1. Science In India: History Of Mathematics: Indian Mathematicians And Astronomers, Describes indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta who modelled the solar system, Bhaskar, Varahamira, Category Science Math History...... modern compendiums on the history of mathematics have paid adequate attention tothe often pioneering and revolutionary contributions of indian mathematicians. http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm

Get Four DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.

2. Ancient Indian Mathematicians A complete, Indian site on school maths, cbse and icse competitive exams, jokes and puzzles With this historical background, we come to the famous indian mathematicians. http://www.ilovemaths.com/ind_mathe.htm

The most fundamental contribution of ancient India in mathematics is the invention of decimal system of enumeration, including the invention of zero. The decimal system uses nine digits (1 to 9) and the symbol zero (for nothing) to denote all natural numbers by assigning a place value to the digits. The Arabs carried this system to Africa and Europe. The Vedas and Valmiki Ramayana used this system, though the exact dates of these works are not known. MohanjoDaro and Harappa excavations (which may be around 3000 B.C. old) also give specimens of writing in India. Aryans came 1000 years later, around 2000 B.C. Being very religious people, they were deeply interested in planetary positions to calculate auspicious times, and they developed astronomy and mathematics towards this end. They identified various nakshatras (constellations) and named the months after them. They could count up to 10 , while the Greeks could count up to 10 and Romans up to 10 . Values of irrational numbers such as and were also known to them to a high degree of approximation. Pythagoras Theorem can be also traced to the Aryan's

3. Re: Swamiji....on Indian Mathematicians By Swami SuhastAnanda On Sulekha Coffeeh Come join thousands of Indians from around the world to share and discuss your views about anything under the sun. Sulekha.com is the biggest creative and vibrant online community of Indians. http://www.sulekha.com/philosophy/messages/29475.html

Login: Pwd: Register Get Newsletters in your Inbox! Latest Posts Forums Write Angle Books Miscellany Contests ... Followup Posts Send to Friend Re: Swamiji....on Indian mathematicians by Swami SuhastAnanda on May 6, 2001 at 22:41:47 PM in response to Swamiji....on Indian mathematicians by Sree Post Your Response Hi Sree, Thanks for the informative post. I will reply to your post soon. I agree with your observations on the supposed Keralite origin of Aryabhata and Chanakya. You have also raised an *very interesting* point about Krishna Devakiputra, the pupil of Ghora Angirasa (mentioned in Chhandogya upanishad) and his relation to Krishna Vasudeva. As I said, I will reply soon to your post, as soon as I clear up some heavy work that has descended upon me. SuhastAnanda : : Given the general unreliability of brahmanical texts in Kerala (especially when it comes to differentiating legend from reality), I don't know what to make of the claim that Patanjali was a Kerala brahman. I have never heard it before. : >> I agree. All we have here is claims and no facts. The same text also lists various ‘innovative’ legends about Kalidasa connecting him with the Pratihara king Bhoja of the 10th CE. : : While on the subject, there are claims that Aryabhata was from Kerala. Some people claim he was a brahman, others that he was a kshatriya. The later mathematicians and astronomers of the Kerala school are well known, and one of them (Nilakantha) is supposed to have mentioned that Aryabhata was from the town of Asmaka in Kerala.

4. Some Eminent Indian Mathematicians Of The Twentieth Century (in MARION) http//home.att.net/~sprasad/math.htm Note Biographies of other indian mathematicians at St Andrews Archive http// www- http://library.ncsu.edu/marion/AJX-1389

Some eminent Indian mathematicians of the twentieth century Title: Some eminent Indian mathematicians of the twentieth century / edited by J.N. Kapur. Author: Kapur, Jagat Narain, 1923- Published: Edition: 2nd ed. Subject: Mathematicians India Biography. Other titles: Eminent Indian mathematicians of the twentieth century Material: Note: Vol. 5- have title: Eminent Indian mathematicians of the twentieth century. Biographical sketches. LC Card no: System ID no: AJX-1389 Holdings: LOCATION: DH Hill Library CALL NUMBER: QA28 .S66 1989 v.5 c.1 Not CheckedOut If you have a valid library card, you may place a hold on this title for pickup at the library. New searches NCSU catalog ( Help Author Title Subject ... Other numbers U.S. Government Documents ( Help Author Title Subject ... Other numbers Local (TRLN) libraries Duke NCCU NCSU UNC ... Comments and Questions DRAWeb version 1.0

5. I Love Maths -A Complete, Indian Site On Maths A complete, Indian site on school maths. Covers cbse, icse and other boards, universities. Competitive exams, jokes and puzzles, vedic maths, ancient indian mathematicians. Mathsclubs. http://www.ilovemaths.com/

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6. Ancient Indian History: Philosophy, Development, Scientific Method, Ethics, Cult Development of philosophical thought and scientific method in ancient India.Category Society Religion and Spirituality Hinduism History...... (The famous Pythagoras theorem is actually a restatement of a resultalready known and recorded by earlier indian mathematicians). http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/scienceh.htm

Get Four DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Realism, Skepticism, Rational Thinking, Scientific Progress and Social Ethics Development of Philosophical Thought and Scientific Method in Ancient India Contrary to the popular perception that Indian civilization has been largely concerned with the affairs of the spirit and "after-life", India's historical record suggests that some of the greatest Indian minds were much more concerned with developing philosophical paradigms that were grounded in reality. The premise that Indian philosophy is founded solely on mysticism and renunciation emanates from a colonial and orientalist world view that seeks to obfuscate a rich tradition of scientific thought and analysis in India. Much of the evidence for how India's ancient logicians and scientists developed their theories lies buried in polemical texts that are not normally thought of as scientific texts. While some of the treatises on mathematics, logic, grammar, and medicine have survived as such - many philosophical texts enunciating a rational and scientific world view can only be constructed from extended references found in philosophical texts and commentaries by Buddhist and Jain monks or Hindu scholars (usually Brahmins). Although these documents are usually considered to lie within the domain of religious studies, it should be pointed out that many of these are in the form of extended polemics that are quite unlike the holy books of Christianity or Islam. These texts attempt to debate the value of the real-world versus the spiritual-world. They attempt to counter the theories of the atheists and other skeptics. But in their attempts to prove the primacy of a mystical soul or "Atman" - they often go to great lengths in describing competing rationalist and worldly philosophies rooted in a more realistic and more scientific perception of the world. Their extensive commentaries illustrate the popular methods of debate, of developing a hypothesis, of extending and elaborating theory, of furnishing proofs and counter-proofs.

7. On Paper On Keyboard (pi)r^2 Or Pi*r^2 Or (pi)r² X = 0 X Maths Club has lots of jokes, puzzles, a Maths quotient test (do try it!), a sectionon ancient indian mathematicians, some real gems from Leelavati, and so on http://www.ilovemaths.com/tipsofsite.htm

Tips on using the site Click on Uncle Owl anytime to get tips. This site primarily focuses on Indian students from classes 6th to 12th Std. Maths Club has lots of jokes, puzzles, a Maths quotient test (do try it!), a section on ancient Indian Mathematicians, some real gems from Leelavati, and so on. "We Recommend" section has many useful links to sites related to Maths. There is a collection of interesting articles like different kinds of numbers, story of zero, story of pi( ). You can also contribute! If found suitable, your contribution will be included in "Reader's Contribution" section, along with your name/email address. Vedic Maths : You will be proud to be an Indian! Class Rooms contain lots of theory, examples and exercises (with answers). All this material is taken from books by M.L.Aggarwal. There will be model test papers and material for competitive exams. Professor Theta is a multi featured question answering service. Anybody can post a question (mainly from 6th to 12th standard level) and anybody can reply. If nobody replies, professor Theta will attempt it. This section is open only to registered users. If you are contributing articles, you can send them as file attachments to

8. Indian Mathematics Index Ancient indian mathematicians in our archive in chronological order. 800 BC, Baudhayana,600, Bhaskara I, 1060, Brahmadeva. 750 BC, Manava, 720, Lalla, 1114, Bhaskara II. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Indians.html

History Topics: Index of Ancient Indian mathematics Articles on Indian Mathematics An overview of Indian mathematics Indian numerals The Indian Sulbasutras Jaina mathematics ... Chronology of Pi Ancient Indian mathematicians in our archive in chronological order 800 BC Baudhayana Bhaskara I Brahmadeva 750 BC Manava Lalla Bhaskara II 600 BC Apastamba Govindasvami Mahendra Suri 520 BC Panini Mahavira Narayana 200 BC Katyayana Prthudakasvami Madhava 120 AD Yavanesvara Sankara Paramesvara Aryabhata I ... Search Form JOC/EFR August 2001 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Indexes/Indians.html

9. Indian Mathematics Index History Topics Index of Ancient Indian mathematics Articles on Indian Mathematics Ancient indian mathematicians in our archive in chronological order JOC/EFR August 2001 http// www history. uk/ history/ Indexes/ Indians. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Indians.html

History Topics: Index of Ancient Indian mathematics Articles on Indian Mathematics An overview of Indian mathematics Indian numerals The Indian Sulbasutras Jaina mathematics ... Chronology of Pi Ancient Indian mathematicians in our archive in chronological order 800 BC Baudhayana Bhaskara I Brahmadeva 750 BC Manava Lalla Bhaskara II 600 BC Apastamba Govindasvami Mahendra Suri 520 BC Panini Mahavira Narayana 200 BC Katyayana Prthudakasvami Madhava 120 AD Yavanesvara Sankara Paramesvara Aryabhata I ... Search Form JOC/EFR August 2001 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Indexes/Indians.html

10. Great Indian Mathematicians Great Mathematicians. Mathematicians of India MATHEMATICIAN, TIME PERIOD.Baudhayana, (700 BCE). Apastamba, (600). Katyayana, (500). Umaswati. (150BCE). http://hinduism.about.com/library/weekly/extra/bl-indianmathematicians.htm

zfp=-1 About Hinduism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Hinduism with Subhamoy Das Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Hindu Calendar 2003 Hinduism 101 Sanskrit Terms Glossary ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Great Mathematicians Mathematicians of India MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD Baudhayana (700 B.C.E.) Apastamba Katyayana Umaswati (150 B.C.E.) Aryabhata (476-c. 550 C.E.) Varahamihira (c. 505-c. 558) Brahmagupta (c. 598-c. 670) Govindaswami (c. 800-850) Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) Pruthudakaswami Sridhara Manjula Aryabhata II Prashastidhara Halayudha Jayadeva Sripathi Hemachandra Suri (b. 1089) Bhaskara (1114-c. 1185) Cangadeva Madhava of Sangamagramma (c. 1340-1425) Narayama Pandit Paramesvara Nilakantha Somayaji Sankara Variar (c. 1500-1560)

11. The Magic Of Vedic Maths - Growing Popularity for Science Technology, stressed the significance of Vedic maths, while pointingout the important contributions of ancient indian mathematicians, such as http://hinduism.about.com/library/weekly/aa062901c.htm

zfp=-1 About Hinduism Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Hinduism with Subhamoy Das Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Hindu Calendar 2003 Hinduism 101 Sanskrit Terms Glossary ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement The Magic of Vedic Maths Part 3: Its Growing Popularity More of this Feature What's Vedic Maths? Join the Discussion "In Vedic times, it is believed, math formulae were often taught within the context of spiritual expression (mantra). Thus while learning spiritual lessons, one could also learn maths. How is that possible?": OPENHINDU Related Resources Vedic Maths Formulae Vedic Maths on the Web Indian Mathematicians About Maths GuideSite "India was the motherland of our race and Sanskrit the mother of Europe's languages. India was the mother of our philosophy, of much of our mathematics, of the ideals embodied in Christianity...of self-government and democracy. In many ways, Mother India is the mother of us all." ~ Will Durant, American Historian 1885-1981

12. Soc.Religion.Hindu Archives: Re:REQUEST: Ancient Indian Mathematicians Click here to visit our sponsor ReREQUEST Ancient indian mathematicians. PostedBy Prasenjit Medhi (medhi@worldnet.att.net) Tue, 26 Aug 1997 134633 0400 http://www.hindunet.org/srh_home/1997_8/0055.html

Re:REQUEST: Ancient Indian Mathematicians Posted By Prasenjit Medhi ( medhi@worldnet.att.net Tue, 26 Aug 1997 13:46:33 -0400 Messages sorted by: [ author ] [ date ] [ subject ] [ thread ] Next message: Posted By Syyoon@aol.com: "ARTICLE : bindi" Previous message: Posted By Shikaripura Harihareswara: "ARTICLE : Worship of the Divine Mother, Sri Lalita (A Lengthy Article)" I have included a few important details about just a few of the most famous ancient Indian mathematicians from past years. To my mind, the most important and most influential of these figures were Aryabhatta and Panini. Aryabhatta had an excellent understanding of the Keplerian Universe more than a thousand years before Kepler, while Panini made a remarkable analysis of language, namely Sanskrit, which was not matched for 2,500 years, until the modern Bacchus form, in the 20th century. ***Aryabhata the Elder Born: 476 in Kusumapura (now Patna), India Died: 550 in India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Aryabhata wrote Aryabhatiya , finished in 499, which is a summary of Hindu

13. Soc.Religion.Hindu Archives: ARTICLE : Bindi Previous message Posted By Prasenjit Medhi ReREQUEST Ancientindian mathematicians . I would be interested if you agree that http://www.hindunet.org/srh_home/1997_8/0056.html

ARTICLE : bindi Posted By Syyoon@aol.com ( Syyoon@aol.com Tue, 26 Aug 1997 11:27:16 -0400 (EDT) Messages sorted by: [ author ] [ date ] [ subject ] [ thread ] Next message: Posted By Ramakrishnan Balasubramanian: "Re: NEWS : Mahabharat period structures discovered near Gwalior city" Previous message: Posted By Prasenjit Medhi: "Re:REQUEST: Ancient Indian Mathematicians" I would be interested if you agree that the bindi was also the mark of slaves indicating the real reason why Indian women who are married must wear them. Is this right? And what about the Buddhist idea of the third eye. Are the bindis also the origins of the Buddhist mark on the head? Next message: Posted By Ramakrishnan Balasubramanian: "Re: NEWS : Mahabharat period structures discovered near Gwalior city" Previous message: Posted By Prasenjit Medhi: "Re:REQUEST: Ancient Indian Mathematicians" More Information about HinduNet Inc. Privacy Statement The Hindu Universe is a HinduNet Inc., website.

14. Whatsnew_91 India's Department of Science and Technology and the Centre in which the DST agreed to support 20 study visits of indian mathematicians and theoretical http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~sci_info/News_from_ICTP/News_91/whatsnew.html

An agreement signed between ICTP and India's Department of Science and Technology offers an important example of the evolving relationship between the Centre and the countries ICTP serves. India's Enhanced Co-operation O n 25 November, a delegation from India's Department of Science and Technology (DST), led by secretary V.S. Ramamurthy, visited the ICTP campus in Trieste. Ramamurthy and members of the delegation, including Sadhana Relia, director of DST's International Division, and B.A. Dasannacharya, chairperson of DST's Expert Committee for Beamlines Utilization at Elettra (Trieste's synchrotron facility), visited the Centre to meet the section heads and tour the library and computer facilities. Each year, several high-level delegations from the developing countries visit the Centre to learn more about its training and research activities and facilities. But this visit was different. In many ways, it symbolises the Centre's evolving relationship with the developing world's more advanced countries. The main purpose of the visit was to sign a five-year agreement of "enhanced co-operation" between India's Department of Science and Technology and the Centre in which the DST agreed "to support 20 study visits of Indian mathematicians and theoretical physicists every year to participate in ICTP activities."

15. December_99 Centre. The agreement will support 20 study visits of young indian mathematiciansand theoretical physicists each year. The students http://www.ictp.trieste.it/~sci_info/Highlights99/Dec99Frame.html

The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics Monthly update of activities and events December 1999 No.30 Just happened... ENHANCED CO-OPERATION WITH INDIA On 25 November, a delegation from India's Department of Science and Technology (DST), led by secretary V.S. Ramamurthy, visited ICTP to sign a five-year agreement enhancing India's co-operation with the Centre. The agreement will support 20 study visits of young Indian mathematicians and theoretical physicists each year. The students will participate in ICTP activities. The Indian government will pay for transportation costs while ICTP will cover hospitality costs. A similar agreement was signed with China in 1997. During the visit, the Indian delegation met with the ICTP heads of research groups and several Indian scientists present at the Centre. 1999 ICTP PRIZE Daniel Dominguez, professor of physics at Instituto Balseiro in Bariloche, Argentina, has been awarded the 1999 ICTP Prize. Dominguez has been honoured for his studies of vortex dynamics in superconducting materials and Josephson junction arrays. Dominguez was a post doc at ICTP from 1992 to 1994 and is now an ICTP associate. The 1999 ICTP Prize is named in honour of Stig Lundqvist, a long-time supporter of the ICTP who helped launch ICTP's condensed matter activities in the 1970s and chaired the Centre's Scientific Council from 1983 to 1992. The award ceremony will take place in the summer 2000. ELETTRA USERS About 150 physicists and engineers attended the 7th

16. Mathematician At MIT: Indian Wins 'junior Nobel' indian mathematicians acknowledge that attention is coming this wayafter a long time. ‘‘We haven’t had a Ramanujam in quite http://www.hvk.org/articles/0902/151.html

Search Mathematician at MIT: Indian wins ‘junior Nobel’ Author: Samar Halarnkar Publication: The Indian Express Date: September 22, 2002 URL: http://www.indian-express.com/full_story.php?content_id=9951 Introduction: IIT graduate Madhu Sudan’s work tackles problems, ‘important and deep’ India’s techies routinely use their knowledge of mathematics to try and create the next big thing, their first million—or the next. But one Indian has won international acclaim for doing nothing more than brilliant maths, part of a breed faithful to pen and paper. Madhu Sudan, a native of Chennai and IIT Delhi graduate (class of 1987) has won the 2002 Rolf Nevanlinna Prize, one of the world’s most prestigious awards in mathematics. It’s also termed the junior Nobel in mathematics, awarded as it is for ‘‘both existing work and the promise of future achievement,’’ according to the International Mathematical Union. Sudan, 35, is an associate professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and was recognised for his groundbreaking work in theoretical computer science. He was presented with the award last month in Bejing at a meeting of the International Mathematical Union addressed by the Chinese President Jiang Zemin with 4,000 people in attendance. Some of the problems Sudan—whose sister is a bank manager is New Mumbai and father a retired government officer in Delhi— has solved have practical applications, but many are purely advances limited to the realm of arcane mathematical research.

17. Thanks For Nothing :-) http//www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4649. Trifkovic indian mathematicians discovered the number zero . . . http://www.free-market.net/forums/main0211/messages/486982034.html

about map news channels ... find you are here: Free-Market.Net Freedom Network Forums Thanks For Nothing :-) click here for sponsorship information Thanks For Nothing :-) Posted by: David Tomlin LoneWolf@free-market.net ) on 25 Nov 2002 at 12:24:58 PM In-Reply-To: Islam’s Other Victims posted by Arvind Kumar on 11:37:46 AM 22 Nov 2002 http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=4649 David- That's what I was taught in school. For a fascinating discussion see http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Zero.html It is suggested that Indian mathematicians were influenced by Greek astronomers, who added a symbol for zero to the Babylonian sexagesimal system. But the Indians seem to have been the first to treat zero as a *number*, rather than a mere notational place-holder. David- It would have been kind of Trifkovic to say something about his evidence for this remarkable claim. I wonder if it is taken seriously by anyone outside of India. I wonder if it is taken seriously by anyone in India who isn't a fanatical Hindu nationalist. The article I linked above says "The Indian mathematicians could not bring themselves to the point of admitting that one could not divide by zero." If this is true I doubt their algebra got very far. An algebra that allows division by zero has a distressing tendency to yield indeterminate results.

18. Exact Quote Your Contradictions Trifkovic indian mathematicians discovered the number zero . . . Message Trifkovic indian mathematicians discovered the number zero . . http://www.free-market.net/forums/main0211/messages/369675017.html

about map news channels ... find you are here: Free-Market.Net Freedom Network Forums Exact Quote your Contradictions click here for sponsorship information Exact Quote your Contradictions Posted by: Arvind Kumar ) on 26 Nov 2002 at 12:56:07 PM In-Reply-To: Short Answer posted by David Tomlin on 11:51:57 AM 26 Nov 2002 : : : :David- That's what I was taught in school. : : And then you gave this link. : : : :http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Zero.html : :Arvind- This implies that you're refuting the original claim. I based this on the following quote you made - "It is suggested that Indian mathematicians were influenced by Greek astronomers, who added a symbol for zero to the Babylonian sexagesimal system." which is what the article says too. : David- It implies no such thing. The article *supports* the original claim, and I said as much. It doesn't. What this means is that the article claims that the indians found a use for an *already invented idea* and which they learnt from the Greeks. : The rest of your points are just as idiotic. As I already indicated, I'm out of patience with your nonsense. Learn to read. Hurts when you get caught learning history from dubious sources by Googling on the topic, doesn't it? You should learn to get historical facts from reliable sources and look at it in a scientific way (Hint: Christianity Today doesn't count as a reliable scientific source. Nor do the indian Marxists.)

19. HS2481 B) decimal place value. Around 600 indian mathematicians dropped the oldernumber systems in favour of nine symbols only Two indian mathematicians. http://www.chstm.man.ac.uk/people/agar/hs248_31.htm

course page CHSTM homepage HS2481, Week 3 Slot 1 1) Chinese Mathematics 2) Indian Mathematics Chinese Civilisation Mythical origins c3000 BC But earliest archaeological evidence is 1,600 BC for the Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty, c1000BC Period of warring feudal states intellectually fertile, 6th C BC eg Confucius Unification under Emperor Qin Shi Huangchi, 221 BC, followed by Han Dynasty (up to 3rd C AD) highly centralised bureaucracy (entry by exam, not birth) eg standard taxes, law, weights, measures, money, written script Han Mathematical Texts 1) Zhoubi suanjing ("Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven") 2) Jiuzhang suanshu ("Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art") compiled under Han, but parts date to Zhou Dynasty 246 problems on surveying, agriculture, commerce, engineering, taxation, calculation, solutions of equations, right angles sets of specific problems (like Babylonian) rather than logically ordered treatise (like Greeks) compare to guiding philosophy of Confucianism: pragmatic, didactic Number Notation 1) Multiplicative System based on powers of 10 eg 2) Counting Board see handout zero was marked by a gap (until 13th C when "0" was used) Red rods for positive numbers Black rod for negative numbers rods "flying so quickly that the eye could not follow their movement" Later the counting board gave way to the Abacus (14th Century?)

20. Indian Maths Did you know, for instance that . indian mathematicians developed the conceptof zero ? indian mathematicians developed the decimal place notation ? http://cs.annauniv.edu/~insight/insight/insight/maths/

Indian Mathematics g::ðp:iB:agy:m:D:Øv:Òat: Â:à¤iS::ðdeD:s:enD:g:. K:l:j:iev:t:K:at:av: g:l:hal:ars:öD:r.. Are you wondering if we are starting with a prayer? Well, may be. Actually, we are presenting to you the Indian encoding of the enigmatic number 'PI' up to 32 decimal places in the form of a shloka ! Isn't it mindboggling? That's Indian Mathematics for you. Welcome to the wonderful world of Indian mathematics! You've probably heard of the glorious achievements of traditional Indian thinkers, astronomers and philosophers. You would've also known about the work of such intellectuals in the field of mathematics. But did you know that mathematics was also used in day-to-day activities by the common man? It is this simplicity of Indian Mathematics that we would like to introduce you to. We are going to present to you some of the basic techniques where you can experience the power of Indian Mathematics. Before going into that, a few words about our rich tradition. Did you know, for instance that .... Indian mathematicians developed the concept of zero ?

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