41. BBC Mundo - Nobel Premia A La Alta Tecnología - 10.10.2000 Translate this page VÍNCULOS. Fundación nobel (en inglés). zhores alferov (en inglés). HerbertKroemer (en inglés). Jack Kilby (en inglés). Alan G. MacDiarmid (en inglés). http://www.bbc.co.uk/spanish/news/news001010nobelfisica.shtml

ayuda Portada Noticias Foros ... Nuestros socios BBC RADIO Programación Cómo sintonizar Martes, 10.10.2000. James J. Heckman, profesor de la Universidad de Chicago, y Daniel L. Mc Fadden, de la Universidad de Berkeley en California son los laureados por la Real Academia de las Ciencias de Suecia. Ciencias sociales Desempleo Su trabajo hizo posible, por ejemplo, calcular el efecto que un prolongado desempleo puede tener en las posibilidades de una persona para conseguir otro empleo. Búsqueda en BBC Mundo PREMIOS NOBEL 2000 Nobel de la Paz Nobel de Literatura Nobel de Medicina Zhores Alferov ... Alan J. Heeger Nota: el contenido de las páginas sugeridas no es responsabilidad de la BBC. Portada Arriba © BBC World Service Bush House, Strand, London WC2B 4PH, UK. Servicio Mundial de la BBC: temas de actualidad e información institucional en más de 40 idiomas: Elija idioma: ruso afgano birmano checo croata eslovaco esloveno griego hausa hindi indonesio kazaco kinyaruanda kirundi kirguiz macedonio persa polaco rumano serbio suahili tamil turco ucraniano uzbeco vietnamita

42. Context Weblog :: Science The *nobel prize* is being awarded to *zhores I. alferov* and *Herbert Kroemer* for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in highspeed- and opto http://www.straddle3.net/context/sci/s_001010.en.html

sci home site map about context science > physics > semiconductors october 10, 2000 nobel prize in physics 2000 To scientists and inventors whose work has laid the foundation of modern information and communication technology, particularly through their invention of rapid transistors, laser diodes, and integrated circuits (* chips The * nobel prize * is being awarded to * Zhores I. Alferov * and * Herbert Kroemer * "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics" and to * Jack S. Kilby * "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit." "The rapid development of electronic computer technology really started with the invention of the integrated circuit around 1960 and the microprocessor in the 1970s, when the number of components on a chip became sufficiently large to allow the creation of a complete micro computer. (...) Chip development has been matched by equally dynamic and powerful developments in telecommunications technology. Just as the integrated circuit has been and is a prime mover for electronic computer technology, ultra-rapid transistors and semiconductor lasers based on heterostructures of semiconductors are playing a decisive part in modern telecommunications." (* Information for the public. The Nobel Prize in Physics, 2000

43. Weblog Context :: Ciencia nobel.se/announcement/2000/phyen.html referenciasPC Webopedia http//www.pcwebopedia.com zhores I. alferov http//194.85 http://www.straddle3.net/context/sci/s_001010.es.html

sci casa mapa sitio acerca context english octubre 2000 chips El premio galardona a * Zhores I. Alferov * y * Herbert Kroemer Jack S. Kilby Information for the public. The Nobel Prize in Physics, 2000 fuente:: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 http://www.nobel.se/announcement/2000/phyen.html :: referencias PC Webopedia http://www.pcwebopedia.com Zhores I. Alferov http://194.85.224.34/pti00002.html Herbert Kroemer http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/Kroemer/default.html Jack S. Kilby http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackstclair.shtml Information for the public. The Nobel Prize in Physics, 2000 http://www.nobel.se/announcement/2000/phyinfoen.html :: comentarios de otros Semiconductor Industry Association Commends Jack Kilby on receiving the Nobel Prize for Physics http://www.semichips.org/news/archives/pr10112000_67.htm Nobel Committee Honors Fathers Of Digital Age By Brian Fuller, EE Times http://www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20001012S0014 Nobel Winner Meets Putin, Asks for Science Funding By Michael Steen, Reuters

44. Dr. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Dr. zhores Ivanovich alferov. 2000, nobel Prize for Physics Vice President, TheRussian Academy of Sciences Foreign Members, The German Academy of http://www.inamori-f.or.jp/KyotoPrizes/contents_e/laureates/profile/co_17infalfe

IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY Field Selected : Electronics Dr. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov DATE OF BIRTH: March 15, 1930 NATIONALITY: Russia Physicist, Vice President, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, The Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology BRIEF BIOGRAPHY Born in Belorussia, USSR Graduated, The Ulyanov-Lenin Electrotechnical Institute in Leningrad Engineer, The Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology Section Head, the same institute Laboratory Head, the same institute Doctor, Physics and Mathematics 1989-present Presidium Chairman, The Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) Research Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences. Director, The Ioffe Institute of Physics and Technology AWARDS AND HONORS Ballantyne Medal, The Franklin Institute, U. S. A. Lenin Prize Hewlett-Packard Europhysics Prize USSR State Prize Ioffe Prize, Russian Academy of Sciences

45. Zhores Alferov / Personalities Of St. Petersburg / Petersburg CITY / Guide To St zhores alferov. Full Member of the Russian Academy of Science. Married with daughterand son. Laureat of the year 2000 nobel Prize. Print this document http://petersburgcity.com/city/personalities/alferov/

Official Internet guide to St. Petersburg, the cultural capital of Russia Internet Explorer: add to favorites News Events Playbill ... Weather in St.Petersburg: April 17, 2003; 11:53am (GMT+3); Weather: 4C, Rain. Search: Zhores Alferov Full Member of the Russian Academy of Science. Zhores Alferov Full Member of the Russian Academy of Science. Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Science. Chairman of the Presidium of the St.Petersburg Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Science. Director of the Ioffe Physics and Technics Institute. Born March 15,1930 in Vitebsk. In 1952 graduated in Vacuum Technology from the Leningrad Ulyanov (Lenin) Electrotechnical Institute. Worked at the Ioffe Physics and Technics Institute as an engineer, as a researcher, as a head of a department. Since 1987 has been the Director of the Institute. Chief Editor of the "Physics and Engineering of Semi-conductors" magazine. In 1961 defended his dissertation on the research of bull germanic and silicon rectifiens. By the results of helerojunctions in semiconductors defended his doctoral dissertation and became Doctor of Physics and Mathematics. In 1972 became Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Science. Outstanding Russian scientist.

46. New Russian Nobel Prize Winner 2000. The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to zhores alferov, and HERBERTKROEMER for developing http//almaz.com/nobel/physics/physics.html. 1996. http://www.erw.uln.ru/n2/New Russian Nobel Prize Winner.htm

The English-Russian World SEARCH TO OUR READERS Read articles of issue: Home page Advertising Job óontact News Index Russia's Newspapers ONLINE OUR CATALOG PLEASE VISIT TO OUR SPONSOR PLEASE VISIT TO OUR SPONSOR Questions? OUR E-MAIL: Subscription Circulation erw@mv.ru Design óontent Collaboration erw@mail.uln.ru For advertising and information messages engrusworld@hotmail.com New Russian Nobel Prize Winner The obverse side of the Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature. http://www.britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/single_image/ The prize is being awarded with one half jointly to: ZHORES ALFEROV , and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics and one half to: JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/physics.html Jane Slate Siena introducing Zhores Alferov to President Bill Clinton in St. Petersburg in April 1996 Getty Conservation Institute http://web1.getty.edu/gci/conservation/11_3/profile/Profile1.html

47. NUS: KE > August 2001 > Discovering The Nature Of Science Materials science was what brought Prof Störmer and Prof Heeger, as well as twoother nobel Laureates, Professor zhores alferov and Professor Georg Bednorz http://newshub.nus.edu.sg/ke/0102/articles/nobel_laurettes.htm

menuSelected=1; prefix="../"; Aug 2001 News Discovering The Nature Of Science Nobel Laureates give public lectures at international materials science conference Prof Alan Heeger, b. 1936 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2000) for discovering and developing plastics that conduct electricity like metals University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Professor Alan Heeger, Chemistry Nobel Laureate (2000), had glass vials in his pocket while visiting Singapore last month. They contained plastic liquids materials that will unlock the door to next-generation technologies in what has been called the "plastic electronics revolution". Turning our experience of plastic as insulators on its head, Prof Heeger has created plastics that conduct electricity. His discovery has opened up a new field of carbon-based electronics. Basically, Prof Heeger altered the properties of polymers to create a new class of semi-conducting and metallic polymers. These processed polymers can be melted down into solutions. "Because these are liquids, and they can be processed so quickly and at such low cost, they offer the possibility of very low cost manufacturing that will change the structure of this area," said Prof Heeger. Scientists like Prof Heeger are creating new materials that did not exist before by discovering the nature of science. "The hardness of steel, the elasticity of the rubber band, the flexibility of a piece of wood, all of this is determined on the nano scale," said Physics Nobel Laureate (1998), Professor Horst Störmer. "By accessing these properties directly and changing them, we can create materials we cannot even dream of now. Since everything is made up of something, there are lots of things we can do".

48. St.Petersburg: Through Centuries alferov J. alferov zhores; Aliyev G. Altman N. Amossov L. Amvrossy; Andersson Karl; NiitA. Nikitin A. Nikolsky A. Nizami G; Nizami G. nobel Alfred; nobel Emmanuel; http://www.300.years.spb.ru/eng/5_persone.html

Home 300 years Contents New Materials ... Contacts These names you will meet in the materials published on our site... Abai Abu-Al-Ala Akhimov N. Akhmatova Anna ... Zorgenfrey W.

49. CNN.com - Television Research Team Win Nobel Prize - October 10, 2000 was announced that three scientists who laid the foundations of information technologyhad won this year's nobel Prize for Physics. zhores alferov from Russia http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/10/10/sweden.nobel.02/

world europe Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Television research team win Nobel prize STOCKHOLM, Sweden A team whose research led to improvements in the quality of television have received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

50. Nature Publishing Group The first nobel prize given to a Russian scientist in 22 years zhores alferov's prizewas won for brilliant work on semiconductors — research that flourished http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v408/n6811/full/

51. The Nobel Prize In Physics 2000 Through their inventions this year's nobel Laureates in physics have laid a stablefoundation for modern information technology. zhores I. alferov and Herbert http://www1.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~gammel/matpack/html/Chronics/nobel00-physics.

Foundation of modern information technology rewarded 2000 Modern information technology In today's society increasing amounts of information flow from our computers out through the optical fibres of the Internet and through our mobile telephones to satellite radio links all over the world. Two simple but fundamental requirements are put on a modern information system for it to be practically useful. It must be fast, so that large volumes of information can be transferred in a short time. The user's apparatus must be small so that there is room for it in offices, homes, briefcases or pockets. Through their inventions this year's Nobel Laureates in physics have laid a stable foundation for modern information technology. Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer have invented and developed fast opto- and microelectronic components based on layered semiconductor structures, termed semiconductor heterostructures. Fast transistors built using heterostructure technology are used in e.g. radio link satellites and the base stations of mobile telephones. Laser diodes built with the same technology drive the flow of information in the Internet's fibre-optical cables. They are also found in CD players, bar-code readers and laser pointers. With heterostructure technology powerful light-emitting diodes are being built for use in car brake-lights, traffic lights and other warning lights. Electric bulbs may in the future be replaced by light-emitting diodes. Jack S. Kilby

52. References zhores I. alferov, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.nobel.se/physics/educational/poster/2000/alferov.html,4 dec 2001. http://www.dd.chalmers.se/~malmjako/Fysikarbete/references.html

Introduction Alferov Kroemer Nobel Prize ... Applications References Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (on his seventieth birthday) , Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, Russian Academy of Sciences, ufn.ioc.ac.ru/ufn2000/ufn00_03/pers003d.pdf , 17 dec 2001 Zhores I. Alferov www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html , 17 dec 2001 Personalities of St. Petersburg, Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich , Agency "Information resources", www.ceo.spb.ru/eng/science/alferov.z.i/ , 17 dec 2001 Zhores I. Alferov , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.nobel.se/physics/educational/poster/2000/alferov.html , 4 dec 2001 Herbert Kroemer , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.nobel.se/physics/educational/poster/2000/kroemer.html , 4 dec 2001 Press Release: The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2000/press.html , 4 dec 2001 , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2000/public.html , 4 dec 2001 Presentation Speech, The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics , The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/2000/presentation-speech.html

53. Zhores I. Alferov zhores I. alferov has received a number of awards and alferov is a Deputy of theState Duma (member of Heterostructures and the nobel Prize in Physics 2000. http://www.dd.chalmers.se/~malmjako/Fysikarbete/alferov.html

Introduction Kroemer Nobel Prize Technical Description ... References Zhores I. Alferov Family Zhores Ivanovich Alferov was born in the city of Vitebsk, Belorussia, USSR, March 15, 1930. His father had top positions in the pulp and paper industry. His elder brother joined the army at 17 years of age when Soviet joined World War II in 1941 and was killed in battle in 1944. Zhores, luckily, was too young to fight in the war. Otherwise, as we shall see, information technology of today might not have been where it is at. Degrees In 1952 Alferov graduated in Vacuum Technology from the Department of Electronics at V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute of Leningrad, with first class honours. He got his Candidate of Sciences in Technology at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in 1961, and in 1970 he received his Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics at the same Institute. Positions Ever since he graduated in 1952, Alferov has worked at the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St. Petersburg. Starting off as a junior researcher, Alferov has moved his way up at the institute. In 1964 he became a senior researcher, in 1967 he was appointed head of the laboratory. Since 1987 he has held the position of Director of the Institute. At the same time as working at the Ioffe Institute, Alferov has held, and is still holding, other positions. At the St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (former V. I. Ulyanov Electrotechnical Institute of Leningrad, from which he graduated in 1952), Alferov was made Chairman of the Optoelectronics division in 1973, and in 1988 he took over the role as Dean of the Faculty of Physics and Technology. Alferov is also a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1972 he was elected a corresponding member, in 1979 a full member status was given him, and since 1989 he has been Vice President of the Academy and President of its St. Petersburg Scientific Center.

54. Ciudad Internet > Entretenimientos > Para Navegar Translate this page alferov zhores Ivanovich Presentación de la biografía y labor científica de estefísico ruso, que fue uno de los ganadores del premio nobel de física 2000 http://www.ciudad.com.ar/ar/portales/entretenimientos/links?link_id=820

55. Photos Of Academician Hasan Abdullayev (Ôîòîãðàôèè àêàäåìèêà Academician Abdullayev with academician zhores alferov, nobel Laureatein Physics. Copyright (c) 2003 Academician Hasan Abdullayev Website. http://science.zerbaijan.com/pics/abdullayev_photos.htm

Photos of academician Hasan Abdullayev French Physics Research Institute honoring visit by Academician Abdullayev with this commemorative photo (entire Institute staff in attendance). Joint research with Nobel Prize laureate academician Prokhorov and his team Joint research with Nobel Prize laureate academician Prokhorov and his team Academician Abdullayev on a semiconductor tour in Japan, 1966. Academician Abdullayev in his cabinet. Academician Abdullayev with Heydar Aliyev, leader of Azerbaijan at the time, and others Academician Abdullayev speaking, Nobel-prize winning academician Zh. Alferov in attendance. Academician Abdullayev with Nobel-prize winning academician Bogolubov. Academician Abdullayev giving his Soviet-wide famous seminars, which he found, in the Institute of Physics on Wednesday's. Academician Abdullayev with Nobel-prize winning academician Bogolubov. Academician Abdullayev with Dirochka, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. Academician Abdullayev with Dirochka, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.

56. Welcome To The Institute 2000 nobel Prize in Physics honored three IEEE members for their work in informationand communication technology. Herbert Kroemer and zhores I. alferov were http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/INST/apr2001/fnobel.html

TOC April 2003 IEEE Links IEEE Home IEEE Spectrum Online IEEE Spectrum Careers IEEE Job Site IEEEXplore OnlineStore AboutIEEE IEEE Media Advertising Join IEEE Web Account IEEE Conferences IEEE USA Career Guidance Education Ethics Financial Advantage ... Sign Up for The Institute Email Alert April 2003 - Feature Story Less than Ideal Jobs for Graduates April 2003 - Feature Story Closing In On The Next President-Elect As the race for the 2004 IEEE President-Elect gets going, voters should become better acquainted with the candidates nominated by the IEEE Board of Directors. April 2003 Mid-Year Joiners Pay Half If you've been trying to convince your colleagues to join the IEEE but have had no luck, tell them that if they join now, it's late enough in the year so they'll be paying the half-year rate. April 2003 Dues Discount Expanded for Recent Graduates in 2004 Reduced dues for recent graduates have been expanded to include all graduating Student Members, not just those receiving their first professional degree like a bachelor's or its equivalent.

57. MathNet-fields zhores I. alferov. 2000 nobel Laureate in Physics for developing semiconductor heterostructuresused in highspeed- and opto-electronics. E-mail zhores.alferov@ http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/people_nobel_Alferov

58. Pravda.RU Academician Alferov: Sience Has No Development Prospects Unless Econom prospects for development unless the national economy calls for, the RIA Novosticorrespondent quotes nobel prize winner Academician zhores alferov as telling http://english.pravda.ru/society/2003/01/30/42788.html

Jan, 30 2003 In Russian Em Portugues Russia World ... About Pravda.RU:Society:More in detail Academician Alferov: Sience Has No Development Prospects Unless Economy Calls For Science has no prospects for development unless the national economy calls for, the RIA Novosti correspondent quotes Nobel prize winner Academician Zhores Alferov as telling the Thursday visiting session of the cabinet in St.Petersburg. To him, science in St.Petersburg and country-wide is in plight: less than a half of the research potential of St.Petersburg scientists is put to use. In the opinion of Alferov, the material and technical base of St.Petersburg-based research institutes has become obsolete. The cabinet session was attended by, particularly, Valeri Goloschapov, deputy minister for industry, science and technologies; Yury Shlenov, deputy minister for education; Valentin Pashin, president of the North-Western Association of State Research Centers and Institutions and director of the Academician Krylov GNTs RF TsNII shipbuiding centre. They noted one more aspect standing in the way of scientific development - "the aging of the cadre of researchers". The average age of doctors of science in St.Petersburg /5,400/ is over 59 years and many young researchers go to work abroad, where they are better paid. Vladimir Yakovlev, governor of St.Petersburg, reported that within a month a 2003-2006 goal-oriented programme of developing the research, scientific-technical and innovation sphere of the Russian northern capital will be prepared.

59. Wired News: Three IT Pioneers Share Nobel Three IT Pioneers Share nobel. Russia's zhores alferov of AF Ioffe PhysicoTechnicalInstitute in St Petersburg and Herbert Kroemer of the University of http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,39367,00.html

Welcome to Wired News. Skip directly to: Search Box Section Navigation Content Search: Wired News Animations Wired Magazine HotBot (the Web) Three IT Pioneers Share Nobel Reuters Page 1 of 1 05:50 AM Oct. 10, 2000 PT The prestigious award, worth nearly $1 million this year, went to men who paved the way for computers, CD players and mobile telephones, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. Russia's Zhores Alferov of A.F. Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute in St Petersburg and Herbert Kroemer of the University of California at Santa Barbara share half the prize for developing semiconductors with practical uses from cellphones to barcode readers. Jack Kilby of U.S. electronics group Texas Instruments Inc takes the other half for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit, or computer chip. Story Tools See also Tapping the Net's Consciousness Scientists Hunt for Silicon Replacement You know IT/IS Important Today's Top 5 Stories Tune Out, Turn Off, Drop Offline Pranksters: Steal This UPC Code Apple Posts Profitable Quarter Infrared Tech Scans Stop SARS ... Hopes for MS Stem-Cell Treatment "The birthday of the chip might be the most important birthday of mankind," Stanford University Physics Professor Stig Hagstrom said. "The chip has brought us a new society with a new economy." Alferov, 70, is the first Russian Nobel laureate since Mikhail Gorbachev won the peace prize in 1990 and the first Russian physics winner since 1978.

60. Premiados Los Tres Impulsores De La Tecnología De La Información | EL MUNDO Translate this page El ruso zhores I. alferov, y los estadounidenses Herbert Kroemer y Jack S. Kilby,comparten el premio nobel de Física de 2000 por sus trabajos para mejorar la http://www.el-mundo.es/navegante/2000/10/10/nobel.html

Buscar en Ariadna Noticias NAVEGACION Portada Buscador El catalejo Ariadna ... By the Face EL MUNDO Portada Ultimas noticias Escribe al Diario del Navegante Trabaja con nosotros NOBEL DE FISICA Premiados los tres impulsores de la tecnología de la información Martes, 10 de octubre de 2000 El ruso Zhores I. Alferov, y los estadounidenses Herbert Kroemer y Jack S. Kilby, comparten el galardón ESTOCOLMO El ruso Zhores I. Alferov, y los estadounidenses Herbert Kroemer y Jack S. Kilby, comparten el premio Nobel de Física de 2000 por sus trabajos para mejorar la velocidad de la transmisión de los computadores . Los tres investigadores «sentaron las bases de la moderna tecnología de la información (IT), especialmente a través de su invento de los transistores rápidos, los diodos laser y los circuitos integrados (chips)», informa el organismo. Según lo dispuesto por la Real Academia sueca de Ciencias, Alferov y Kroemer percibirán en conjunto la mitad del premio en efectivo por «desarrollar heteroestructuras de semiconductores utilizadas en electrónica rápida y en optoelectrónica». La otra mitad del galardón está destinada a Kilby, «por su participaciónen la invención del circuito integrado», indica la justificación del Nobel de Física.

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