41. So Biografias: Nobel Fisica 2 Translate this page 1947 sir edward victor appleton Descoberta da camada appleton na atmosferasuperior. Fonte principal Museu nobel * Resumos em ampliação. http://www.sobiografias.hpg.ig.com.br/RolNobF2.html

Lista dos Ganhadores dos JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON CHARLES THOMSON REES WILSON efeito Compton , e desenvolvimento da SIR OWEN WILLANS RICHARDSON lei de Richardson LOUIS-VICTOR PIERRE RAYMOND, PRINCE DE BROGLIE SIR ... CHANDRASEKHARA VENKATA RAMAN efeito de Raman WERNER KARL HEISENBERG ou de Heisenberg Dois ganhadores: PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC SIR JAMES CHADWICK Dois ganhadores: VICTOR FRANZ HESS CARL DAVID ANDERSON Dois ganhadores: CLINTON JOSEPH DAVISSON SIR GEORGE PAGET THOMSON ENRICO FERMI ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE ... EDWARD VICTOR APPLETON Descoberta da camada Appleton na atmosfera superior. LORD PATRICK MAYNARD STUART BLACKETT HIDEKI YUKAWA CECIL FRANK POWELL Fonte principal: Museu Nobel

42. Prêmio Nobel De Física Lista dos ganhadores do Prêmio nobel de Física. Powell 1949 Hideki Yukawa 1948Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett 1947 sir edward victor appleton 1946 Percy http://www.ahistoriadafisica.hpg.ig.com.br/nobel.htm

Lista dos ganhadores do Prêmio Nobel de Física 2002 Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi 2001  Eric A. Cornell, Carl E. Wieman, Wolfgang Ketterle 2000 Zhores I Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman 1998  Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips 1996  David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson 1995  Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull 1993  Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. 1992 Georges Charpak 1991  Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor 1989  Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul 1988  Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger 1987  J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller 1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1985  Klaus von Klitzing 1984  Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson

43. September 6 - Today In Science History sir edward (victor) appleton, was an English physicist, born in Bradford, whowon the nobel Prize for Physics in 1947 for his discovery of the socalled http://www.todayinsci.com/9/9_06.htm

SEPTEMBER 6 - BIRTHS Richard J. Roberts Born 6 Sep 1943 molecular biologist, the winner, with Phillip A. Sharp, of the 1993 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his independent discovery of "split genes." Louis Essen Born 6 Sep 1908 English physicist who invented the quartz crystal ring clock and the first practical atomic clock. These devices were capable of measuring time more accurately than any previous clocks. Luis Federico Leloir Born 6 Sep 1906 Argentine biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1970 for his investigations of the processes by which carbohydrates are converted into energy in the body. Ernst Weber Born 6 Sep 1901 Austrian-born American engineer who was a pioneer in the development of microwave communications equipment and who oversaw the growth of the Polytechnic Institute in New York City. Walter Robert Dornberger Born 6 Sep 1895 Engineer who directed construction of the German V-2 rocket during World War II. Sir Edward Appleton Born 6 Sep 1892; died 21 Apr 1965. Sir Edward (Victor) Appleton, was an English physicist, born in Bradford, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1947 for his discovery of the so-called Appleton layer of the ionosphere, which is a dependable reflector of radio waves and as such is useful in communication. Other ionospheric layers reflect radio waves sporadically, depending upon temperature and time of day.

44. April 21 - Today In Science History Died 21 Apr 1965 (born 6 Sep 1892) sir edward (victor) appleton, was an Englishphysicist, born in Bradford, who won the nobel Prize for Physics in 1947 for http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_21.htm

APRIL 21 - BIRTHS Michael Hartley Freedman Born 21 Apr 1951 Caso y Andrade Born 21 Apr 1922; died 30 Nov 1984. Dr. Rollo May (source) Born 21 Apr 1909; died 22 Oct 1994 American psychologist . May is the best known American existential psychologist . Much of his thinking can be understood by reading about existentialism in general, and the overlap between his ideas and the ideas of Ludwig Binswanger is great. Nevertheless, he is a little off of the mainstream in that he was more influenced by American humanism than the Europeans, and more interested in reconciling existential psychology with other approaches, especially Freud’s. In 1958, he edited, with Ernest Angel and Henri Ellenberger, the book Existence , which introduced existential psychology to the US. Paul Karrer (source) Born 21 Apr 1889; died 18 June 1971. Swiss chemist who investigated the constitution of carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins A and B Percy Williams Bridgman (source) Born 21 Apr 1882; died 20 Aug 1961. American experimental physicist noted for his studies of materials at high temperatures and pressures.He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1946 for his "invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics." He was the first Harvard physicist to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics. His first experimental work on static high pressures beginning in 1908 at first yielded pressures of about 6,500 atmospheres. Eventually, he reached about 400,000 atmospheres. During studies of the phase changes of solids under pressure, he discovered several high-pressure forms of ice. Bridgman also wrote eloquently on matters of general interest in the physics of his day.

45. Géniesenherbe.org - Prix Nobel De Physique Translate this page Le prix nobel de physique est attribué par l'Académie royale des sciences deSuède, à Stockholm. 1947, sir edward victor appleton (Grande-Bretagne). http://www.geniesenherbe.org/theorie/prix/nobphys.html

Lauréats du prix Nobel de physique Le prix Nobel de physique est attribué par l'Académie royale des sciences de Suède, à Stockholm. Année Récipiendaire Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Allemagne) Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (Pays-Bas) et Pieter Zeeman (Pays-Bas) Antoine Henri Becquerel (France), Pierre Curie (France) et Marie Curie (France) John William Strutt, 3 e baron Rayleigh (Grande-Bretagne) Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard (Allemagne) sir Joseph John Thomson (Grande-Bretagne) Albert Abraham Michelson (États-Unis) Gabriel Lippmann (France) Guglielmo Marconi (Italie) et Karl Ferdinand Braun (Allemagne) Johannes Diderik van der Waals (Pays-Bas) Wilhelm Wien (Allemagne) Nils Gustaf Dalén (Suède) Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Pays-Bas) Max von Laue (Allemagne) sir William Henry Bragg (Grande-Bretagne) et sir William Lawrence Bragg (Grande-Bretagne) NON ATTRIBUÉ Charles Glover Barkla (Grande-Bretagne) Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (Allemagne) Johannes Stark (Allemagne) Charles Édouard Guillaume (Suisse) Albert Einstein (Allemagne et Suisse) Niels Bohr (Danemark) Robert Andrews Millikan (États-Unis) Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (Suède) James Franck (Allemagne) et Gustav Hertz (Allemagne) Jean Baptiste Perrin (France) Arthur Holly Compton (États-Unis) et Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (Grande-Bretagne) sir Owen Williams Richardson (Grande-Bretagne) prince Louis Victor de Broglie (France) sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (Inde) NON ATTRIBUÉ Werner Heisenberg (Allemagne) Erwin Schrodinger (Autriche) et Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Grande Bretagne) NON ATTRIBUÉ sir James Chadwick (Grande-Bretagne)

46. 20th Century Year By Year 1947 nobel Prizes. Physics appleton, sir edward victor, Great Britain, Departmentof Scientific and Industrial Research, London, b. 1892, d. 1965 for his http://www.multied.com/20th/1947.html

Major Event/ Sports Nobel Prizes Pulitzer Prizes ... Academy Awards and Popular Movies Major Events of 1947 Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan India/Pakistan Independent Revolt Against French Rule Madagascar ... Gigantic Spruce Goose Flies Sports NBA: Philadelphia Warriors vs. Chicago Stags Series: 4-1 NCAA Football: Notre Dame Record: 9-0-0 Heisman Trophy: John Lujack, notre dame, QB points: 742 Stanley Cup: Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Montreal Canadiens Series: 4-2 US Open Golf: Lew Worsham Score: 282 Course: St. Louis CC Location: Clayton, MO World Series: New York Yankees vs. Brookyln Dodgers Series: 4-3 Popular Movies 1. The Best Years of Our Lives 2. Duel in the Sun 3. The Jolson Story 4. Forever Amber 5. Unconquered 6. Life with Father 7. Welcome Stranger 8. The Egg and I 9. The Yearling 10. Green Dolphin Street Academy Awards Best Picture: "Gentleman's Agreement" Best Director: Elia Kazan ... "Gentleman's Agreement" Best Actor: Ronald Colman ... "A Double Life"

47. Nobel Prize Winners : Physics nobel Prize Winners in Physics. Year, Article, Country*, Achievement. 1947, appleton,sir edward victor, UK, discovery of appleton layer in upper atmosphere. http://www.emsb.qc.ca/laurenhill/science/nobelph.html

Nobel Prize Winners in Physics Year Article Country* Achievement Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad Germany discovery of X rays Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Zeeman, Pieter The Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation Becquerel, Henri France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Curie, Marie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Curie, Pierre France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron U.K. discovery of argon Lenard, Philipp Germany research on cathode rays Thomson, Sir J.J. U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases Michelson, A.A. U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations Lippmann, Gabriel France photographic reproduction of colours Braun, Ferdinand Germany development of wireless telegraphy Marconi, Guglielmo Italy development of wireless telegraphy Waals, Johannes Diederik van der The Netherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids Wien, Wilhelm

48. Famous Masons Page Daylight's edward Neville da Costa Publisher of The Structure of the Atom 1923 appleton,sir edward victor - nobel Prize Winner for physics in 1947 Armstrong, Louis http://www.angelfire.com/ga/fdl746/famous.html

A SHORT LIST OF FAMOUS MASONS CAUTION! This page is still under construction Below is a short list of a few famous Masons. Please note that this list is not inclusive and that these are not the ONLY famous Masons, but a sampling of some of the better known. Aldrin, Edwin E. - Astronaut Allende, Salvador - President of Chile Andrade, Edward Neville da Costa - Publisher of "The Structure of the Atom" 1923 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor - Nobel Prize Winner for physics in 1947 Armstrong, Louis - Jazz Musician Armstrong, Neil - Astronaut Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal - President of Turkey Austin, Stephen F. - Father of Texas Bartholdi, Frederic A. - Designed the Statue of Liberty Benes, Eduard - President of Czechoslovakia Berlin, Irving - Entertainer Bertil - Prince of Sweden Bolivar, Simon - Liberator of South America Borgnine, Ernest - Actor Bradley, Gen. Omar N. - Military leader Bruce, James - Discovered the source of the Blue Nile in Abyssinia 1770 Buchanan, James - President of the U.S. Burns, Robert - The National Poet of Scotland

49. Nobel Prize Winners In Physics highpressure physics. 1947, sir edward victor appleton, 1892-1965,for his study of the physics of the upper atmosphere. 1948, Patrick http://empl.ksc.nasa.gov/nobelwin.htm

Year Winner Lifetime Contribution Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen for the discovery of x-rays Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman for their work on the influence of magnetism on radiation. Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklowdowska-Curie for his discovery of radioactivity. for their joint research on nuclear radiation phenomena. Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) for his research on the densities of the gases and for his discovery of argon Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard for his work on cathode rays. Joseph John Thomson for his research on the conduction of electricity by gases. Albert Abraham Michelson for his optical instruments and for measuring the speed of light. Gabriel Lippmann for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the interference techiniques. Guglielmo Marconi Carl Ferdinand Braun for their development of wireless telegraphy. Johannes Diderik van der Waals for his research on the equation of state for gases and liquids.

50. Nobel Prize Winners In Physics, 1901-2000 nobel Prize Winners in Physics, 19012000. 1947, sir edward victor appleton,1892-1965, for his study of the physics of the upper atmosphere. http://empl.ksc.nasa.gov/nobelwintext.htm

Electromagnetic Physics Laboratory NASA/Kennedy Space Center Local Site Navigation: Home About Services Fundamentals ... Search Kennedy Space Center Links: KSC Home KSC Site Search FAQ's Site Survey ... Headlines Nobel Prize Winners in Physics, 1901-2000 Year Winner Lifetime Contribution Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen for the discovery of x-rays Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman for their work on the influence of magnetism on radiation. Antoine Henri Becquerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklowdowska-Curie for his discovery of radioactivity. for their joint research on nuclear radiation phenomena. Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) for his research on the densities of the gases and for his discovery of argon Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard for his work on cathode rays. Joseph John Thomson for his research on the conduction of electricity by gases. Albert Abraham Michelson for his optical instruments and for measuring the speed of light. Gabriel Lippmann for his method of reproducing colors photographically based on the interference techiniques.

51. Professor Parkinson's Eclipse Website sir edward victor appleton 1892 1965 Pioneer of radio waves. edward appleton'sscientific achievements were rewarded by his in 1941 and the nobel Prize for http://www.shu.ac.uk/eclipse/resource6.html

Resource sheet six Sir Edward Victor Appleton Pioneer of radio waves Edward Appleton was born on 6 September 1892 in Bradford, England. He showed exceptional promise at school and was awarded a scholarship to study physics at Cambridge University. Whilst at St John's College, Cambridge, he attended the lectures of JJ Thompson and Ernest Rutherford and graduated in 1913 with a first class honours degree. When the First World War broke out the following year, Appleton served as a signals officer and it was during this period that he first became interested in radio. On returning to Cambridge, he worked at the Cavendish Laboratory researching vacuum tubes until his appointment as Wheatstone Professor of Physics at the University of London in 1924. In 1936, after 12 years in London, Appleton returned to Cambridge as Professor of Natural Philosophy. At the start of the Second World War in 1939, he began work for the British government as Secretary for the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and was to play a major role in the war effort. Appleton's last move was to the University of Edinburgh in 1949 to become Vice-chancellor, a post he held until his death in 1965.

52. Physics Themes Geography History History Prize Winners nobel Prize Physics.Year, 1947, appleton, sir edward victor. 1948, Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/GeogHist/histories/prizewinners/nobelprize/p

Themes History Prize Winners Nobel Prize Year Winners Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Zeeman, Pieter Becquerel, Antoine Henri ... Bragg, William Lawrence The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Barkla, Charles Glover Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Stark, Johannes Guillaume, Charles Edouard ... Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Heisenberg, Werner Karl Schrödinger, Erwin Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section Chadwick, James Hess, Victor Franz Anderson, Carl David Davisson, Clinton Joseph ... Lawrence, Ernest Orlando The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section Stern, Otto

53. By Alphabetical Order nobel Prize Laureatesin Carl David Anderson, Philip W. appleton, sir edward victor Bardeen, John http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Physics/aboutphysics/Nobelprize/alp

54. The Hindu : Nobel Laureates In Physics: Down Memory Lane nobel Laureates in physics Down memory lane. 1947 sir edward victor appleton forhis investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/10/11/stories/08110005.htm

Online edition of India's National Newspaper Thursday, October 11, 2001 Front Page National Southern States Other States ... Next Nobel Laureates in physics: Down memory lane 2001 WOLFGANG KETTERLE, ERIC CORNELL AND CARL WEIMANN for their achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates. 2000-1991 2000 ZHORES I. ALFEROV, and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto- electronics and JACK ST. CLAIR KILBY for his part in invention of the integrated circuit. 1999 GERARDUS 'T HOOFT, and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. 1998 ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN, HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations. 1997 STEVEN CHU, CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. 1996 DAVID M. LEE, DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3.

55. Encyclopædia Britannica appleton, sir edward victor British winner of the nobel Prize for Physics in 1947for his discovery of the socalled appleton layer of the ionosphere, which is http://search.britannica.com/search?ct=eb&query=Appleton Victor

56. NOBEL FÝZÝK ÖDÜLLERÝ Maynard Stuart Blackett 1947 sir edward victor appleton 1946 Percy Raman 1929 PrinceLouisvictor Pierre Raymond of this prize section 1915 sir William Henry http://www.geocities.com/fizikmuhendisligi/NobelFizik.html

ANA SAYFA FÝZÝK MÜHENDÝSLÝÐÝ FÝZÝKÇÝLER FÝZÝK TARÝHÝ ... E-MAÝL FORMU 2002 Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi 2001 Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman 2000 Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby 1999 Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman 1998 Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer, Daniel C. Tsui 1997 Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, William D. Phillips 1996 David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson 1995 Martin L. Perl, Frederick Reines 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse, Clifford G. Shull 1993 Russell A. Hulse, Joseph H. Taylor Jr. 1992 Georges Charpak 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor 1989 Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger 1987 J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller 1986 Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer 1985 Klaus von Klitzing 1984 Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William Alfred Fowler 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen, Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Kai M. Siegbahn

57. Edward chemist. Cowinner of the 1950 nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.sir edward victor appleton (1892-1965) British physicist. http://www.geocities.com/edgarbook/names/e/edward.html

For many more names, please Return to Edgar's Main Page. Edward Gender : Masculine. Language : English. Etymology Edward is a form of the Old English name, Eadweard History Edward is one of the few Anglo-Saxon names to outlive the Norman invasion and even thrive (mostly due to the veneration King Henry III had for St. Edward the Confessor). It has been consistently popular for centuries. The diminutives Ned and Ted first appeared in the 14th century. Pronunciation : ed-word Diminutives English Ed Eddie Eddy Ned Ted Teddy Alternates Edwarde Basque Edorta Dutch Eduart Eduwart French Edouard Frisian Eeltje German Eduard Hawaiian Ekualo Ekewaka Italian Edoardo Polish Edward Scandinavian Edvard Scottish Gaelic Eideard Spanish Eduardo Surnames English Edison Famous Bearers Artists and Authors Edward Hugh Sothern English poet. Edward Fairfax English poet. Edward Benlowes English poet. Edward Taylor British American colonial poet. Edward Young English poet. Edward Greene Malbone American painter. Edward Hicks American painter. Eduard von Bauernfeld Austrian dramatist.

58. NOBELPRIZE WINNERS The nobel Prize in PHYSICS Laureates 1947, sir edward victor appleton (United Kingdom,1892 - 1965) for his discovery of the so-called appleton layer of the http://www.top-education.com/gk/nobel/search/catewisesearch.asp?cattype=PHYSICS

59. ÅôÞóéïò Ïäçãüò Ðåñéïäéêþí ôçò ÖõóéêÞò S?d?a( nobel Foundation) st? site http//www.nobel.se/. Production ofextremely high pressures 1947 1924 sir edward victor appleton Physics of http://www.physics4u.gr/indexnobel.html

Ôá Âñáâåßá Nobel ÖõóéêÞò (1901-1998) Ôï Âñáâåßï áíáããÝëåôáé óôéò áñ÷Ýò êÜèå Ïêôùâñßïõ. Ï ðéï ãñÞãïñïò ôñüðïò íá ðÜñåé êáíåßò ôçí áíáããåëßá åßíáé íá óõíäåèåß ìå ôçí Óïõçäßá( Nobel Foundation) óôï site http://www.nobel.se/

60. Nobel Prize In Physics Winners 1999- nobel Prize in Physics Winners 19991901. 1947, sir edward victor appleton forhis investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the http://www.fizik.itu.edu.tr/eng/phy_nobel.html

Nobel Prize in Physics Winners 1999-1901 The prize was awarded jointly to: ZHORES ALFEROV , and HERBERT KROEMER for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics The prize was awarded jointly to: GERARDUS 'T HOOFT , and MARTINUS J.G. VELTMAN for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics. The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT B. LAUGHLIN HORST L. STORMER and DANIEL C. TSUI for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations. The prize was awarded jointly to: STEVEN CHU CLAUDE COHEN-TANNOUDJI and WILLIAM D. PHILLIPS for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light. The prize was awarded jointly to: DAVID M. LEE DOUGLAS D. OSHEROFF and ROBERT C. RICHARDSON for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. The prize was awarded for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, with one half to: MARTIN L. PERL

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