of the President, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, 15162 Triton Lane, Huntington Beach, California 92649. Tel: 714-903-2900; Fax: 714-379-2082; Email: gnicolson@immed.org ; Website: www.immed.org Abstract A majority of Autism patients have systemic bacterial, viral and fungal infections that may play an important part in their illnesses. We found that immediate family members of veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illnesses (GWI) often complain of fatiguing illnesses, and upon analysis they report similar signs and symptoms as their veteran family members, except that their children are often diagnosed with Autism. Since a relatively common finding in GWI patients is a bacterial infection due to Mycoplasma fermentans , we examined military families (149 patients: 42 veterans, 40 spouses, 32 other relatives and 35 children with at least one family complaint of illness) selected from a group of 110 veterans with GWI who tested positive (~42%) for mycoplasmal infections. Consistent with previous results, over 80% of GWI patients who were positive for blood mycoplasmal infections had only one

12. THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF mycoplasmal INFECTIONS. The reduction inmycoplasmal genomes explains their need for host nutritional molecules. http://www.immed.org/publications/fatigue_illness/pub1.html

Antimicrob. Infect. Dis. Newsl. 1999; in press THE PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS Garth L. Nicolson The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California Marwan Y. Nasralla International Molecular Diagnostics Inc., Huntington Beach, California Nancy L. Nicolson The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California Summary Pathogenic mycoplasmas have been found in the blood or other specimens of patients with a variety of chronic clinical conditions, including respiratory, oral cavity, genital and other infections, autoimmune, inflammatory and immunosuppressive diseases and fatigue syndromes of unknown origin. These small bacterial microorganisms are possible causative agents, cofactors or opportunistic infections in these and other illnesses. Evidence for their association or possible role in various clinical conditions is suggested by their significantly higher incidence or degree of infection in symptomatic patients than in non-symptomatic controls and their gradual suppression by the appropriate antibiotics resulting in gradual patient recovery from clinical signs and symptoms. Although they are not widely appreciated for their pathogenic properties, certain Mycoplasma species and certain other species of bacteria ( Chlamydia Borrelia , etc.) appear play a role in disease progression or patient morbidity in rather large subsets of chronic illness patients.

13. Bionique - General Mycoplasmal Biology General mycoplasmal Biology Why Is the mycoplasmal Contamination RateSo High? The high mycoplasmal contamination rate of cell cultures http://www.bionique.com/general.htm

What Are Mycoplasmas? The Concern The Contamination Rate Detection ... Recommendations General Mycoplasmal Biology What Are Mycoplasmas? The Concern The Contamination Rate Detection ... Recommendations Just What Are Mycoplasmas? Mycoplasmas are wall-less bacteria belonging to various genera within the class Mollicutes . These flexible, pleomorphic organisms can be as small as 0.2-0.3 u m and can achieve very high densities in cell cultures, (10 organisms/mL), without discernable pH changes or turbidity. Mycoplasmas can usually be grown on artificial media, but most species require very complex, nutritionally enriched media and carefully defined environmental conditions. There are currently more than 120 species in 6 genera, many of which are pathogenic. The vast majority of cell culture contaminants belong to only 6 species of human, bovine or porcine origin. These very common contaminants are: Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma salivarium, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma fermentans and Acholephasma laidlawii Why All the Concern?

14. Bionique Pricing Guide Champions of SAFE CELLS,specializes in the testing of cell cultures andrelated products for the detection of mycoplasmal contamination. http://www.bionique.com/pricing.htm

Price List* Bionique Testing Laboratories, Inc. Champions of SAFE CELLS ,specializes in the testing of cell cultures and related products for the detection of mycoplasmal contamination. Our standard core of services includes direct culture, indicator cell lines, DNA - fluorochrome stains, species identification, antibiotic sensitivity profile and mycoplasmal elimination. Kits include the exclusive . Bionique Testing Laboratories, Inc. has the capabilities and expertise to provide timely, reliable results at an affordable price. Direct your orders and inquiries to: Customer Services Bionique Testing Laboratories, Inc. Fay Brook Drive RR1, Box 196 Saranac Lake, New York 12983 Phone Fax www.bionique.com General Shipping Instructions Enclose with the sample(s) a form, letter or note that clearly states: Name of person to whom results should be reported. Complete Mailing Address Telephone Number and/or Fax Number Purchase Order Number (PO#) Catalog Number of test procedure Sample designation(s) - list individually Note: Send SUFFICIENT VOLUME of sample(s) for test.

15. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia Resource Center mycoplasmal pneumonia is estimated to be present in over 90% of swine herds andin 80% of pigs worldwide, making it one of the most prevalent and costly http://www.stellamune.com/respisure

Mycoplasmal pneumonia is estimated to be present in over 90% of swine herds and in 80% of pigs worldwide, making it one of the most prevalent and costly diseases threatening pig production today. This web site is designed to provide useful information on mycoplasmal pneumonia, discuss control options, help determine if mycoplasma may be present in your herd and direct you to sources for additional information. Watch this site for regular updates on mycoplasmal pneumonia from Pfizer Animal Health. Note: The animal health information contained herein is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace discussions with a veterinarian or other qualified animal health professional. All decisions regarding swine herd management should be made with a veterinarian or other animal health professional, considering the unique characteristics of the farm and the animals.

16. Dynamics Of Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis In A Northeastern House Finch Population, Dynamics of mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in a Northeastern House FinchPopulation, 19941999. Barry K. Hartup 1 , Jean M. Bickal 2 http://www.vet.uga.edu/ivcvm/1999/Hartup/Hartup.htm

List of Papers List of Registrants IVCVM Menu Dynamics of Mycoplasmal Conjunctivitis in a Northeastern House Finch Population, 1994-1999 Barry K. Hartup , Jean M. Bickal , George V. Kollias and David H. Ley Division of Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA 136 Mercer St., Trenton, New Jersey, 08611, USA Department of Farm Animal Health and Resource Management, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA Abstract: A field study was conducted to determine the prevalence of conjunctivitis, and later Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infections, in house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus ) from Mercer County, New Jersey (USA). We captured and examined 1597 individuals between November 1994 and August 1999. Clinical conjunctivitis (eyelid or conjunctival swelling, erythema, discharge) was observed in 11% (n = 183) of the birds examined. Monthly conjunctivitis prevalence ranged from 0% to 43% during the study. Conjunctivitis in house finches exhibited marked seasonal fluctuation, with peak disease prevalence during winter months, and lower disease prevalence during the breeding season (March through August). During the peak of the breeding seasons (April through June), disease was most prevalent in males not in breeding condition compared to males in breeding condition ( p p Key words: Carpodacus mexicanus , Conjunctivitis, Epidemiology, House finch, Mycoplasma gallisepticum Introduction

17. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia mycoplasmal PNEUMONIA. Alan disease. The economic significance of mycoplasmaland pasteurella pneumonia is difficult to determine exactly. http://mark.asci.ncsu.edu/HealthyHogs/book1993/scheidt1.htm

18. Reptilian Mycoplasmal Infections Reptilian mycoplasmal Infections J Herpe Med Surg 123820 Fall'02 Roundtable31 Refs * Kristin H. Berry, PhD; Dan R. Brown, PhD; Mary Brown, MS, PhD http://www.arav.org/Journals/JA019401.htm

Home Publication J Herpe Med Surg J Herpe Med Surg Fall'02 Vol. 12 No. 3 J Herpe Med Surg Reptilian Mycoplasmal Infections J Herpe Med Surg 12[3]:8-20 Fall'02 Roundtable 31 Refs * Kristin H. Berry, PhD; Dan R. Brown, PhD; Mary Brown, MS, PhD; Elliott Jacobson MS, DVM, PhD, DACZM; Jim Jarchow, DVM; Jay Johnson, DVM; Lauren Richey, DVM, PhD; Lori Wendland, DVM; Moderator: Robert Nathan, DVM * USGS, BRD, Western Ecological Research Center, Box Springs Field Station, 6221 Box Springs Blvd., Riverside, CA 92507, USA Mycoplasmal infections have been recognized to cause significant morbidity in both wild and captive tortoises. Mycoplasma has also caused disease in other reptile taxa. These organisms have a profound role in the responsible management of affected captive or wild reptiles. This is a diverse panel, which has a range of experience working with Mycoplasma and its effect in various reptile species. Address (URL): http://www.arav.org/journals/JA019401.htm J Herpe Med Surg Fall'02 Vol. 12 No. 3 The Effect Of Probiotic Feeding On Salmonella Excretion In Carpet Pythons, Morelia spilota

19. Mycoplasmal Pneumonia - AnsMe.com Dictionary (define) Dictionary mycoplasmal pneumonia. Definition for mycoplasmal pneumonia.mycoplasmal pneumonia (noun) -. 1. an acute respiratory disease http://define.ansme.com/words/m/mycoplasmal_pneumonia.html

Search: Web Sites Dictionary - Define Dictionary - Sounds Like Dictionary - Relations Dictionary - Rhymes Dictionary - Translate Sponsors Index Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium tubercu... mycologist mycology ... mycoplasma mycoplasmal pneumonia Mycoplasmataceae Mycoplasmatales mycosis Mycostatin ... Mycteria americana Dictionary - mycoplasmal pneumonia Show Definition Sounds Similar Relations Rhymes Translate Definition for mycoplasmal pneumonia mycoplasmal pneumonia (noun) an acute respiratory disease marked by high fever and coughing; caused by mycoplasma; primarily affecting children and young adults Synonyms: atypical pneumonia primary atypical pneumonia Source: WordNet ® 1.7, © 2001 Princeton University All other brands are property of their respective owners. Directory Dictionary AIM Smileys Contact Us

20. Mycoplasmal Agents next up previous contents Next Treatment Up Respiratory Disease inChelonians Previous Parasitic Agents Contents mycoplasmal Agents. http://www.gctts.org/RespiratoryDisease/node9.html

Next: Treatment Up: Respiratory Disease in Chelonians Previous: Parasitic Agents Contents Mycoplasmal Agents A crude, primitive type of bacteria that has no cell wall. Therefore, medications that have been developed to kill bacteria by attacking and destroying the cell wall won't work on this type. Causes most URTD in chelonians. Turtles can have this in a chronic carrier state - they may be in an incurable state of remission and show no signs, but may still pass the disease on to other animals. For this reason, always quarantine new or treated animals for 30 - 90 days. Bob Smither 2002-10-29

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