1. Nephrotic Syndrome In Adults A description of nephrotic syndrome in, how it occurs, treatment and further resources.Category Health Conditions and Diseases nephrotic syndrome......nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high nephrotic syndrome resultsfrom damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (the singular form is glomerulus). http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/summary/nephsynd/nephsynd.htm

Nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine; low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands; and high cholesterol. Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (the singular form is glomerulus). Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. Nephrotic syndrome can occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by diabetes mellitus, but some causes are unknown. Prevention of nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome focuses on identifying the underlying cause if possible and reducing high cholesterol, blood pressure, and protein in urine through diet, medications, or both. One group of blood pressure medications called ACE inhibitors also protects the kidneys in diabetic patients. Nephrotic syndrome may go away once the underlying cause, if known, has been treated. In children, 80 percent of nephrotic syndrome cases are caused by minimal change disease, which can be successfully treated with prednisone. However, in adults most of the time a kidney disease is the underlying cause, and these diseases cannot be cured. In these cases, the kidneys may gradually lose their ability to filter wastes and excess water from the blood. If kidney failure occurs, the patient will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

2. Pediatric Oncall- NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Patient information on nephrotic syndrome, its cause, treatment, recurrences at www.pediatriconcall.com as little as 150 mg of protein is excreted in urine by kidneys in a day whilst in nephrotic syndrome 220 gm may be lost. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/CommonChild/nephroticsyndrome.asp

Pediatricians Group Discussion Specialist Answers Share experience ... Doctors Corner NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Q.1) What is nephrotic syndrome? A.1) Nephrotic Syndrome is a common disease in children involving Kidneys. Q.2) How does it occur? A.2) It occurs due to loss of proteins in the urine in large quantities which reduces the amount of protein in blood. Normally as little as 150 mg of protein is excreted in urine by kidneys in a day whilst in Nephrotic Syndrome 2-20 gm may be lost. Q.3) How shall the patient present? A.3) Patients present with swelling around eyes in the morning in the early stage, which subsequently spreads to legs, back, abdomen and whole body. Child may also pass less urine during this time. Q.4) How do you diagnose the condition? A.4) Diagnosis of NS is by a simple urine examination. Urine tests are positive for protein (3+ to 4+). Q5) What is the treatment?

3. Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) - Nephrologychannel nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a condition that is often caused by any of a group of diseases that damage the kidneys http://www.nephrologychannel.com/nephrotic

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Medical Store advertisement advertisement NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (NS) Overview Causes Diagnosis Treatment CONDITIONS Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Chronic Renal Failure Diabetic Nephropathy Hematuria Ischemic Nephropathy ... Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) Polycystic Kidney Disease Microalbuminuria Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) Renal Vascular Hypertension (RVH) TREATMENT OPTIONS Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Kidney Transplant RELATED CONDITIONS Electrolyte Imbalance Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) RESOURCES Anatomy Links Clinical Trials Videos ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Pressroom Testimonial Bibliography Overview Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a condition that is often caused by any of a group of diseases that damage the kidneys’ filtering system, the glomeruli. The structure of the glomeruli prevents most protein from getting filtered through into the urine. Normally, a person loses less than 150 mg of protein in the urine in a 24-hour period. Nephrotic-range proteinuria, the urination of more than 3.5 grams of protein during a 24-hour period, or 25 times the normal amount, is the primary indicator of NS. Incidence and Prevalence About two in every 10,000 people experience nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome prevalence is difficult to establish in adults because the condition is usually a result of an underlying disease. In children, it is diagnosed in more boys than girls, usually between 2 and 3 years of age.

4. Nephrotic Syndrome normal blood constituents water, salts, and proteins. nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis, is a condition in which the http://www.drhull.com/EncyMaster/N/nephrotic_syndrome.html

Help for sleepless parents Encyclopedia Index N nephrotic syndrome Search nephrotic syndrome Ordinarily the kidneys work very efficiently to cleanse the blood of waste products and retain the normal blood constituents - water, salts, and proteins. Nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis, is a condition in which the kidneys leak protein out of the bloodstream and into the urine. The "basement membrane" of the kidney becomes leaky to proteins and these spill out into the urine. The resultant low blood protein levels cause water to build up in the tissues and the child becomes quite puffy. This disease often follows a routine viral respiratory illness; the cause is not known but is assumed to be an auto-immune phenomenon. It is in the majority of cases relatively benign and self-limited. Steroids often produce rapid improvement. Sometimes nephrosis is only part of a larger problem of inflammation of the kidney, and then favorable prognosis is more uncertain. Peritonitis is a concern in children with nephotic syndrome.

5. Living With Nephrotic Syndrome: Our Personal Story A personal account of this disorder along with information, resources and links. http://www.ntcorp.com/nephrotic/

Our Personal Story Find Your Way Around Mixed Nuts Information about NS, resources and links Inside Karla's Head Personal Views and reflections What Nephrotic Syndrome Looks Like Pictures to show you what this disease looks like in day to day living Guest Book Email This page is still under construction Last Update: January 24, 2000 This KIDney KIDS RESOURCE RING site owned by karla@ntcorp.com Previous 5 Sites Skip Previous Previous ... List Sites Thank You to Network Technology Corporation for donating space on their webhosting service for this page. Who are we? If you look at our picture, we look normal. It looks like a mom and her boys on a summer's day, just hanging out together as a family. But look closer. There, did you see it? Did you see our chronic illnesses? You didn't! But they're there. They're part of our every day lives. Are you sure you can't see them? Don't feel bad. Most people can't. That's why this site is here. To help people understand and learn. James and I have asthma. Micah has steroid dependent minimal change nephrotic syndrome with non-significant focal segmental glomerulschlerosis. In short, he has MCNS. Over on the side you'll see links to information about Nephrotic Syndrome and our personal battle, as a family, with this kidney disease. There is so much information about asthma, I chose not to focus on it here. Nephrotic syndrome, however, is a seemingly uncommon disease. I personally believe that there are more people with NS out there than we realize they just haven't been diagnosed yet. Worse yet, they may be being misdiagnosed since it is not common, like asthma.

6. Nephrotic Syndrome nephrotic syndrome. What is nephrotic syndrome? nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering units of the kidney are http://www.kidney.org/general/news/nephrotic.cfm

Search Browse Please Select a Topic A to Z Health Guide Bed-Wetting NKF Brochures Online Dialysis Donor Families Health Information High Blood Pressure K/DOQI Kidney Disease Kidney Stones Message Boards and Chats Organ Donation Other Health Topics Transplant Athletics Transplant Recipients Transplantation Urinary Tract Disease Health Care Professionals K/DOQI Recipients Government Relations ... Show Your Support Nephrotic Syndrome What is nephrotic syndrome? Nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering units of the kidney are damaged. This damage allows protein normally kept in the plasma to leak into the urine in large amounts. This reduces the amount of protein in your blood. Since the protein part of the blood helps to keep fluid in the bloodstream, some of this fluid leaks out of the bloodstream into your tissues, causing swelling. The swelling may be most noticeable in your legs after you have been standing and in the tissue under your eyes when you first get up in the morning. Eventually, the swelling in your legs may be there all the time, and it may also occur in other parts of your body. You may notice that your urine foams more than usual because of the protein being lost into your urine. How is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed?

7. Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome An introduction, a look at minimal change disease other conditions and hope through research.Category Health Conditions and Diseases nephrotic syndrome...... A child with the nephrotic syndrome has these signs High levels of protein inthe urine; Other Conditions That Involve the Childhood nephrotic syndrome. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/pubs/cns/cns.htm

Introduction Minimal Change Disease Other Conditions That Involve the Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Hope Through Research ... For More Information Introduction Childhood nephrotic syndrome can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 1-1/2 and 8 years. It seems to affect boys more often than girls. A child with the nephrotic syndrome has these signs: High levels of protein in the urine Low levels of protein in the blood Swelling resulting from buildup of salt and water. The nephrotic syndrome is not itself a disease. But it can be the first sign of a disease that damages the tiny blood-filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys, where urine is made. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found in the lower back. They are about the size of a fist. They clean the blood by filtering out excess water and salt and waste products from food. Healthy kidneys keep protein in the blood, which helps the blood soak up water from tissues. But kidneys with damaged filters may let protein leak into the urine. As a result, not enough protein is left in the blood to soak up the water. The water then moves from the blood into body tissues and causes swelling. You may see swelling around your child's eyes, belly, and legs. Your child may urinate less often than usual and may gain weight from the excess water. To diagnose childhood nephrotic syndrome, the doctor may ask for a urine sample to check for protein. The doctor will dip a strip of chemically treated paper into the urine sample.

8. The Nephrotic Syndrome An article presented from the Renal Pathology Tutorial.Category Health Conditions and Diseases nephrotic syndrome...... The nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome is characterized bymassive proteinuria, which leads to hypoproteinemia/hypoalbunemia http://www.gamewood.net/rnet/renalpath/ch3.htm

Renal Pathology Tutorial Written by: J. Charles Jennette, MD Produced by: F.W. Maddux, MD Renal Pathology Tutorial Home Page Normal Histology Clinical Presentation ... Type II MPGN The Nephrotic Syndrome The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, which leads to hypoproteinemia/hypoalbunemia, hyperlipidemia with elevated cholesterols, triglicerides and other lipids, and edema. The edema results not only from the hypoosmolar state caused by the loss of plasma proteins, but also from abnormal salt and water retention. Slide 8 demonstrates the relative frequency with which certain glomerular diseases present as either the nephrotic syndrome or the nephritic syndrome. Some diseases, for example, minimal change glomerulopathy and membranous glomerulopathy, very frequently cause nephrotic syndrome without substantial nephritic features. Other diseases, especially the so-called proliferative glomerulonephritides, which usually have a lot of leukocyte infiltration and lots of inflammatory injury to the integrity of the glomerulus, usually cause the nephritic (glomerulonephritic) syndrome. Slide 9 shows a histologic feature that is found in any patient with nephrotic range proteinuria no matter what the cause, i.e., substantial resorption into the proximal tubular epithelial cells of proteins and lipoproteins that are spilled into the urine. In this trichrome-stained section the droplets are red. They would be black with a silver stain, and purple with a PAS stain. The cytoplasm of these engorged epithelial cells sometimes sloughs into the lumen as little chunks of cytoplasm containing droplets of lipoproteins and proteins.

9. CHILDHOOD NEPHROTIC SYNDROME An in depth look at this disorder. Included is a look at the kidneys and what there function is. Also a discussion about the treatment, prednisone and what some of the effects might be. http://cnserver0.nkf.med.ualberta.ca/nephkids/childhoodns.htm

CHILDHOOD NEPHROTIC SYNDROME This fact sheet has been written to tell you some facts about a kidney disease called the nephrotic syndrome. This illness also is called nephrosis or minimal change disease. The brochure will give you and your family information about your child's illness. It will tell you what will happen with this illness. You also should talk to your doctor. The more you know, the more you can help your child. What do the kidneys do? The kidneys are two fist-sized organs found in the lower back. When they are working well, they clean the blood, and get rid of waste products, excess salt and water. When diseased, the kidneys may get rid of things that the body needs to keep, such as blood cells and protein. What is the nephrotic syndrome? This is an illness where the kidney loses protein in the urine. This causes protein in the blood to drop, and water moves into body tissues, causing swelling (edema). You will see the swelling around the child's eyes, in the belly, or in the legs. Your child will not go to the bathroom as often as usual and will gain weight with the swelling. Do other kidney diseases cause edema and protein in the urine?

10. Nephrotic Syndrome nephrotic syndrome. from EdREN, the website of the Renal Unit of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh http://renux.dmed.ed.ac.uk/EdREN/EdRenINFObits/NephroticLong.html

11. Pediatric Oncall- DIET IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Information about diet and nephrotic syndrome.Category Health Conditions and Diseases nephrotic syndrome......Find out about the right kind of food for nephrotic syndrome at www.pediatriconcall.com. DIETIN nephrotic syndrome. nephrotic syndrome http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/DietandDisease/diet_in_nephrotic.asp

Pediatricians Group Discussion Specialist Answers Share experience ... Doctors Corner DIET IN NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Nephrotic syndrome occurs when the filters in the kidney leak an excessive amount of protein. The level of protein in the blood then falls and this allows fluid to leak across very small blood vessels into the tissues. Swelling around the eyes, abdomen and legs is a consequence of this process. The disease is characterised by proteinuria (Excessive protein especially albumin in the urine), low blood protein and oedema(swelling in the tissues). Protein losses in the urine are commonly 5-10gms per day but may also exceed 30gms per day. Clinical symptoms: Swelling(oedema) General Around the eyes In the extremities, especially feet and ankles. Abdomen swollen Facial swelling Foamy appearance of the urine Weight gain(unintentional) from fluid retention Poor appetite(anorexia) High blood pressure Page 1 of 3 Next View Page 1 Last updated on 23-02-2001 Sitemap About Us Awards Audiance Review ... Advertising

12. Urology Disorders - Nephrotic Syndrome - Methodist Health Care System - Houston, An article about nephrotic syndrome with an explanation as to what it is, the causes and treatment. http://www.methodisthealth.com/urogen/nephsyn.htm

Urology Disorders Home La Urologia - Los Trastornos Genitourinarios (en español) La Salud de la Próstata (en español) Clinical Services Urology Institute at The Methodist Hospital Methodist Diagnostic Hospital Methodist Sugar Land Hospital ... Newsletters! Nephrotic Syndrome What is nephrotic syndrome? Nephrotic syndrome is a condition often characterized by the following: very high levels of protein in the urine low levels of protein in the blood swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands high cholesterol What causes nephrotic syndrome? Generally, nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli - the tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. However, in some cases, the cause remains unknown. Nephrotic syndrome may occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by type 2 diabetes. Prevention of nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases. What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome?

13. Nephrotic Syndrome A detailed description of nephrotic syndrome with the symptoms, causes and treatment.Category Health Conditions and Diseases nephrotic syndrome......nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine;low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/943052111.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Kidneys By keywords: kidneys Proteinuria Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine; low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands; and high cholesterol. Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (the singular form is glomerulus). Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. Nephrotic syndrome can occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by diabetes mellitus, but some causes are unknown. Prevention of nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome focuses on identifying the underlying cause if possible and reducing high cholesterol, blood pressure, and protein in urine through diet, medications, or both. One group of blood pressure medications called ACE inhibitors also protects the kidneys in diabetic patients. Nephrotic syndrome may go away once the underlying cause, if known, has been treated. However, most of the time a kidney disease is the underlying cause, and these diseases cannot be cured. In these cases, the kidneys may gradually lose their ability to filter wastes and excess water from the blood. If kidney failure occurs, the patient will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

14. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 17, Ch. 224, Glomerular Diseases An in depth look at nephrotic syndrome as well as lipoid nephrosis, focal segmental gomeruloscleroses, HIVassociated nephropathy, and membranous glomerulonephritis. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section17/chapter224/224c.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 17. Genitourinary Disorders Chapter 224. Glomerular Diseases Topics [General] Nephritic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome A predictable complex that results from a severe, prolonged increase in glomerular permeability for protein. Etiology and Classification Nephrotic syndrome (NS) occurs at any age but is more prevalent in children than in adults; in children, it is most common between ages 1 1/2 and 4 yr. There is a predilection for young males, but the sex distribution in older patients is more equal. Proteinuria is thought to occur through functional derangement of two mechanisms: the size-selective barrier leaks large protein molecules, and the charge-selective barrier fails to retain lower mol wt proteins. Diseases causing NS are listed in Table 224-7. Primary causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN). NS can also be due to secondary causes. Symptoms and Signs An early sign of NS is frothy urine due to protein. Other features include anorexia, malaise, puffy eyelids, retinal sheen, abdominal pain, and wasting of muscles. Anasarca with ascites and pleural effusions may occur.

15. Go Ask Alice!: Nephrotic Syndrome Information about nephrotic syndrome, including what it is, they symptoms and treatment. http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/0813.html

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Dear Alice, I have a kidney disease which my doctors have been unable to diagnose. Where is a good place to look for some help? My doctors have told me it is nephrotic syndrome, but they don't know what is causing it. Can you help? Alice has some information that your doctor may not have provided you. Nephrotic syndrome refers to a number of signs and symptoms resulting from damage to the filtering mechanisms (glomeruli) of the kidneys . This condition causes an extreme loss of protein from the bloodstream. This loss results in edema, or fluid retention. As far as its causes, nephrotic syndrome may result from diabetes mellitus, an inflammation of the kidney filters mentioned above, or from the accumulation of an abnormal protein in the organs and tissues. High blood pressure, reactions to poisons-particularly lead carbon tetrachloride and poison ivy, and bad reactions to drugs can also cause this illness. Symptoms include swelling and fluid collection in the face, legs, chest cavity and abdomen. Diarrhea, lethargy and anorexia can also occur. Treatments are usually directed at the underlying condition-among them may be a low-sodium diet and diuretic drugs to reduce swelling. Alice reminds you and others who may be diagnosed with an illness about your rights as a patient to receive information for which you are paying. In other words, ask your care providers questions. If you don't understand their answers, or you want more information, request explanations in simple language that people without medical backgrounds can understand. Ask for other resources for information. For example, the National Kidney Foundation (800-622- 9010) provides information, brochures and referrals on various kidney disorders. Many public libraries have a wealth of information on health issues so that you can educate yourself while receiving treatment from professionals. And, since you already access the Internet for information, try searching for on-line resources using "kidney" as your key search term.

16. BWH Renal Division Home Page The Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Disease at the Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital is conducting research to identify genes involved in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome. http://www.brighamandwomens.org/patient/researchGroupDetails.asp?dept_id=38&

17. PLEASE USE Www.nephrotic.co.uk FREE Domain. nephrotic syndrome. SUPPORT GROUP. UPDATED Wednesday, 28 November 2001 http://www.nephrotic.co.uk/

CLICK HERE FOR FREE DOMAINS CLICK HERE FOR FREE DOMAINS

18. Connecticut Children's Medical Center: Nephrology Provides primary and consultative services to patients with a variety of renal disorders including hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infection, congenital renal anomalies including hydronephrosis and cystic diseases of the kidneys, kidney stones, chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, hypertension, and a variety of fluid and electrolytes disorders. http://www.ccmckids.org/departments/neph.htm

Staff Office Locations The Division provides primary and consultative services to patients with a variety of renal disorders including hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infection, congenital renal anomalies including hydronephrosis and cystic diseases of the kidneys, kidney stones, chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, hypertension, and a variety of fluid and electrolytes disorders. In collaboration with Hartford Hospital's dialysis and transplant program, the Nephrology Division provides acute and chronic peritoneal and hemodialysis as well as renal transplantation. Staff Majid Rasoulpour, M.D. - Director mrasoul@ccmckids.org University of Tehran, 66 University of Tehran, 70, M.D. Internship/Residency: Lawrence General Hospital (MA), Rotating, 73-74; University of Connecticut, Pediatrics, 74-76; Fellowship: University of Connecticut, Pediatric Nephrology, 76-78 Board Certification: Pediatrics, 78; Pediatric Nephrology, 82

19. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME nephrotic syndrome nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering unitsof the kidney are damaged. How is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed? http://www.kidney.org/general/atoz/content/nephrotic.html

Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering units of the kidney are damaged. This damage allows protein normally kept in the plasma to leak into the urine in large amounts, which reduces the amount of protein in your blood. Since the protein part of the blood helps to keep fluid in the bloodstream, some of this fluid leaks out of the bloodstream into your tissues, causing swelling, called edema. The swelling may be most noticeable in your legs after you have been standing and in the tissue under your eyes when you first get up in the morning. Eventually, the swelling in your legs may be there all the time, and it may also occur in other parts of your body. You may notice that your urine foams more than usual because of the amount of protein in it. How is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed? Your doctor can detect protein in your urine with a routine urine analysis and get a rough idea about the amount of protein in your urine by a test that can be done in the office. Diagnosis of the nephrotic syndrome is made by collecting urine for 24 hours and measuring the amount of protein in it. Nephrotic syndrome may also cause an increase in fat in your blood. This can only be found by a blood test done by your doctor. What causes nephrotic syndrome?

20. What Is Nephrotic Syndrome? What is nephrotic syndrome? What do the kidneys do? The kidneys servean important function in the body. What is nephrotic syndrome? http://www.ntcorp.com/nephrotic/NS.html

What is Nephrotic Syndrome? What do the kidneys do? The kidneys serve an important function in the body. They remove waste from the system in the form of urine, balance the fluids in the body, regulate blood pressure, synthesize the vitamins that help to control growth and control red blood cell production among other things. They process about 200 quarts of fluid over the course of 24 hours and void about 2 quarts of that from the body. They're actually quite amazing considering they're only about the size of your fist. What is nephrotic syndrome? The kidneys are like a sieve, what is broken down beyond use filters out through the holes while the mesh keeps the necessary things, such as protein, in the system. For some unknown reason, the filters mysteriously enlarge so slightly, that the difference in change can only be seen through an electron microscope at a magnification around 20,000x. When this minimal change happens, protein begins to spill out of the system with the urine and that's when problems start. Protein is needed to keep the cell walls together, so when it leaks out, the cell walls begin to break down. The fluid that is contained in the cells begins to seep out and into the soft tissue and does things like put pressure on internal organs. This leads to fluid retention and swelling (edema). Most NS patients appear to be having an allergic reaction when they first present.

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