61. Salmonella - Iowa State Food Safety Project salmonellosis is the most common foodborne illness, but it is usually preventable. Symptomsof salmonellosis may lead a person to believe they have the flu. http://www.extension.iastate.edu/foodsafety/salmon.html

What is Salmonella Back to top Consumers expect meat and poultry that is as free as possible from bacteria. More than twenty years of research shows that it is just not economically feasible to produce bacteria-free raw meat and poultry. That's why good sanitation and careful food handling will always be necessary to prevent bacteria on raw meat products from causing illness. Salmonellosis is the most common foodborne illness, but it is usually preventable. Foods like eggs, raw milk, and all raw foods of animal origin may carry salmonella and other bacteria. Bacteria don't have to cause illness, though. Routine food safety practices can destroy salmonella and other bacteria. Symptoms of Salmonellosis may lead a person to believe they have the flu. The only way to tell if you are infected is through lab tests, a process that can take several days. The salmonella family includes about 2,000 different strains of bacteria, but only ten strains cause most reported salmonella infections. Strains that may cause no symptoms in animals can make people sick, and vice versa. A Salmonella bacterium is a one-celled organism that can't be seen, touched or tasted. The bacteria are common in the intestinal tracts and waste of livestock, poultry, dogs, cats, rats, and other warm-blooded animals. There will always be some risk of bacterial contamination from foods of animal origin. Food safety is necessary to prevent bacteria on raw foods from causing illness.

62. Salmonellosis Top of Page What is salmonellosis? salmonellosis is a bacterial infection oroutbreaks. Top of Page Who gets salmonellosis? Any person can http://health2k.state.nv.us/disease/diseases/salmonellosis.htm

Nevada State Health Division Bureau of Disease Control and Intervention Services Information Technology Section Nevada State Health Division Contacts Links Search Salmonellosis What is salmonellosis? Who gets salmonellosis? How are Salmonella bacteria spread? What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? ... How long can salmonellosis be prevented? What is salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection that affects the intestines and occasionally the bloodstream. It is one of the more common causes of diarrhea. Most cases of salmonellosis occur in the summer months and may occur as a single case, clusters or outbreaks. Who gets salmonellosis? Any person can get salmonellosis, but it is recognized more often in infants and children. How are Salmonella bacteria spread? Salmonella bacteria are spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or water or by contact with infected people or animals. What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? People with salmonellosis may get mild or severe diarrhea, fever and occasionally vomiting. Bloodstream infections can be quite serious, particularly in the very young or elderly.

63. Salmonellosis Fact Sheet Disease Fact Sheet Series salmonellosis. What is salmonellosis? Who gets salmonellosis?Any person can get salmonellosis. How are salmonella bacteria spread? http://www.dhfs.state.wi.us/healthtips/BCD/Salmonellosis.htm

Licensing Reference Center Search Disease Fact Sheet Series: Salmonellosis What is salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection that generally affects the intestinal tract and occasionally urine, the bloodstream or other body tissues. It is a common cause of diarrheal illness in Wisconsin with over a thousand cases reported each year. Who gets salmonellosis? Any person can get salmonellosis. How are salmonella bacteria spread? Salmonella bacteria are spread by eating or drinking contaminated food or water or by direct or indirect contact with fecal material from infected people or animals. What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? People exposed to salmonella bacteria may experience mild to severe diarrhea, abdominal pains, fever, and occasionally vomiting for several days. Bloodstream infections are infrequent but can be quite serious, particularly in the very young or elderly. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? The symptoms generally appear 18 to 36 hours after exposure, but they can occur as quickly as 12 hours or as long as 72 hours after exposure.

64. Reptile-Associated Salmonellosis -- Selected States, 1994-1995 ReptileAssociated salmonellosis Selected States, 1994-1995. MMWR 44(17);347-350. References.References CDC. Iguana-associated salmonellosis Indiana, 1990. http://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0037004/m0037004.asp

CDC WONDER CDC WONDER Home Utilities Help Contact Us Reptile-Associated Salmonellosis Selected States, 1994-1995 MMWR 44(17);347-350 Publication date: 05/05/1995 Table of Contents Article Editorial Note References POINT OF CONTACT FOR THIS DOCUMENT: Article During 1994-1995, health departments in 13 states reported to CDC persons infected with unusual Salmonella serotypes in which the patients had direct or indirect contact with reptiles (i.e., lizards, snakes, or turtles). In many of those cases, the same serotype of Salmonella was isolated from patients and from reptiles with which they had had contact or a common contact. For some cases, infection resulted in invasive illness, such as sepsis and meningitis. This report summarizes clinical and epidemiologic information for six of these cases. Connecticut. During January 1995, a 40-year-old man was hospitalized because of an acute illness characterized by constipation, lower back pain, chills, and fever. He reported having taken ranitidine and an antacid for symptoms of heartburn before onset of mild diarrhea 3 days before hospitalization. A blood culture yielded Salmonella serotype Wassenaar. A magnetic resonance image scan of the right sacrum suggested osteomyelitis. Ciprofloxacin therapy was initiated for presumed Salmonella osteomyelitis, and he was discharged after 14 days. All household contacts were asymptomatic. The family had purchased two iguanas (Iguana iguana) in October 1994; although the patient denied directly handling the iguanas, he reported having recently cleaned their aquarium. Stool samples obtained from both iguanas yielded Salmonella Wassenaar.

65. SALMONELLOSIS salmonellosis. Clinical salmonellosis in cats is relatively uncommonand few references to it exist in the scientific literature. http://maxshouse.com/salmonellosis.htm

SALMONELLOSIS Patrick L. McDonough, M.S., Ph.D. Professor of Microbiology, Assistant Director, Microbiology/Mycology Section Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University The salmonellae comprise nearly two thousand different serotypes of the genus Salmonella, bacteria found throughout the environment, in wild and domestic animals. Salmonella bacteria are responsible for a spectrum of maladies ranging from uncomplicated intestinal disease and diarrhea, to life-threatening systemic illness. Clinical salmonellosis in cats is relatively uncommon and few references to it exist in the scientific literature. Surveys conducted by sampling feces or rectal swabs of "normal," nondiarrheic cats have revealed a salmonella carrier rate ranging from zero up to 14 percent (it is likely that these surveys underestimate the true numbers of infected carrier cats because not all cats carrying the organism shed it at the time they are tested). Stray cats, shelter cats, and hunter cats are more likely to be carriers and to be excreting salmonellae in feces than are housebound pet cats. Cats appear to be highly resistant to salmonella infection unless they are stressed by overcrowding, dietary changes, transport, hospitalization, antimicrobial therapy, or concurrent illness at the time of salmonella exposure. The source of the salmonellae is most likely to be either contaminated feed, water, or carrier animals (whether clinically ill or healthy). Contamination can arise from rodent or bird feces, raw or undercooked or contaminated meat and table scraps, or commercially prepared foods that are contaminated during processing.

66. Vm.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/bbbglos?Salmonella=Food=Poisoning salmonellosis Associated Outbreak of salmonellosis Associated With Beef JerkyNew Mexico, 1995. MMWR 1995;445501,557-8.CDC. salmonellosis associated with carne secaNew Mexico. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/bbbglos?Salmonella=Food=Poisoning

67. Salmonellosis - Health File #17 salmonellosis. What is salmonellosis? salmonellosis is a foodborne infectioncaused by Salmonella bacteria. How is salmonellosis spread? http://www.healthplanning.gov.bc.ca/hlthfile/hfile17.html

Ministry of Health, Health File # 17, July 2001 Salmonellosis What is Salmonellosis? How is Salmonellosis spread? How do you prevent Salmonellosis? How do you control Salmonellosis? What is Salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is a foodborne infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. These bacteria multiply in the small intestine and invade the gut lining. Symptoms such as sudden stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea, fever, and throwing up are common. Dehydration, especially among infants, may be severe. How is Salmonellosis spread? Salmonella may be found in humans and animals (wild and domestic). Both humans and animals may have the bacteria and still appear healthy. Salmonella is commonly found in food such as raw eggs and egg products, meat and meat products, and poultry. Illness may occur after a person eats food or drinks water contaminated with Salmonella Salmonella infections are usually traced to poultry (chicken, turkey, etc) that has not been cooked enough, raw sausages, lightly cooked foods containing eggs or egg products, or to unpasteurized dairy products. Ready-to-eat or cooked food can also be contaminated by being touched by dirty hands, or by coming into contact with cooking utensils or counters that were not cleaned after being previously used. Salmonella infections usually happen within 12 to 36 hours after eating contaminated food or water.

68. Salmonellosis salmonellosis. salmonellosis is an infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. Treatment.A course of antibiotics is typically used to treat salmonellosis. http://www.lifespan.org/Services/Infectious/Diseases/salmonellosis.htm

Lifespan Home Page Infectious Diseases Specific Diseases Salmonellosis Topics: Reduce Your Risk Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an infection caused by Salmonella bacteria. Salmonella is an invasive organism that can escape from the intestine and spread to other organs. Salmonellosis is potentially fatal for those who are very young, elderly or have weakened immune systems. Symptoms The illness causes the sudden onset of: headache fever abdominal pain diarrhea loss of appetite nausea vomiting dehydration These symptoms can last for several days. Salmonellosis can become a chronic infection in some people, who may have no symptoms but can still spread the disease to others. While most people recover successfully, a few will experience long-term symptoms such as arthritis. Treatment A course of antibiotics is typically used to treat Salmonellosis. Reduce Your Risk Here's how you can avoid Salmonellosis Back Home Search ... Site Map Web site design by Lifespan By using this website, you accept the terms of our user agreement . Please read it.

69. Communicable Diseases - Salmonellosis salmonellosis. What is salmonellosis? salmonellosis is an infection of the intestinescaused by Salmonellae bacteria. What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? http://www.state.hi.us/doh/resource/comm_dis/cddsalmo.htm

Skip Menu Salmonellosis What is salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is an infection of the intestines caused by S almonellae bacteria. These bacteria are a frequent cause of food poisoning. How do you get it? You get salmonellosis by eating food or drinking water contaminated by feces containing salmonella bacteria. You can also get it if you put your hands to your mouth after touching salmonella-carrying animals (including pet turtles, chicks, dogs, cats and rodents). Foods that are frequently associated with salmonella food poisoning include eggs, poultry, beef, pork, and unpasteurized dairy products. Additionally, salmonellosis is spread from person-to-person by fecal-oral contact that can occur when taking care of someone with diarrhea caused by salmonella. Some people, may be chronically infected with salmonella and can spread it to others without showing any symptoms of illness. What are the symptoms of salmonellosis? The symptoms include sudden onset of headache, stomach pain, diarrhea, low-grade fever, and occasionally, vomiting. The diarrhea and loss of appetite often last for several days or weeks after most of the other symptoms have faded. When do symptoms start?

70. NSiS: Salmonellosis Outbreak salmonellosis Outbreak An outbreak of salmonellosis was reported in songbirdsin the Northeast in January, 1998. It has since afflicted http://www.nsis.org/bird/news/salmon.html

Salmonellosis Outbreak An outbreak of salmonellosis was reported in songbirds in the Northeast in January, 1998. It has since afflicted birds in the Midwest as well. As of the end of March, confirmed cases had been reported in Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Similar but unconfirmed cases have been reported in Connecticut, Ohio, Maine and Massachusetts. Salmonellosis, caused by the salmonella bacteria, is often fatal to the birds. It is spread through feces which can contaminate feeders, the ground under the feeders, and sources of water. While it has not been reported in our area, the best defense is to keep bird feeding areas clean Project Feederwatch has a guide to diseases seen in birds at feeeders. Bird News

71. Spears & MacLeod: Medical Links:Salmonellosis: Pharmasave :Yarmouth, Nova Scotia salmonellosis is a bacterial infection that generally affects the intestinal tractand occasionally the bloodstream. 2. salmonellosis, Detailed information, gov. http://www.spearsmacleod.com/links/s/salmonel/

Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection that generally affects the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream. Food handles should practice good personal hygiene and store food properly. Always treat raw poultry, beef and pork as if they are contaminated and handle accordingly. MediLinks.. Salmonellosis www.spearsmacleod.com MediLinks Return Submenu Return Major Menu Return Top Page Organizations: Reviewed sites. Link Description Type Salmonella Overview: Causes, prevention edu/au Salmonellosis Detailed information gov Salmonellosis Overview gov/ca Salmonellosis Salmonellosis can be transmitted between animals and humans. edu Food safety Informative research site for class presentations edu Articles: Public Health Fact Sheet Equine Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) The list of sites below .... has not been reviewed If you feel any of these sites should be moved up to our permanent list ( or removed) or if you have any site to suggest please contact Add- A -Link. Please be sure to tell us which category and send us a complete URL or item # below. Thank you These pages are selected randomly from the net and will be occasionally updated.

72. Salmonellosis Pennsylvania Department of Health salmonellosis. What is salmonellosis?salmonellosis is a Who gets salmonellosis? Any person can http://www.health.state.pa.us/HPA/CDI/salmonel.htm

Pennsylvania Department of Health Salmonellosis What is Salmonellosis? Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection that generally affects the intestinal tract, and occasionally the bloodstream and other organs. It is one of the more common causes of gastroenteritis with approximately 2,000 cases reported each year in Pennsylvania. Most cases occur in the summer months, and are seen as single cases, clusters or outbreaks. Who gets Salmonellosis? Any person can get Salmonellosis, but it is clinically recognized more often in infants and children. How are Salmonella bacteria spread? Salmonella bacteria are spread by either eating or drinking contaminated food or water, or by contact with infected people or animals and subsequent poor personal hygiene. What are the symptoms of Salmonellosis? People with Salmonellosis may experience mild or severe diarrhea, fever and occasionally vomiting. They may be infected, but without symptoms. Bloodstream infections can be quite serious, particularly in the very young or elderly.

73. Salmonellosis | Building Better Health You are here Home Ills Conditions salmonellosis Ills Conditions salmonellosis.Related topics •, Food Water Safety. CarsonDeWitt, Rosalyn S. http://www.buildingbetterhealth.com/topic/salmonellosis

Medical Library Cool Tools Women's Health Men's Health ... Drug Dictionary You are here: Home Salmonellosis Related topics: Carson-DeWitt, Rosalyn S. Below: Definition Description Causes and symptoms Diagnosis ... Resources Definition Salmonella food poisoning is a bacterial food poisoning caused by the Salmonella bacterium. It results in the swelling of the lining of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis). While domestic and wild animals, including poultry, pigs, cattle, and pets such as turtles, iguanas, chicks, dogs, and cats can transmit this illness, most people become infected by ingesting foods contaminated with significant amounts of Salmonella Description Salmonella food poisoning occurs worldwide, however it is most frequently reported in North America and Europe. Only a small proportion of infected people are tested and diagnosed, and as few as 1% of cases are actually reported. While the infection rate may seem relatively low, even an attack rate of less than 0.5% in such a large number of exposures results in many infected individuals. The poisoning typically occurs in small, localized outbreaks in the general population or in large outbreaks in hospitals, restaurants, or institutions for children or the elderly. In the United States, Salmonella is responsible for about 15% of all cases of food poisoning.

74. KY: CHS: Department For Public Health - Salmonellosis KY Cares Logo. Division of Epidemiology 275 East Main Street Frankfort, KY 40621502564-3418 or 3261. salmonellosis. salmonellosis. How salmonellosis Is Spread. http://publichealth.state.ky.us/salmonellosis.htm

KY Cabinet for Health Services Department for Public Health Ensuring the Health of Kentucky Public Health Home Page CHS Home Page Search CHS Sites News Releases Product Recalls Food Recalls Vital Records Data Reports Local Health Departments Data Surveys Training Calendar For other Kentucky Government sites visit: Division of Epidemiology 275 East Main Street Frankfort, KY 40621 502-564-3418 or 3261 Salmonellosis Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is an acute intestinal disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella that is present in the feces of a wide variety of animals and some people. There are 2000 known serotypes of Salmonella. How Salmonellosis Is Spread The most common route of infection is through ingestion of food from an infected animal or food contaminated by feces of an infected animal or person. High risk foods include raw and undercooked eggs, meat and meat products, poultry, raw milk, and raw milk products. Raw fruits and vegetables that may be contaminated during slicing are also included. Infection can occur through an open cut, sore or wound into the bloodstream. Pet turtles, iguanas, other reptiles and baby chicks are sources of infection especially for children. Symptoms of Salmonellosis Most people infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps within 06-72 hours, the infection usually resolves in 5-7 days. The severity of the infection varies from mild to severe and may require hospitalization to control the infection, or for rehydration with intravenous fluids. The

75. Foodborne Diseases salmonellosis salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria. salmonellosis occursworldwide, but it is most extensively reported in North America and Europe. http://www.personalhealthzone.com/foodbornediseases3.html

Foodborne Diseases Salmonellosis Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria. The disease causes acute intestinal distress with sudden onset of headache, fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. These symptoms, along with loss of appetite, can persist for several days. Dehydration, especially among infants, can be severe. Salmonella is an invasive organism that can escape the confines of the intestine and become disseminated by the blood to other organs. It can become a chronic infection in some people, who can be symptom-free yet capable of spreading the disease to others. Ordinarily, deaths are uncommon except in those who are very young, elderly, or have weakened immune systems. Salmonella infections are increasing in the United States. In fact, recurrent opportunistic Salmonella bacteremia is considered an AIDS-defining illness. Numerous types of Salmonella cause disease in both animals and people. While there is much variation in the relative prevalence of different types of Salmonella species from country to country, in the United States Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis are the two most commonly reported. A multidrug-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium, called Definitive Type 104 (DT104), first emerged in the United Kingdom in 1984 and was recently detected in the United States. Now it is the second most prevalent strain (after serotype enteritidis) of Salmonella isolated from humans. These DT104 isolates pose a significant new threat because they are resistant to several antibiotics normally used to treat people with salmonella infections including ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline.

76. Salmonellosis salmonellosis. Reported cases of salmonellosis by age group, Rhode Island, 2001.Age Group. Reported cases of salmonellosis by gender, Rhode Island, 2001. Gender. http://www.healthri.org/disease/communicable/salmonellosis_data.htm

HEALTHri Disease Prevention Office of Communicable Diseases 3 Capitol Hill - Room 106 Providence, RI 02908 fax: (401) 222-2488 email: LarryR@doh.state.ri.us Communicable Diseases Homepage General Information on Salmonellosis ... General Information on Communicable Disease Communicable Diseases In Rhode Island Salmonellosis 5-year rate of disease Report cases 1997-2001 Reported cases by age group, 2001 Reported cases by gender, 2001 ... Reported cases by month, 2001 Reported cases of Salmonellosis by age group, Rhode Island, 2001 Age Group Number of reported cases Percent Rate of disease per 100,000 Unknown Total Denominators for computing rates for RI were based on 2000 Census counts obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Reported cases of Salmonellosis by gender, Rhode Island, 2001 Gender Number of reported cases Percent Rate of disease per 100,000 Males Females Unknown Total Denominators for computing rates for RI were based on 2001 Census counts obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau.

77. Texas Department Of Health, 1999 Epidemiology Annual Report-Salmonellosis salmonellosis. According to of dollars. salmonellosis is caused bySalmonella bacteria which contaminate foods of animal origin. http://www.tdh.state.tx.us/epidemiology/99annual/reports/salmonella.htm

Salmonellosis According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), salmonellosis is very underreported even though some 40,000 cases are reported yearly in the US. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that the actual number of Americans made ill by salmonellosis each year is roughly 3.8 million with consequent lost wages and medical costs in the billions of dollars. Salmonellosis is caused by Salmonella bacteria which contaminate foods of animal origin. Improperly cooked poultry, eggs, and other poultry products are responsible for about 50% of common vehicle epidemics. Other associated foods include improperly cooked meats, particularly beef and pork (13%), and unpasteurized dairy products (4%). Cross-contamination can occur when the same utensils that are used for handling uncooked meat or poultry are later used for foods (such as vegetables) that will not be cooked. Salmonellosis may also be transmitted through improper handling of pets, particularly reptiles, and improper cleaning of pet living areas. Secondary cases of salmonellosis are often transmitted person-to-person by the fecal-oral route (eg, by infected food handlers). Salmonella infection occurs 6 to 72 hours post-ingestion, and symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramping, fever, nausea, vomiting, and headache. Severe infection, which most likely occurs among the very young and the very old, may lead to serious dehydration and, occasionally, death. Less than 1% of case-patients may become chronic carriers and continue to excrete

78. Salmonellosis Foodborne Disease. salmonellosis. salmonellosis is a type of foodbornedisease. salmonellosis What is salmonellosis? salmonellosis http://jhhs.client.web-health.com/web-health/topics/GeneralHealth/generalhealths

79. Salmonellosis encyclopediaEncyclopedia salmonellosis, sal munelO'sis PronunciationKey. salmonellosis , any of a group of infectious diseases http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0843249.html

Reduce your family medical costs by up to 60% now! Oral health..Save up to 60% on dental care. Easy Medical Diagnosis..stop smoking! All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia salmonellosis u nel O Pronunciation Key salmonellosis , any of a group of infectious diseases caused by intestinal bacteria of the genus Salmonella, including typhoid fever , paratyphoid fever, blood poisoning, and food poisoning (gastroenteritis). Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, is spread by fecal contamination of water or milk or by food handlers who are carriers. It is characterized by a high fever and a rash on the chest and abdomen and can be fatal. Paratyphoid fever, caused by Salmonella paratyphi, is also spread in the feces of victims or carriers. Outbreaks often occur where adequate hygiene, especially in food preparers, is not practiced. Paratyphoid is characterized by mild fever and a rash on the chest. Bacteremia is characterized by the presence of Salmonella choleraesuis

80. Occupational Health - Zoonotic Disease Fact Sheet 8 Sheet 8 salmonellosis (Salmonella food poisoning, enteric paratyphosis)A common bacterial cause of foodpoisoning worldwide. Over http://www.ksu.edu/research/animal/occhs/fact08.htm

Occupational Health - Zoonotic Disease Fact Sheet #8 SALMONELLOSIS [(Salmonella food poisoning, enteric paratyphosis) A common bacterial cause of food-poisoning worldwide. Over 1800 food-poisoning serotypes of salmonella (bacterium) exist. The prevalence of individual serotypes constantly changes. In the U.S., 5 million cases are diagnosed annually. S. typhi, the cause of Typhoid Fever, rarely occurs in the U.S.] SPECIES: RESERVOIR AND MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Salmonellas are common commensals of all animals and birds and are excreted in feces. Host-adapted strains may cause serious illness (e.g., S. dublin in cattle, S. pullorum in chickens), but most human food-poisoning salmonellas do not cause clinical signs in animals. The main reservoirs for human infection are poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs. *In the laboratory and teaching laboratory, birds, reptiles, and turtles are especially dangerous sources of Salmonellosis. 94% of all reptiles harbor Salmonella. Turtles alone in 1970 may have caused 280,000 human cases of Salmonellosis. *In 1975 the FDA ruled it illegal to sell a. Viable Turtle eggs b. Live turtles with a carapace length TRANSMISSION: Indirect transmission via contaminated food and water are the most common sources but transmission may also be by direct contact.

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