21. Nobel Prize - Neuroscience nobel Prize Neuroscience, 1976, blumberg, baruch S. 7/28/1925 to, American,Mechanisms for origin and dissemination of infection disease. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nobel.html

Nobel Prize - Neuroscience Year of Award Name(s) Birth and Death Dates Nationality/Citizenship Field of Study Golgi, Camillo 7/7/1843 to 1/21/1926 Italian Structure of the Nervous System Ramon y Cajal, Santiago 5/1/1852 to 10/18/1934 Spanish Structure of the Nervous System Gullstrand, Allvar 6/5/1862 to 7/28/1930 Swedish Optics of the Eye Barany, Robert 5/22/1876 to 4/8/1936 Austrian Physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus Wagner-Jauregg, Julius 3/7/1857 to 9/27/1940 Austrian Discovery of Malaria inoculation to treat dementia paralytica Adrian, Edgar Douglas 11/30/1889 to 8/4/1977 British Function of neurons in sending messages Sherrington, Charles Scott, Sir 11/27/1857 to 3/4/1952 British Function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord Dale, Henry Hallett, Sir 6/9/1875 to 7/23/1968 British Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Loewi, Otto 6/3/1875 to 12/25/1961 German, American Citizen Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Erlanger, Joseph 1/5/1874 to 12/15/1965 American Differentiated functions of single nerve fibers Gasser, Herbert Spencer

22. ABCNEWS.com : Nobelist Named Leader In Search For ET nobel Prize winner baruch S. blumberg has been selectedto lead a search for life in Outer Space. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/spacehunt990519.html

GO Kids GO Family GO Money GO Sports ... GO Home ABCNEWS WEB ABOUT GO NETWORK SIGN IN FREE E-MAIL HOME NEWS SUMMARY U.S. POLITICS WORLD BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE TRAVEL ESPN SPORTS ENTERTAINMENT WEATHER.com REFERENCE LOCAL ABCNEWS ON TV SCIENCE HEADLINES Another Moon for Uranus Easing Disaster's Devastation When Rare Isn't Good Enough Celebrating a Whale Hunt ... Mad or Rad SEARCH ABC.com THE CENTURY EMAIL ABCNEWS.com SEND PAGE TO A FRIEND TOOLS AND HELPERS Hunting For Space Life Nobel Prize Winner Is Up to the Challenge The Associated Press S U N N Y V A L E, Calif., May 19 Best known for his work in developing the hepatitis B vaccine, Blumberg is a senior researcher at Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. Educated at Columbia University, where he received his M.D., Blumberg later received a doctorate in biochemistry at Oxford. He previously taught biology at Stanford. How It Will Work The Astrobiology Institute formed last year ties together researchers at NASA centers, universities and elsewhere. Its researchers study not only the possibility of alien life but how life began and evolved on Earth. He said the institute would support a basic science program that included many disciplines, including astronomy, biology, geology, chemistry, and physics.

23. NIH: About: NIH Almanac: Nobel Laureates Gajdusek, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, shared theNobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Dr. baruch S. blumberg, of the http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/nobel/

Home About NIH NIH Almanac About the Almanac ... Past Issues Nobel Laureates Read about the NIH Scientists who have won Nobel prizes. Laureate Field Year Supporting NIH Institute(s) Leland H. Hartwell, U.S.A. (shared with P.M. Nurse and R.T. Hunt, U.K.) Physiology or medicine NIGMS, NCI, NCRR K. Barry Sharpless, U.S.A. (shared with W.S. Knowles, U.S.A. and R. Noyori, Japan) Chemistry NIGMS, NHLBI Paul Greengard, U.S.A. (shared with E. Kandel, U.S.A. and A. Carlsson, Sweden) Physiology or medicine NIMH, NIA, NIDA, NINDS, NIAAA, NHLBI, NIAMS Erik R. Kandel, U.S.A. (shared with P. Greengard, U.S.A. and A. Carlsson, Sweden) " NIMH, NIGMS, NINDS, NCRR James J. Heckman, U.S.A. (shared with D. McFadden, U.S.A.) Economic sciences NICHD, NIMH Daniel L. McFadden, U.S.A. (shared with J. Heckman, U.S.A.) " NIA Günter Blobel, U.S.A. Physiology or medicine NIGMS, NCI Robert Furchgott, U.S.A. (shared with L. Ignarro and F. Murad, U.S.A.) Physiology or medicine NIGMS, NHLBI, NINDS

24. NIH 1995-96 Almanac National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, shared the nobel Prize inPhysiology or Medicine with Dr. baruch S. blumberg, now of the Institute for http://www.nih.gov/about/96_Almanac/chapt7/nobel.htm

NIH Nobel Prize Winners 1968Dr. Marshall W. Nirenberg National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the key to deciphering the genetic code. Dr. Nirenberg and two other researchers, working independently, with whom he shared the prize, made major advances in understanding the chemical mechanisms by which genetic language or information is translated into various proteins that determine the nature and characteristics of all living things. Dr. Nirenberg was the first NIH Nobelist and also the first Federal employee to receive a Nobel Prize. 1970Dr. Julius Axelrod National Institute of Mental Healthshared with two scientists from Enland and Swedenthe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for independent research into the chemistry of nerve transmission. The three were cited for their "discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation." Specifically, Dr. Axelrod found an enzyme that terminates the action of the nerve transmitter, noradrenaline. He also demonstrated that some antidepressant drugs act by preventing the reuptake of noradrenaline and thus prolong its action in the brain. 1972Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen

25. Volume 11 Of Essays Of An Information Scientist, With A Foreword By Baruch S. Bl Eugene Garfield , title = Volume 11 of Essays of an Information Scientist, witha Foreword by baruch S. blumberg , url = citeseer 1986 2 nobel Prize for http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/garfield90volume.html

Volume 11 of Essays of an Information Scientist, with a Foreword by Baruch S. Blumberg (1990) (Make Corrections) Eugene Garfield Home/Search Context Related View or download: upenn.edu/essays/v13p468y1990.pdf Cached: PDF DjVu PS.gz PS ... Help From: upenn.edu/volume13 (more) Homepages: E.Garfield HPSearch (Update Links) Rate this article: (best) Comment on this article (Enter summary) Abstract: Contents, #52-53, p.3-6, December 23-31, 1990 Current Comments EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION 3501 MARKET ST PHILADELPHIA PA 19104 Volume 11 of Essays of an Information Scientist, with a Foreword by Baruch S. Blumberg Numbers 52-53 Go to Re ripnt Essays of an Information Scientist: Science Literao,, Policy, Evaluation, and Other Essays is now available. This is the 1 l th volume of a series that began in 1977, with publication of two volumes of essays written... (Update) Active bibliography (related documents): More All Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol:7, p.77-86, 1984 - Cur Re Nt (1984) (Correct) ... (Correct) Similar documents based on text: More All Essays of an Information Scientist: Of Nobel Class, Women in .. - Essays Vo Current (1992)

26. Maurice H Blumberg - ResearchIndex Document Query Foreword by baruch $blumberg I'm honored that nobel laureate baruch S. www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v13p468y1990.pdfMotivation Driven Learning for http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/cs?q=Maurice H. Blumberg

27. Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates - Biomedical Sciences Year, nobel Laureate, Country of birth. 1976, blumberg, baruch S. for their discoveriesconcerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious http://www.science.co.il/Nobel-Biomedical.asp

Israel Science and Technology Homepage HOME Search About Contact Nobel Prize Subject Biomedical Chemistry Economics Physics ... Literature Sort options Country Name Year Order A - Z Z - A Show citation Yes No Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Biomedical Sciences Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth Brenner, Sydney "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" South Africa Horvitz, H. Robert "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death" USA Greengard, Paul "signal transduction in the nervous system" USA Kandel, Eric R. "signal transduction in the nervous system" Austria Furchgott, Robert F. "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system" USA Prusiner, Stanley B. "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" USA Gilman, Alfred G. "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA Rodbell, Martin "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells" USA Varmus, Harold E.

28. About NAI The Institute's first Director. nobel Laureate Dr. baruch S. blumberg was Directorof the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI), from May 1999 to October 2002. http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/institute/about_nai.cfm

Home Site Map About NAI Lead Teams ... NAI Mission Astrobiology: Bridging the Physical and Life Sciences Astrobiology is an exciting new discipline devoted to the study of life on Earth and elsewhere in the Universe - its origin, evolution, distribution, and future. This new area of multidisciplinary study is bringing together the physical and biological sciences to address some of the most fundamental questions of the natural world. The laws of physics appear to hold universally based on astronomical and other observations obtained over many years of study. Similarly, geologists assume that the underlying mechanisms that drive geology on Earth are the same on other planetary bodies. Biologists too have recently come to realize that the study of life itself can not be fully understood unless viewed from a larger perspective than just our own Earth, prompting then to ask some the most fundamental questions in all of Science; How did living systems emerge? How do habitable worlds form and how do they evolve? Does life exist elsewhere than on Earth? What are the potentials for survival and adaptation beyond our home planet?

29. NPQ 0418-02, baruch S. blumberg THE FRONTIERS OF WARMING BY STICKING TO CLIMATE TREATY;AVOID A WEAPONIZED WORLD BY STICKING TO ABM TREATY nobel LAUREATES ON http://www.digitalnpq.org/global_services/nobel laureates/

Today's date: NOBEL LAUREATES GLOBAL VIEWPOINT GLOBAL ECONOMIC VIEWPOINT EUROPEAN VIEWPOINT NOBEL LAUREATES BALTIMORE: SCIENTISTS IN THE AGE OF TERROR AND KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMIES SHIMON PERES: IN DEFENSE OF POLITICS GUNTER GRASS: GEORGE BUSH IS A THREAT TO WORLD PEACE JOSEPH ROTBLAT: NUCLEAR THREAT IS REAL, BUT FROM THE UNITED STATES, NOT IRAQ ... MIKHAIL GORBACHEV AND SHIMON PERES: WATER: THE KEY ISSUE OF THE 21ST CENTURY

30. NPQ baruch S. blumberg is director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute based at MoffettField, Calif. He won the nobel Prize for Physiology/ Medicine in 1976. http://www.digitalnpq.org/global_services/nobel laureates/04-18-02.html

Today's date: NOBEL LAUREATES GLOBAL VIEWPOINT GLOBAL ECONOMIC VIEWPOINT EUROPEAN VIEWPOINT NOBEL LAUREATES THE FRONTIERS OF ASTROBIOLOGY: NASA LOOKS FOR LIFE IN THE COSMOS By Baruch S. Blumberg Baruch S. Blumberg is director of the NASA Astrobiology Institute based at Moffett Field, Calif. He won the Nobel Prize for Physiology/ Medicine in 1976. SAN FRANCISCO Astrobiology is the scientific study of how life interacts with the planets and other objects in our cosmos. Several fundamental questions drive this field. How did life arise? Are we alone in the universe? What is the future of life beyond our home planet? Implicit in this quest is the determination of a set of characteristics that distinguishes the living from the non-living, even though an absolute definition may not be now possible. At a time when many scientific fields are becoming specialized and narrow, astrobiology is interdisciplinary. It includes astronomers, geologists, planetary scientists, paleontologists, biologists, physicists, chemists, philosophers and others interested in the implications of the existence or non-existence of life beyond Earth. The search for life elsewhere became much more accessible when NASA and other space agencies developed the launching capability, instruments, satellites and exploratory missions to our planetary neighbors that have exploded the knowledge of our universe.

31. Premios Nobel De Medicina Premios nobel de Medicina. Año, Tema, Ganador. 1975, Baltimore, David; Dulbecco,Renato; Temin, Howard Martin. 1976, blumberg, baruch S.; Gajdusek, D. Carleton. http://fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/nobeles/nobelmed.htm

Premios Nobel de Medicina Tema Ganador Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard Dam, Henrik Carl Peter; Doisy, Edward Adelbert Erlanger, Joseph; Gasser, Herbert Spencer

32. Yale Medicine-On Campus nobel laureate baruch S. blumberg, MD, Ph.D., discussed environmental and geneticfactors of the hepatitis B virus and related liver diseases during a talk on http://info.med.yale.edu/external/pubs/ym_su99/campus/campus.htm

33. Nobel Prize - Neuroscience nobel Prize Neuroscience, 1976, blumberg, baruch S. 7/28/1925 to, American,Mechanisms for origin and dissemination of infectiondisease. http://www.univ.trieste.it/~brain/NeuroBiol/Neuroscienze per tutti/nobel.html

Nobel Prize -Neuroscience Year of Award Name(s) Birth and Death Dates Nationality/Citizenship Field of Study Golgi, Camillo 7/7/1843 to 1/21/1926 Italian Structure of the Nervous System Ramon y Cajal, Santiago 5/1/1852 to 10/18/1934 Spanish Structure of the Nervous System Gullstrand, Allvar 6/5/1862 to 7/28/1930 Swedish Optics of the Eye Barany, Robert 5/22/1876 to 4/8/1936 Austrian Physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus Wagner-Jauregg, Julius 6/5/1862 to 7/28/1930 Austrian Discovery of Malaria inoculation to treat dementia paralytica Adrian, Edgar Douglas 11/30/1889 to 8/4/1977 British Function of neurons in sending messages Sherrington, Charles Scott, Sir 11/27/1857 to 3/4/1952 British Function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord Dale, Henry Hallett, Sir 6/9/1875 to 7/23/1968 British Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Loewi, Otto 6/3/1875 to 12/25/1961 German, American Citizen Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Erlanger, Joseph 1/5/1874 to 12/15/1965 American Differentiated functions of single nerve fibers Gasser, Herbert Spencer

34. The Scientist :: Astrobiology Chief Blumberg Resigns nobel laureate grew $20 milliona-year NASA Astrobiology Institute from the groundup since becoming first-ever MADISON — baruch S. blumberg, the first http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20020416/03/

Previous Next Astrobiology chief Blumberg resigns By Harvey Black National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute , told The Scientist yesterday that he would be stepping down in five months. Blumberg, who has held the post since 1999, said he will remain at NASA until the agency appoints a new director. Blumberg, who serves on the editorial advisory board of The Scientist , declined to say why he was leaving the position, but said he had other things he hoped to do and that he was stepping down "with regret." NASA officials, he said, have asked him to stay. There was no word on a replacement for Blumberg, although the Institute is already advertising for the post. Don Savage, a NASA spokesperson, said a search committee had been formed. Blumberg received his MD from Columbia University and a PhD in biochemistry from Oxford University. The 1976 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize Blumberg, 76, said he also plans to devote more time to research. "There's incomplete work I left behind at Fox Chase Cancer Center ," he said, referring to the research center in Philadelphia where he spent the bulk of his career.

35. Columbia University Press Releases -- Nobel Winners Columbia has eight nobel laureates on its faculty at present. 1973, Konrad Lorenz(Columbia College, 192223). 1976, baruch S. blumberg (MD 1951). http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/special/nowin.html

Virgil Renzulli Associate Vice President Oct. 2001 Columbia's Nobel Prize Winners: Sixty-four persons who have taught or studied at Columbia University have won the Nobel Prize since it was first awarded in 1901. Twenty-one current or former faculty members have won the prize for work done while at Columbia; 17 Nobels have gone to other faculty or former faculty for work done elsewhere; 37 have been won by Columbia alumni. Columbia has eight Nobel laureates on its faculty at present. Faculty or alumni from the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science are indicated by an underscore Category Year Laureate Chemistry Irving Langmuir (Metallurgical Eng. degree 1903, M.A. 1906) John H. Northrop (B.S. 1912, M.A. 1913, Ph.D. 1915) William H. Stein (Ph.D. 1938) Roald Hoffmann (B.A. 1958) Herbert A. Hauptman (M.A. 1939) Sidney Altman (graduate student, teaching assistant, 1960-62) William S. Knowles (Ph.D. 1942)

36. Nobelists And Their Work Thirtysix nobel laureates are Columbia alumni Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 in 1975(physics); Milton Friedman in 1976 (economics); baruch S. blumberg in 1976 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/special/nobelists.html

Office of Public Affairs Columbia University New York, N.Y. 10027 Tel: (212) 854-5573 Virgil Renzulli Associate Vice President January 2000 Columbia Nobelists and Their Work Nicholas Murray Butler , president of Columbia, in 1931 for peace for his efforts on behalf of disarmament and international peace; Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1933 for physiology or medicine for his discoveries of the laws of heredity; Harold C. Urey in 1934 for chemistry for his discovery of heavy hydrogen; I.I. Rabi in 1944 for physics for measuring the radio- frequency spectra of atomic nuclei; Polykarp Kusch and Willis E. Lamb in 1955 for physics for work in measuring electromagnetic properties of the electron; Andre F. Cournand and Dickinson W. Richards in 1956 for physiology or medicine for their development of a technique of heart catheterization; Tsung-Dao Lee in 1957 for physics for research refuting the law of parity; Charles H. Townes in 1964 for physics for the development of the maser; Konrad E. Bloch in 1964 for physiology or medicine for cholesterol studies;

37. United Therapeutics Overview As we extended our business into infectious diseases, we strengthened our Boardwith nobel Laureate baruch S. blumberg, Ph.D., who discovered the hepatitis B http://www.unither.com/utc_sci_iadv.htm

Scientific Advisory Board We are proud of our Scientific Advisory Board. It is chaired by Sir John Vane, a Nobel Laureate who co-discovered the molecule protacyclin, upon which much of our business is based. The knowledge of our Scientific Advisory Board members is of immense value to us as we explore the use of prostacyclin-like molecules (such as Remodulin ) in cardiovascular conditions. The Scientific Advisory Board member who helps us pilot the use of variants of the prostacyclin molecule in the field of pulmonary hypertension is a globally recognized expert in this condition, clinician-scientist Robyn J. Barst, M.D. The Scientific Advisory Board at United Therapeutics plays an important role. Fortunately for us, the caliber of the scientists on our Board are second to none in our missions of developing prostacyclin-like molecules and arginine supplementation for cardiovascular medicine and proving the usefulness of iminosugar compounds for safely treating serious infectious disease. United Therapeutics Scientific Advisory Board Sir John Vane, D.Sc., F.R.S.

38. The Scientist - Oxford Names Blumberg As Balliol Master Balliol College, one of Oxford University’s 35 colleges, has named baruch S. blumbergof Philadelphia, Pa., as its next Master. nobel prizewinner blumberg is http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1988/jul/people_p26_880725.html

The Scientist 2[14]:26, Jul. 25, 1988 News Oxford Names Blumberg As Balliol Master By None Date: July 25, 1988 In a break with tradition, Balliol College, one of Oxford University’s 35 colleges, has named Baruch S. Blumberg of Philadelphia, Pa., as its next Master. Nobel prizewinner Blumberg is both the first United States citizen and the first scientist elected to head the college, which traditionally chooses scholars from the humanities. Succeeding medieval philosopher Anthony Kenny, Blumberg, vice president of population oncology at Fox Chase Cancer Center, will assume the mastership in September 1989. At that time, Kenny will leave to become secretary of the Rhodes Trust, which administers the Rhodes scholarship pro- gram. In deciding to elect Blumberg, Balliol’s fellows were influenced not only by his distinguished scientific career, but also by his fundraising contacts in U.S. universities and industry. This fall, Oxford will launch an international campaign to raise more than $176 mil- lion. As master, Blumberg will be expected to spend a substantial part of the year in residence in Oxford to teach and entertain on the college’s behalf, but he will maintain an appointment at Fox Chase as a senior scientist. In his Philadelphia role, he will be able to collaborate in research projects at the cancer center as well as establish new research and academic collaborations at oxford. “Education and science are essentially international activities, and in that sense, taking this new position is consistent with the rest of my career,” Blumberg, says.

39. Nobel Prizes HyperCounter. nobel prizes – Microbiologi, Virologi, Genetisti, Immunologi. Temin.1976 baruch S. blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek. 1977 http://150.217.100.14/didonline/anno-ii/microbiologia/2001-2002/Lezioni/nobel_pr

UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI FIRENZE DIPARTIMENTO DI SANITÀ PUBBLICA (Direttore: Prof. Nicola Comodo) Sezione di Microbiologia "Renzo Davoli" Accesso n° Nobel prizes – Microbiologi, Virologi, Genetisti, Immunologi Cliccando sull’anno o sul nome si va al sito ufficiale, dove si trovano le foto, le biografie, le motivazioni, e altro. Emil Adolf von Behring Ronald Ross Robert Koch Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran ... Stanley B. Prusiner

40. HEPATITIS B AND THE PREVENTION OF PRIMARY CANCER OF THE LIVER account of research on the hepatitis B virus (and related subjects) and selectedreprints from the laboratory of nobel laureate baruch S blumberg and his http://www.wspc.com/books/medsci/3550.html

Home Browse by Subject Bestsellers New Titles ... Browse all Subjects Search Keyword Author Concept ISBN Series New Titles Editor's Choice Bestsellers Book Series ... World Scientific Series in 20th Century Biology - Vol. 4 HEPATITIS B AND THE PREVENTION OF PRIMARY CANCER OF THE LIVER Selected Publications of Baruch S Blumberg edited by Baruch S Blumberg (Fox Chase Cancer Center, USA) This important book comprises a narrative account of research on the hepatitis B virus (and related subjects) and selected reprints from the laboratory of Nobel laureate Baruch S Blumberg and his colleagues. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the ten most common deadly infectious diseases and is responsible for 1.1 million deaths a year worldwide. Research in his laboratory resulted in the discovery of HBV and the invention of the vaccine which protects one against it. The research began as an apparently esoteric study of human biochemical and immunologic variation. This required field-work in Africa, the Arctic, the Pacific, the Americas, and in many other locations and populations. The overall goal was to identify inherited biological differences which were related to differing responses to disease-causing agents. The virus was discovered using the blood of an infected person who had developed the antibody, to detect the virus present in another infected person who had become a carrier of the virus. Screening of blood donors led to the near-elimination of post-transfusion hepatitis B. There are now national HBV vaccination programs in more than 70 countries. During the past decade these programs have strikingly reduced the prevalence of HBV in many countries and there has been a significant drop in the incidence of cancer of the liver in the vaccinated cohorts. The HBV vaccination program is now, after smoking cessation, the most widely used cancer prevention program in the world.

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