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         Shy-drager Syndrome:     more detail
  1. The Official Patient's Sourcebook on Shy-Drager Syndrome: A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age by Icon Health Publications, 2002-12
  2. 21st Century Complete Medical Guide to Low Blood Pressure (HBP), Hypotension, Shy-Drager Syndrome, Authoritative NIH and FDA Documents, Clinical References, ... Information for Patients and Physicians by PM Medical Health News, 2004-03
  3. Shy-Drager Syndrome: An entry from Gale's <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.</i> by Carol Turkington, 2006
  4. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Shy-Drager syndrome by Carol A. Turkington, 2002-01-01
  5. The Official Patient`s Sourcebook on Shy-Drager Syndrome -- A Revised and Updated Directory for the Internet Age
  6. An ethical dilemma involving a shy-drager patient: a case study.(neurosciences research): An article from: Journal of Neuroscience Nursing by Constance Ward, 2006-12-01
  7. How To Change Your Shyness by Marc Meunier, 2010-07-19

1. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Multiple System Atrophy
MEDLINEplus looks at this disorder and its symptoms, signs and tests, treatment and prevention.Category Health Conditions and Diseases shy-drager syndrome...... Alternative names Return to top shydrager syndrome; Neurologic orthostatichypotension; Shy-McGee-Drager syndrome; Parkinson's plus syndrome.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000757.htm
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Medical Encyclopedia
Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z
Multiple system atrophy
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Illustrations
Central nervous system Alternative names Return to top Shy-Drager Syndrome; Neurologic orthostatic hypotension; Shy-McGee-Drager syndrome; Parkinson's plus syndrome Definition Return to top A degenerative disorder characterized by progressive damage to the autonomic nervous system (the portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, digestion and sexual function), muscle tremor and rigidity, slow movement, and other widespread neurologic losses. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare degenerative condition. It is a condition that appears similar to Parkinson's disease in that patients may be slow moving, tremulous and have a shuffling gait but with more widespread neurologic damage and damage to the autonomic nervous system (the portion of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions).
The cause is unknown. There is progressive damage (degeneration) of the nervous system, with damage to all parts of the nervous system. The disorder develops gradually. It is most often diagnosed in men over 60 years old.

2. NINDS Shy-Drager Syndrome Information Page
(Multiple System Atrophy)A look at this disorder, its treatment, prognosis, research and organizations.Category Health Conditions and Diseases shy-drager syndrome...... More about shydrager syndrome, NINDS shy-drager syndrome Information Page Synonym(s)Multiple System Atrophy with Postural Hypotension Reviewed 07-01-2001
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/shydrger_doc.htm
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Accessible version Science for the Brain The nation's leading supporter of biomedical research on disorders of the brain and nervous system Browse all disorders Browse all health
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Shy-Drager Syndrome
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NINDS Shy-Drager Syndrome Information Page
Synonym(s):
Multiple System Atrophy with Postural Hypotension
Reviewed 07-01-2001 Get Web page suited for printing
Email this to a friend or colleague

Table of Contents (click to jump to sections) What is Shy-Drager Syndrome?
Is there any treatment?
What is the prognosis? What research is being done? ... Organizations What is Shy-Drager Syndrome? Is there any treatment? Orthostatic hypotension in Shy-Drager syndrome is treatable, but there is not known effective treatment for the progression central nervous system degeneration. The general treatment course is aimed at controlling symptoms. Antiparkinsonian medication, such as L-dopa, may be helpful. To relieve low blood pressure while standing, dietary increases of salt and fluid may be beneficial. Medications to elevate blood pressure, such as salt-retaining steroids, are often necessary, but they can cause side effects and should be carefully monitored by a physician. Alpha-adrenergic medications, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and sympathomimetic amines are sometimes used. Sleeping in a head-up position at night reduces morning orthostatic hypotension. An artificial feeding tube or breathing tube may be surgically inserted for management of swallowing and breathing difficulties.

3. Shy-Drager Syndrome
Multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure An article about this disorder giving an explanation, Category Health Conditions and Diseases shy-drager syndrome...... Print this article. Find related articles By topic Neurology. By keywordsReceive HealthLink via email! Subscribe now . shydrager syndrome.
http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/921961623.html
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Shy-Drager Syndrome
Shy-Drager is often difficult totreat because of the fluctuations in blood pressure. The general treatment course is aimed at controlling symptoms. Anti-Parkinson medication, such as L-dopa, may be helpful but should be used with caution because it can lower blood pressure, causing blackouts. To relieve low blood pressure, dietary increases of salt and fluid may be beneficial. Medications to elevate blood pressure such as corticosteroids may cause side effects and should be carefully monitored by a physician. Alpha-adrenergic medications, metoclopramide, ergotamine derivatives, and indomethacin are useful in many cases. Sleeping in a head-up position at night may reduce headaches and morning dizziness. An artificial feeding tube or breathing tube may be surgically inserted for management of swallowing and breathing difficulties. In rare cases, a pacemaker may be implanted to correct heart irregularities. Shy-Drager usually ends in death 7 to 10 years after the onset of symptoms. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death, although irregularities in heart beat may be responsible for death in some patients.

4. Vanderbilt University Autonomic Dysfunction Center - Multiple System Atrophy
Short article about MSA, including references and a shydrager syndrome mail list.
http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/gcrc/adc/msa.html
Overview History Faculty
Research
... Patient Information Multiple System Atrophy
Introduction: In multiple system atrophy, there is widespread autonomic failure associated with impairment in other neurological systems. The other neurological systems may be cerebellar, extrapyramidal, neuromuscular, or pyramidal. The pathological hallmark of MSA is neuronal loss and gliosis within multiple sites in the brain. Clinical Manifestations: The average age of onset is in the sixth decade of life. Men are affected twice as frequently as women are. In some patients, chronic glial cytoplasmic inclusion has been found to occur intracellularly in both glial cells and neurons of involved portions of the brain. This has been seen in patients carrying the clinical diagnosis of Shy-Drager syndrome, sporadic oligopontocerebellar atrophy, striatonigral degeneration, and corticobasal degeneration. These inclusions contain ubiquitin , but are quite distinct from Lewy bodies , which also contain ubiquitin. The glial cytoplasmic inclusions tend to be irregular in outline in contrast to the target-shaped concentric circular Lewy bodies. Some investigators have suggested a relationship between the Shy-Drager syndrome and Parkinson's disease, although this is not supported by the pathologic data accumulated to date.

5. Shy-Drager Syndrome
system atrophy with autonomic failure, also called shydrager syndrome, is a progressive disorder of the central
http://msainfo.tripod.com/sds.html
What is Shy-Drager Syndrome?

Is there any treatment? Shy-Drager is often difficult to treat because of the fluctuations in blood pressure. The general treatment course is aimed at controlling symptoms. Anti-Parkinson medication, such as L-dopa, may be helpful but should be used with caution because it can lower blood pressure, causing blackouts. To relieve low blood pressure, dietary increases of salt and fluid may be beneficial. Medications to elevate blood pressure such as corticosteroids may cause side effects and should be carefully monitored by a physician. Alpha-adrenergic medications, metoclopramide, ergotamine derivatives, and indomethacin are useful in many cases. Sleeping in a head-up position at night may reduce headaches and morning dizziness. An artificial feeding tube or breathing tube may be surgically inserted for management of swallowing and breathing difficulties. In rare cases, a pacemaker may be implanted to correct heart irregularities.
What is the prognosis?
Shy-Drager usually ends in death 7 to 10 years after the onset of symptoms. Pneumonia is the most common cause of death, although irregularities in heart beat or choking may be responsible for death in some patients.
What research is being done?

6. PDF - Ask The Expert
Search Category ParkinsonPlus shy-drager syndrome/Multiple System Atrophy, Question15 (01/21/00) My aunt is thought to have shy-drager syndrome.
http://www.pdf.org/askexpert/index.cfm?category=59

7. PDF - Ask The Expert
Question 240 The Expert's Answer. Q (08/21/00) My aunt is thought tohave shydrager syndrome. Do you know anything about this syndrome?
http://www.pdf.org/askexpert/index.cfm?fuseaction=details&selectedItem=240

8. Shy-Drager Syndrome | Ahealthyme.com
shydrager syndrome Turkington, Carol A. shy-drager syndrome (SDS) is a rare conditionthat causes progressive damage to the autonomic nervous system.
http://www.ahealthyme.com/article/gale/100084049
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9. Shy-Drager Syndrome | Ahealthyme.com
You are here Home Health A to Z shydrager syndrome. shy-drager syndrome. Organizationsshy-drager syndrome/Multiple System Atrophy Support Group Inc.
http://www.ahealthyme.com/topic/topic100587471
Search AHealthyMe! Personalize AHealthyMe! Sign up for our Newsletter! You are here: Home Health A to Z
Shy-Drager Syndrome
Turkington, Carol A.
Below:

Definition

Description

Causes and symptoms

Diagnosis
...
Resources

Definition
Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) is a rare condition that causes progressive damage to the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls vital involuntary body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and intestinal, urinary, and sexual functions. The autonomic nervous system also controls skin and body temperature, and how the body responds to stress. Shy-Drager syndrome leads to dizziness or fainting when standing up, urinary incontinence, impotence, and muscle tremors. Description SDS was named for neurologists Milton Shy, M.D., from the National Institutes of Health, and Glenn Drager, M.D., from the Baylor College of Medicine, who first described the condition in 1960. It typically affects those between ages 50-70. It affects more men than women. In severe cases, the person cannot even stand up. Symptoms can be mild as well. Sometimes, people with mild cases are misdiagnosed as having anxiety or hypertension. Many nonprescription drugs, such as cold medicines and diet capsules, can trigger extremely high blood pressure spikes in patients with SDS, even in very low doses. Therefore, these patients are at risk for strokes and excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) if they take even the recommended dosage of these drugs.

10. HONselect - Shy-Drager Syndrome
English shydrager syndrome, - Autonomic Failure, Progressive - Idiopathic OrthostaticHypotension, Shy-Drager Type - Orthostatic Hypotension, Dysautonomic
http://www.hon.ch/HONselect/RareDiseases/C10.177.800.html
List of rare diseases: English Deutsch
Language:
MeSH term:
Accepted terms:
English: Shy-Drager Syndrome - Autonomic Failure, Progressive
- Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension, Shy-Drager Type
- Orthostatic Hypotension, Dysautonomic
- Dysautonomia-Orthostatic Hypotension Syndrome
- Syndrome, Dysautonomia-Orthostatic Hypotension
- Autonomic Failures, Progressive
Français: SHY-DRAGER, SYNDROME Deutsch: Shy-Drager-Syndrom - Mehrfachsystematrophie (Neurologie) - Autonome Insuffizienz, progressive - Idiopathische orthostatische Hypotonie, Shy-Drager-Typ - Orthostatische Hypotonie, dysautonome - Progressive zentrale autonome Insuffizienz Español: SINDROME DE SHY-DRAGER - INSUFICIENCIA AUTONOMA PROGRESIVA - HIPOTENSION IDIOPATICA ORTOSTATICA DE TIPO SHY-DRAGER - HIPOTENSION ORTOSTATICA DISAUTONOMA Português: SINDROME DE SHY-DRAGER - INSUFICIENCIA AUTONOMICA PROGRESSIVA - HIPOTENSAO ORTOSTATICA IDIOPATICA TIPO SHY-DRAGER - HIPOTENSAO ORTOSTATICA DISAUTONOMICA HONselect ressources Definition: Yes Articles: Yes Images: No News: No Conferences: No Clinical trials: Yes Web sites: English Yes Français No Deutsch No Español No Português No Home About us Site map Feedback ... HONewsletter http://www.hon.ch/HONselect/RareDiseases/C10.177.800.html

11. The Family Village - Shy Drager Syndrome
Shy Drager Syndrome. Synonym Multiple System Atrophy. shydrager syndrome/MultipleSystem Atrophy Support Group (SDS/MSA) 2004 Howard Lane Austin, TX.
http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/lib_shyd.htm
Shy Drager Syndrome
Synonym: Multiple System Atrophy
Who to Contact
Where to Go to Chat with Others

Learn More About It

Web Sites
...
Search AltaVista for "Shy Drager Syndrome"
Who to Contact
Shy-Drager Syndrome/Multiple System Atrophy Support Group (SDS/MSA)
2004 Howard Lane
Austin, TX. 78728
Toll Free: 1-866-SDS-4999 (Answering Machine)
Phone: 512-251-2247 (Weekdays) 512-856-2427 (Nights and Weekends)
Fax: 512-251-3315
E-mail: shydrager@yahoogroups.com Web: http://www.shy-drager.com/ Newsletter Subscription Requests: shydrager-subscribe@yahoogroups.com
Where to Go to Chat with Others
Learn More About It
Web Sites
Back to [ S - T Family Village Home Library Coffee Shop ... Information Last Updated 4/30/2001 by familyvillage@waisman.wisc.edu

12. Shy Drager Syndrome
Shy Drager Syndrome Mailing List. ShyDrager The shy-drager syndromeelectronic mail discussion list serves as a forum to exchange
http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/lists/shydrag.htm
Shy Drager Syndrome
Mailing List
Shy-Drager
The Shy-Drager syndrome electronic mail discussion list serves as a forum to exchange information and support for those who are diagnosed with Shy-Drager syndrome (also known as multiple system atrophy), their families and friends as well as anyone who has an interest in this disorder.
To subscribe send an e-mail message to:
Shy-Drager-request@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu

In the body of the message type:
Subscribe Shy-Drager Shy-Drager E-Mail Discussion List Web Page

13. Shy-Drager Syndrome Description
. The shy-drager syndrome is a baffling conditionthat affects one in 10,000 people, mainly those between ages 50 and 70.......shydrager syndrome
http://neuro-www.mgh.harvard.edu/forum/ShyDragerF/11.8.9712.10PMShy-DragerSyndro
Shy-Drager Syndrome Description
This article submitted by on 11/8/97.
Email Address:
http://miso.wwa.com:80/~claudec/shydrager/ History and Description The Shy-Drager syndrome is a baffling condition that affects one in 10,000 people, mainly those between ages 50 and 70. The victims have abnormally low blood pressure which can cause dizziness and fainting - but only when standing up. Blood pressure may actually be high when the patient lies down. While severely affected patients may be unable to stand up at all, mildly affected patients may be misdiagnosed as having anxiety or even hypertension. Many over-the-counter drugs like cold preparations and diet capsules can cause extraordinary elevations of blood pressure even in very low dosages in such individuals. The patients are thus at risk for stroke and hemorrhage if they take the "recommended" amounts of these drugs. In the Shy-Drager syndrome (multiple system atrophy), autonomic failure is widespread and is associated with impairment in other neurologic systems. The autonomic dysfunction in the Shy-Drager syndrome can be viewed predominantly as a central defect with an inability to engage a generally healthy peripheral autonomic system. Patients with the Shy-Drager syndrome typically have extensive autonomic failure with impairment linked to several different neurological systems. In these patients, chronic orthostatic hypotension may be a presenting symptom; in other cases, extrapyramidal symptoms or cerebellar symptoms may predominate early in the course. In patients with cerebellar involvement tremor is worsened by nicotine and Shy-Drager patients generally discontinue smoking at the onset of their disease. Although the cause remains unknown, antibodies

14. Shy-Drager Syndrome
Back Home Next. shydrager syndrome Jeff's Shy-Drager Page - onlineresoruces, conferences, support groups, and forums. Multiple
http://www.ability.org.uk/Shy_Drager_Syndrome.html
"see the ability, not the disability" You to can help support the Ability Project by: Our Aims ... Z Shy-Drager Syndrome Jeff's Shy-Drager Page - online resoruces, conferences, support groups, and forums. Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) - FAQ on the sporadic, progressive, adult onset disorder characterized by autonomic dysfunction, Parkinsonism, and ataxia in any combination. National Institutes of Health: Shy-Drager Syndrome - information about the disease, diagnosis, treatment, and research. Shy Drager Forum - discuss and comment on Shy Drager Syndrome (Multiple Systems Atrophy). - includes links to information on the conditions, treatment, and support groups. Yahoo! Health: Shy-Drager Syndrome - definitions, alternative names, and related resources. Webmaster . Site Design by Ability "see the ability, not the disability" Acknowledgments

15. Shy-Drager Syndrome
shydrager syndrome. ~~~~~. Please have your mum's doctorcheck for orthostatic hypertension and think about shy-drager syndrome.
http://www.geocities.com/pdcaregiver/Shy-Drager_Syndrome.html
Shy-Drager Syndrome
Return to Index
Return to Alphabetical Contents
Click here to return to What is Parkinsons. My mum's neuro has said she needs to go into hospital for some more tests but I am a little unsure what he is looking for. She is on a very small dose of sinemet and no other meds. The dose gives her a limited amount of mobility but she sleeps all of the time. She has had a few serious falls recently and they found her blood pressure to be really low. She is going to have some brain wave tests and they are going to look at the sinemet. They say that the low dose of sinemet that she takes should not cause the sleepiness. She drifts into a world of her own and is not with it half of the time. She talks about strange things and does not understand what is going on around her half of the time. I feel quite sad and am worried about some sort of dementia. I know that I lost my mum a long time ago but I cannot stop hoping that she will come back. She is going into a neuro hospital here in England Please have your mum's doctor check for orthostatic hypertension and think about Shy-Drager syndrome. This is a Parkinson's Plus disease characterized by extreme blood pressure fluctuations. Many people with SD receive little benefit from Sinemet and, in fact, Sinemet can make the BP problems worse and can cause hallucinations. A lot of people who are initially diagnosed with Parkinson's are re-diagnosed 2-3 years later with a P+ syndrome.

16. Parkinson's & The Parkinson's Plus Disorders
optushome.com.au/wwwombat/ shydrager syndrome or MSA Links http//members.optushome.com.au/wwwombat/ shy-drager syndrome
http://www.geocities.com/murraycharters/002.html

Parkinson's Plus Disorders
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This site contains education and research URL's book-marked by a Parkinson's patient. Nothing you read in these pages should be considered an endorsement or medical advice.
What Are The Other Forms of Parkinsonism?
http://www.1uphealth.com/...

Neurologic Movement Disorders Include...
http://www.wemove.org/mov.html

Parkinson Plus
http://dem0nmac.mgh.harvard.edu/neurowebforum/...

Parkinson's Plus - An Excerpt http://alumni.engin.umich.edu/~jxm/parkguide.html Worldwide Education for Movement Disorders http://www.wemove.org/ Parkinson's Disease http://www.neuro.nwu.edu/meded/MOVEMENT/parkinsons.html Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Europe Association http://www.ion.ucl.ac.uk/PSPeur/ What is PSP? http://www.ion.ucl.ac.uk/PSPeur/web_whatis.htm Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Survey of the Disease Course (supplement) http://www.alfalab.ca/santa97t.html Progressive Supranuclear Palsy http://www.neuro.nwu.edu/meded/MOVEMENT/psp2.htm

17. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 14, Ch. 179, Disorders Of Movement
Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension And shydrager syndrome. 200.). In the Shy-Dragersyndrome, bulbar dysfunction and laryngeal stridor may be fatal.
http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section14/chapter179/179h.htm
This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 14. Neurologic Disorders Chapter 179. Disorders Of Movement Topics [General] Tremor Dyskinesias Drug-Induced Movement Disorders ... Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension And Shy-Drager Syndrome
Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension And Shy-Drager Syndrome
Idiopathic orthostatic hypotension is a syndrome of symptoms due to degeneration of postganglionic sympathetic neurons confined to the autonomic nervous system. The Shy-Drager syndrome is multiple systems degeneration with more widespread neurologic damage, including autonomic dysfunction with cerebellar ataxia, parkinsonism, corticospinal and corticobulbar tract dysfunction, and amyotrophy. (See also Ch. 200. In the Shy-Drager syndrome, bulbar dysfunction and laryngeal stridor may be fatal. Occasionally, the physical and pathologic findings are those of Parkinson's disease plus involvement of the intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord. In both syndromes, autonomic failure results in orthostatic hypotension, impotence, urinary retention, fecal incontinence, decreased sweating, iris atrophy, and decreased tearing and salivation. The notion of peripheral denervation is supported by absent pressor responses to tyramine infusion and by supersensitivity to infused norepinephrine support. Treatment includes intravascular volume expansion with fludrocortisone given 0.1 to 0.6 mg/day po, salt supplementation, application of constrictive garments to the lower body (including the abdomen), and

18. SDS Support Group
What is shydrager syndrome/Multiple System Atrophy? To acknowledge theircontribution, this disorder is known as shy-drager syndrome (SDS).
http://www.shy-drager.com/sdssg.htm
What is Shy-Drager Syndrome/Multiple System Atrophy? autonomic nervous system. The second patient subsequently expired and the postmortem examination provided evidence that he had a distinct and unique disease. Drs. Shy and Drager recognized that there was a link between low blood pressure during erect posture (orthostatic hypotension) and disturbances in the central autonomic system. To acknowledge their contribution, this disorder is known as "Shy-Drager Syndrome" (SDS). Today, Shy-Drager Syndrome (also called Multiple System Atrophy ) is a neurological disease resulting from degeneration of certain nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Body functions controlled by these areas of the brain and spinal cord function abnormally in patients with this disease. These include the autonomic nervous system or involuntary nervous system (which controls blood pressure, heart rate, and bladder function) and the motor system (control of balance and muscle movement). People in all parts of the world are affected, with onset usually between ages 45 and 60. Approximately 75,000 Americans have this disease. The cause of the disease is not known. It is not inherited and it is not contagious. Depending upon which part of the brain is affected first, the MSA may appear in different ways.

19. NINDS Shy-Drager Syndrome Information Page
More about NINDS shydrager syndrome Information Page. Content for thispage. NINDS shy-drager syndrome Information Page. Synonym
http://accessible.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorders/shydrger_doc.htm
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    Synonym(s): Multiple System Atrophy with Postural Hypotension Reviewed 07-01-2001 Get Web page suited for printing
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    Table of Contents (click to jump to sections)
    What is Shy-Drager Syndrome?

    Is there any treatment?

    What is the prognosis?

    What research is being done?
    ...
    Organizations

    What is Shy-Drager Syndrome?
    Is there any treatment?

    20. Shy-Drager Syndrome
    shydrager syndrome. Definition. shy-drager syndrome (SDS) is a rare conditionthat causes progressive damage to the autonomic nervous system.
    http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/shy-drager_syndrome.html
    Encyclopedia Index S Home Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Index S Shy-Drager syndrome
    Definition
    Shy-Drager syndrome (SDS) is a rare condition that causes progressive damage to the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls vital involuntary body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and intestinal, urinary, and sexual functions. The autonomic nervous system also controls skin and body temperature, and how the body responds to stress . Shy-Drager syndrome leads to dizziness or fainting when standing up, urinary incontinence impotence , and muscle tremors Description SDS was named for neurologists Milton Shy, M.D., from the National Institutes of Health, and Glenn Drager, M.D., from the Baylor College of Medicine, who first described the condition in 1960. It typically affects those between ages 50-70. It affects more men than women. In severe cases, the person cannot even stand up. Symptoms can be mild as well. Sometimes, people with mild cases are misdiagnosed as having anxiety or hypertension Many nonprescription drugs, such as cold medicines and diet capsules, can trigger extremely high blood pressure spikes in patients with SDS, even in very low doses. Therefore, these patients are at risk for strokes and excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) if they take even the recommended dosage of these drugs.

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