41. The Blake School: Da Vinci And Friends Newsletter May 2002 Prize Winner santiago ramon y cajal from Madrid earned the 1906 nobel Prize inMedicine for work on the nervous system, including the discovery of neurons. http://www.blakeschool.org/aaa/davinci/newsletter/0205.html

Search Da Vinci and Friends: Curriculum Where Science and the Arts Meet May 2002 Newsletter Web site: http://www.blakeschool.org/aaa/davinci/index.html Welcome to da Vinci and Friends monthly newsletter for teachers and others interested in connections between the arts and the sciences in K-12 curricula. Please forward the newsletter to friends who may be interested. You will find subscription procedures at the end of this newsletter. POTPOURRI Science and Art in Film Animation is a field in which art and science meet. One of the first movie animators, Mary Ellen Bute, made abstract images in films using numerous techniques. She claimed that one technique, the use of an oscilloscope to create the main “figures” in her work in the 1950s, was the first combination of art and science of this kind. Decades earlier, her first filmmaking effort in 1934 was inspired by collaborating with a musician who believed he could reduce all music to mathematical formulae, and she attempted to show that his system worked by using visual images to illustrate music. An article in Animation World Network describes her desire to experiment as an artist using science: “She studied stage lighting at Yale in an attempt to gain the technical expertise to create a ‘color organ’ which would allow her to paint with living light.” http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.2/articles1.2/moritz1.2.html

42. Cultura Y Temas De Actualidad :Índice De IDENTIFICADORES Translate this page nobel DE MEDICINA PREMIO nobel DE QUIMICA DE AZNAR PROGRAMA DE PSICOTERAPIA Y CREATIVIDADA DAVID RAMIREZ, PEDRO J. ramon cajal, santiago ramon EL PORTUGUES http://www.eurosur.org/DOCE/indices/cultu/I4PER_PR.html

DOCUMENTACIÓN EDUCATIVA : CULTURA Y TEMAS DE ACTUALIDAD Índice del campo "Identificadores" Identificadores.- Nombres de personas o entidades relevantes en el contenido del documento A B C D ... Z Para visualizar en pantalla el índice de este campo, seleccione en la lista de arriba la primera letra del término buscado. Para grabar este índice en su disco duro, pulse AQUÍ Volver al formulario de consulta - P - - Q - - R -

43. Breve Storia Della Scoperta Del Neurone Translate this page santiago ramon y cajal, istologo spagnolo, applicò alla fine del XIX secolo Golgie ramon y cajal furono insigniti per questo del premio nobel nel 1906 http://www.treccani.it/scuola/scuolanuova/brevestoria.htm

Breve storia della scoperta del neurone La prima rivoluzione: la cellula nervosa come macchina elettrochimica neurofisiologia comunicazione elettrica . Parallelamente e contemporaneamente altri fisiologi, come Claude Bernard, Paul Ehrlich e John N. Langley si dedicarono allo studio dei meccanismi biologici dell'azione dei vari farmaci, medicamenti e "veleni" animali e vegetali, scoprendo che essi esercitavano la loro azione legandosi a strutture specializzate sulla superficie cellulare: queste fondamentali scoperte costituirono l'avvio della moderna neurofarmacologia , ovvero lo studio della comunicazione chimica tra neuroni. La seconda rivoluzione: la teoria del neurone di Ramon y Cajal, il primo connessionista reazione nera teoria del neurone principio della polarizzazione dinamica (o connessionismo cellulare Terza rivoluzione: la sinapsi Negli anni '30 del XX secolo, avviene una nuova rivoluzione della neurobiologia. L'anatomista Charles Sherrington introdusse il termine sinapsi sinapsi chimiche e sinapsi elettriche ), anche se la maggior parte delle sinapsi fa uso di mediatori chimici. L'invenzione del

44. National Minority Health Month Honors Industry Leaders Born in 1852 in Spain, santiago ramon y cajal won the nobel Prize for Medicinein 1906 for his work on the structure of the nervous system. http://www.usnewswire.com/topnews/qtr2_2003/0410-142.html

National Minority Health Month Honors Industry Leaders U.S. Newswire 10 Apr 14:50 Sen. Frist, Reps. Rangel and Nethercutt and HHS Sec. Thompson Honored by National Minority Health Month To: National Desk Contact: Cleve Mesidor of National Minority Health Month, WASHINGTON, April 10 /U.S. Newswire/ April is National Minority Health Month! As a national kick off, the organization, National Minority Health Month (NMHM), held its 2nd Annual Awards dinner and recognized Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, U.S. Reps. Charles B. Rangel and George R. Nethercutt, Jr., HHS Secretary Tommy G. Thompson, industry leaders, and health advocates for outstanding contributions towards the elimination of health disparities among minority populations. "Each award has historical significance, connecting honorees to a tradition of improving health care for every American. NMHM is also pleased to announce a new tool to help those fighting to eliminate health disparities. NMHM is collaborating with the newly formed Alliance of Minority Medical Associations (AMMA) to publish an Annual Report on the state of minority health. The Annual

45. Nobel Prize - Neuroscience nobel Prize Neuroscience, Year of System. ramon y cajal, santiago, 5/1/1852to 10/18/1934, Spanish, Structure of the Nervous System. 1911, http://www.univ.trieste.it/~brain/NeuroBiol/Neuroscienze per tutti/nobel.html

Nobel Prize -Neuroscience Year of Award Name(s) Birth and Death Dates Nationality/Citizenship Field of Study Golgi, Camillo 7/7/1843 to 1/21/1926 Italian Structure of the Nervous System Ramon y Cajal, Santiago 5/1/1852 to 10/18/1934 Spanish Structure of the Nervous System Gullstrand, Allvar 6/5/1862 to 7/28/1930 Swedish Optics of the Eye Barany, Robert 5/22/1876 to 4/8/1936 Austrian Physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus Wagner-Jauregg, Julius 6/5/1862 to 7/28/1930 Austrian Discovery of Malaria inoculation to treat dementia paralytica Adrian, Edgar Douglas 11/30/1889 to 8/4/1977 British Function of neurons in sending messages Sherrington, Charles Scott, Sir 11/27/1857 to 3/4/1952 British Function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord Dale, Henry Hallett, Sir 6/9/1875 to 7/23/1968 British Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Loewi, Otto 6/3/1875 to 12/25/1961 German, American Citizen Chemical transmission of nerve impulses Erlanger, Joseph 1/5/1874 to 12/15/1965 American Differentiated functions of single nerve fibers Gasser, Herbert Spencer

46. Contenido Home Translate this page Se presentarán aquí los galardonados con el Premio nobel de Medicina Camillo Golgi(1843-1926) Università di Pavia, Italia santiago ramon y cajal (1852-1934 http://www.antioxidantes.com.ar/12/Art042.htm

Comentario Editorial Historia de la Medicina: Los Premios Nobel en Medicina y Fisiologial (1901-1910) Alfred Bernhard Nobel fue un hombre talentoso que adquirió conocimientos en diversas disciplinas, fundamentalmente ingeniería y química. Su ingenio inventor le permitió desarrollar a lo largo de su vida diversos descubrimientos, entre los cuales se destaca la invención de la dinamita. Los ingresos económicos que percibió de sus numerosas patentes, tanto de su país, Suecia, como de Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña le permitieron amasar una inmensa fortuna. En su testamento entregó generosamente su riqueza a instituciones científicas para que anualmente concedan un premio "a todos aquellos que en el año precedente hayan brindado a la humanidad el más grande beneficio" Nobel designó a la Royal Swedish Academy, el Royal Caroline Medico-Chirurgical Institute, y el Norwegian Nobel Committee, para que designen a los candidatos a recibir el premio Nobel de física y química, de fisiología y medicina, y de la paz respectivamente. Las instituciones citadas comenzaron a otorgar el Premio Nobel a partir de 1901, cinco años después de la muerte de su creador. Con el transcurso del tiempo, el Premio Nobel, se transformó en la máxima distinción que una persona puede llegar a recibir en reconocimiento de su talento y creatividad.

47. 1900-1909 By Kenneth L. Tyler, MD Sherrington received the nobel Prize in 1932 for physiology. of the nervous systemby ramon y cajal and others. santiago Ramón y cajal, santiago Ramón y cajal http://www.aneuroa.org/html/c20html/1900_1909.htm

Neurology from 1900-1909 Kenneth L. Tyler, MD The first decade of the 20th Century (1900-1909) saw dramatic changes and advances in virtually every aspect of neurology. The basic science framework for neurology was solidified by fundamental advances in neurophysiology, led by Sir Charles Sherrington and his collaborators. Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Sir Charles Scott Sherrington shown as a young man was a pre-eminent neurophysiologist of the first decade of the 20th Century. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System , published in 1906, was a landmark in the history of science. Sherrington received the Nobel Prize in 1932 for physiology. Equally important advances were made in the study of the histology and pathology of the nervous system by Ramon y Cajal and others. Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) This photograph of Santiago Ramón y Cajal was taken in 1899 at the time of his visit to the United States to lecture a the Decennial Celebration of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. Cajal shared the Nobel Prize in 1906 with Golgi for his work on the structure of the nervous system. He was instrumental in providing clear histological proof that nerve cells were discrete cellular units whose processes were interconnected at synapses ("neuron doctrine") rather than through a continuous reticular net. Cajal's illustration of the giant pyramidal cells (A,B) from the motor cortex of a 20 day old infant shown here are from his lecture at Clark University in 1899.

48. IBRO - International Brain Research Organization The contribution of santiago ramon Y cajal to functional neuroscience (RodolfoR. Llinás) January to the The Phineas Gage Information page; nobel prizes in http://www.ibro.org/secondary/sciissues/

Organization Structure Programmes General Committees Regional Committees ... Public Affairs CURRENT EDITION Neuroscience History on the Web COMMITTEE ON NEUROSCIENCE HISTORY Mission Statement History Links History of IBRO Visit the Nature Reviews Neuroscience History Pages free News IBRO and Nature Reviews Neuroscience have formed a collaborative link with their history of neuroscience web pages. Visitors to either these pages or http://www.nature.com/nrn/history.html will be able to see articles on the reciprocal neuroscience web page, free of charge. Objectives The aim of Neuroscience History on the Web is to present relevant aspects of the history and origins of the neurosciences throughout the world. It is part of a continuous effort on the part of IBRO to provide its members with quality educational resources related to all areas of neuroscience. Neuroscience History on the Web will include short articles on famous scientists, but will also seek to cover those less well-known neuroscientists who have made important contributions in the field. Notes to Contributors Javier DeFelipe Instituto Cajal (CSIC)

49. Nobel.05.06.51 Translate this page santiago ramon Y cajal en reconocimiento a sus trabajos sobre la estructura del sistemanervioso. N. de la R.- Una ampliación de datos referentes a cada nobel http://www.artesyletras.com.ar/NotasVarias/nobel.05.06.51.htm

50. People Nelson Mandela's courage and resolve earned him a nobel Peace Prize, the presidencyof his country and the admiration of **. santiago ramon Y cajal 18521934. http://agenda.narod.ru/people/91-100.htm

PEOPLE WHO MADE THE MILLENNIUM Top 100 people (according to opinion of LIFE magazine) THOMAS EDISON CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS MARTIN LUTHER GALILEO GALILEI ... CAROLUS LINNAEUS NELSON MANDELA He roused South Africa's black majorityand sympathizers abroadto rebel against the system of racial tyranny known as apartheid. Originally a proponent of nonviolence, he started a military wing of the African National Congress after watching police brutalize unarmed protesters in 1960. He languished in prison for a quarter century before his release in 1990. Nelson Mandela's courage and resolve earned him a Nobel Peace Prize, the presidency of his country and the admiration of millions. ROGER BANNISTER The elements were elemental: one mile, four minutes. For the longest time, perhaps forever, man could not run a mile in under four minutes. It was one of those perplexing barriers. Then, on May 6, 1954, an Englishman who was just finishing his medical studies was paced by teammates at a dual meet in Oxford, crossing the line in 3:59.4. Why did the world stand hypnotized for so long before a wall that didn't exist? Hard to say. But when Roger Gilbert Bannister showed us it can be done, dreams were encouraged, and human potential was suddenly seen as limitless. Bannister made us question and then redefine our concepts of human possibility. LEO TOLSTOY The son of a Russian nobleman, Leo Tolstoy began wrestling with questions about the purpose of life while writing Anna Karenina. He rejected the divinity of Jesus, renounced violence, condemned private property and tried to live simply, working in the fields on the estate he shared with his wife and 13 children. Excommunicated by the Russian Orthodox Church, the author of War and Peace attracted admirers from around the world, including a fellow believer in nonviolence, Mohandas Gandhi.

51. Historia Translate this page santiago ramon y cajal (1852-1934) 1906 nobel Lauredo en Medicina en reconocimientoa sus trabajos sobre la estructura del sistema nervioso. http://www.javeriana.edu.co/Facultades/Ciencias/jairo/Neurobioquimica/historia.h

Historia de las Neurociencias Camillo Golgi (1844-1926) Italian physician, noted for his studies of the human nervous system. Golgi was the first person to use silver nitrate to stain nerve tissue for microscopic examination. http://www.nobel.se/laureates/medicine-1906.html Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) 1906 Nobel Lauredo en Medicina en reconocimiento a sus trabajos sobre la estructura del sistema nervioso. http://www.nobel.se/laureates/medicine-1906.html Dibujos de Santiago Ramon y Cajal DIFICULTADES EN EL ESTUDIO DEL SNC 1. Trabajo con animales. Sociedad protectora de animales. Efectos secundarios. Libre consentimiento del sujeto. Posibilidad de interrumpir el experimento cuando el individuo lo desee. Vigilar reacciones adversas. Terapia medicamentosa (cuanto se droga al individuo). NEUROBIOQUIMICA (1995-1999) ha logrado lo siguiente: Desarrollo de Cursos de Postgrado y Pregrado. Metabolismo intermediario (pagina WEB). 3 proyectos aprobados por la PUJ Dos tesis de pregrado terminadas (4 estudiantes). Trabajo con precursores metabolicos Trabajo con inhibidores PROYECTOS Estudio de la compartimentacion del acetato en neuronas y astrocitos crecidos en cultivo primario. Dilia Dallos, M.Sc., Elza Guzman de Aristizabal, M.Sc. (propuesta).

52. Advice For A Young Investigator Excellent Book, poor translation job santiago ramon y cajal was a genius of histime, this books is an excellent A nobel laureate reveals the secrets http://www.wkonline.com/a/Advice_for_a_Young_Investigator_0262181916.htm

Book > Advice for a Young Investigator Advice for a Young Investigator by Authors: Santiago. Ramon Y Cajal,Neely Swanson,Larry W. Swanson,Santiago Ramon y. Cajal,Cajal Released: 26 February, 1999 ISBN: 0262181916 Hardcover Sales Rank: List price: Our price: You save: Advice for a Young Investigator > Customer Reviews: Average Customer Rating: Advice for a Young Investigator > Customer Review #1: Excellent Book, poor translation job Santiago Ramon y Cajal was a genius of his time, this books is an excellent description of himself and his research methods, but it is unbelievable that the translators decide NOT TO INCLUDE SOME CHAPTERS of the original! Anyone who can read Spanish should avoid this translation and go for the original Advice for a Young Investigator > Customer Review #2: A Nobel laureate reveals the secrets...

53. Continental Subastas Filatélicas S.L. Translate this page UN EPISODIO DESCONOCIDO DE LA VIDA DE DON santiago ramon Y cajal. incorporarse alEjército Carlista, figurando entre ellos nuestro Premio nobel, Don santiago http://personal.redestb.es/contisubastas/pagina_principal.htm

Rbla. Catalunya, 14, 5ª, 1ª - 08007 BARCELONA - Tel. (34) 93 317 88 46 - Fax (34) 93 412 01 31 E-mail: contisubastas@mx3.redestb.es Desde 1984 hemos realizado mas de 90 SUBASTAS públicas de FILATELIA , con piezas, cartas, pruebas, lotes y colecciones de ESPAÑA , Colonias, Europa, Ultramar y Temáticos; y otros COLECCIONISMOS como Libros, Postales, Cromos antiguos, Documentos, Guerra Civil, Publicidad, Cine, Teletarjetas, Vitolas, Monedas y Billetes, Medallas, Lotería, etc. ¿ QUÉ ESPERA A PARTICIPAR ? Las subastas de se celebran anualmente los meses de Mayo, Julio, Octubre y Diciembre. SOLICITE CATÁLOGO GRATIS DE NUESTRA PRÓXIMA SUBASTA !RECUERDE! Indique su dirección postal para recibir el catálogo por correo. COMPRAMOS LOTES Y COLECCIONES DE SELLOS DE TODO EL MUNDO, Y ADEMAS LIBROS, POSTALES,ETC... 25 CTS LILA OSCURO. ¡ EL SELLO MODERNO MAS RARO DE ESPAÑA ! Este sello de 25 cts. "lila oscuro" fue emitido en 1950, para completar el precio de la serie de Centenario, cuyo facial es de 74,75 Ptas, y que con este sello se redondeó a 75 Ptas. En la actualidad NO figura reseñado en ningún catálogo, si bién ocasionalmente se puede encontrar en subastas, ya que no se conocen más de un centenar de ejemplares. UN EPISODIO DESCONOCIDO DE LA VIDA DE DON SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL Carta enviada al Ayuntamiento de PETILLA DE ARAGÓN en 1875, por la "Junta Militar de recaudación de Impuestos a los Liberales", en la que indican los mozos que deben de incorporarse al Ejército Carlista, figurando entre ellos nuestro Premio Nobel, Don Santiago Ramón y Cajal, quién ya estaba enrolado en el Ejército, en CUBA, como Capitán-médico.

54. Advice For A Young Investigator santiago ramon y cajal was a genius of his time, this books is an excellent descriptionof himself and his research methods A nobel laureate reveals the secrets http://www.wbthub.com/Advice-for-a-Young-Investigator-0262181916

Advice for a Young Investigator Advice for a Young Investigator by Authors: Santiago. Ramon Y Cajal,Neely Swanson,Larry W. Swanson,Santiago Ramon y. Cajal,Cajal Released: 26 February, 1999 ISBN: 0262181916 Hardcover Sales Rank: List price: Our price: You save: Customer Reviews: Average Customer Rating: Excellent Book, poor translation job Santiago Ramon y Cajal was a genius of his time, this books is an excellent description of himself and his research methods, but it is unbelievable that the translators decide NOT TO INCLUDE SOME CHAPTERS of the original! Anyone who can read Spanish should avoid this translation and go for the original A Nobel laureate reveals the secrets... There are really no secrets...Ramon y Cajal warns us against several diseases of the will which affect research. He does that with great candour and much charm. I felt myself included in the category of "bibliophiles and polyglots", who collect more books and learn more languages than they could possibly use. Not that I changed: I just added guilt to my innocent vices! It adds to the charm that this book was written in the beginning of the 20th century when, well, wisdom was different. I wonder how the great scientist would react to the success of Marie Curie, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Lise Meitner, Countess Ada Lovelace (whom he could have met) and many other great women of science.

55. Perineuro: Santiago Ramon Y Cajal Translate this page santiago ramon Y cajal. Editar esta pagina Español insigne (-), el mayor cientificoespañol. (JuanBarios) Neurólogo e investigador español. Premio nobel en http://neurofisio.hn.org/wikihtml/Santiago_Ramon_Y_Cajal.html

Principal Presentacion Secciones Documentos ... Editar esta pagina Español insigne (-), el mayor cientifico español. ( JuanBarios Neurólogo e investigador español. Premio Nobel en Fisiologia y Medicina en 1906, en reconocimiento por su trabajo sobre la estructura del Sistema Nervioso Nació en Petilla de Aragón, en la provincia de Navarra el 1 de marzo de 1852, y murió en Madrid el 18 de octubre de 1934. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1906/

56. Nelson Lecture 1 Camillio Golgi and santiago ramon y cajal shared nobel Prize for Physiologyor Medicine in 1906 Golgi and cajal were archrivals. http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/courses/physl341/Lec1_small.html

Physiology 341 - Spring 2000 Comparative Neurophysiology Prof. Mark Nelson These Physl 341 notes are modified from Bio 303 lecture notes , originally prepared by Dr. Paul Patton. Lecture 1 Required reading: Eckert Chapter 5, The Physical Basis of Neuronal Function Why use the comparative approach? Study different species to illuminate general principles of nervous system function, including those relevant to human brain function. Particular species are often chosen as model systems for their usefulness in addressing general neurobiological issues. Examples where animal studies illuminate general principles of nervous system function Electrical properties of nerve cells - Originally studied in squid (cool site) because some nerve cells in squid are exceptionally large Chemical communication between nerve cells- Basic principles of synaptic function worked out at frog neuromuscular junction Visual processing- Properties of how nerves respond to stimuli first worked out in horseshoe crab (pic) , a marine arthropod Neurophysiology of taste- Response of sense organs on tongue to various tastes first worked out in salamander Pattern generation and motor control- Study of flight control in locusts revealed important general features of motor control Learning and memory- Studies of the sea slug Aplysia (cool site) revealed important principles about the cellular basis of memory Why choose a particular animal?

57. Nelson Lecture 1 Camillio Golgi and santiago ramon y cajal shared nobel Prize for Physiologyor Medicine in 1906. Golgi and cajal were archrivals. http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/courses/physl341/Lec1.html

Physiology 341 - Spring 2000 Comparative Neurophysiology Prof. Mark Nelson These Physl 341 notes are modified from Bio 303 lecture notes , originally prepared by Dr. Paul Patton. Lecture 1 Required reading: Eckert Chapter 5, The Physical Basis of Neuronal Function Why use the comparative approach? Study different species to illuminate general principles of nervous system function, including those relevant to human brain function. Particular species are often chosen as model systems for their usefulness in addressing general neurobiological issues. Examples where animal studies illuminate general principles of nervous system function Electrical properties of nerve cells - Originally studied in squid (cool site) because some nerve cells in squid are exceptionally large Chemical communication between nerve cells- Basic principles of synaptic function worked out at frog neuromuscular junction Visual processing- Properties of how nerves respond to stimuli first worked out in horseshoe crab (pic) , a marine arthropod Neurophysiology of taste- Response of sense organs on tongue to various tastes first worked out in salamander Pattern generation and motor control- Study of flight control in locusts revealed important general features of motor control Learning and memory- Studies of the sea slug Aplysia (cool site) revealed important principles about the cellular basis of memory Why choose a particular animal?

58. SIMR - Centenary Survey Of Nobel Laureates and sickle cell anaemia. Sir John Vane, nobel Prizewinner 1982. 1906 Camillo GOLGIand santiago ramon Y cajal - discover important items in the anatomy of http://www.simr.org.uk/pages/nobel/time_line.html

Home Biotechnology Celebrity support Benefits of animal research ... Links Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology and Medicine (1900 -1909) Alfred Bernhard Nobel Nobel Survey Index Photo: Wellcome Institute Library The Timeline "The medicines of tomorrow will depend upon research being done today, for which animal experimentation is essential. Ignore the need for that research and we shall lose the cures that we are entitled to expect in the next 50 years for illnesses that afflict hundreds of millions of people such as cancer, heart disease, viral diseases, malaria, schistosomiasis and sickle cell anaemia." - Sir John Vane, Nobel Prizewinner 1982 Emil Adolf von BEHRING - develops use of serum treatment especially in diphtheria. Sir Ronald ROSS - discovers the life cycle of the malaria parasite in humans and mosquitos. Niels Ryberg FINSEN - invents treatment of diseases, especially skin tuberculosis, with UV light. Ivan Petrovich PAVLOV - discovers the physiology of digestion.

59. Brain, Nobel Prize, Neuroscience, ³ú, ½Å°æ°úÇÐ, µÎ³ú, ³ëº§»ó nobel Prize Neuroscience 1906 Golgi, Camillo Italian Structure of the NervousSystem 1906 ramon y cajal, santiago Spanish Structure of the Nervous http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~neuro/kns/tutor/nobeltxt.html

Nobel Prize - Neuroscience YearName-Nationality/CitizenshipWork 1906: [Golgi, Camillo] Italian [Structure of the Nervous System] 1906: [Ramon y Cajal, Santiago] Spanish [Structure of the Nervous System] 1911: [Gullstrand, Allvar] Swedish [Optics of the eye] 1914: [Barany, Robert] Austrian [Vestibular apparatus] 1927: [Wagner-Jauregg, J.] Austrian [Malaria to treat dementia para.] 1932: [Adrian, Edgar Douglas] British [Function of neurons (messages)] 1932: [Sherrington, Charles S.] British [Function of neurons (brain)] 1936: [Dale, Henry Hallett] British [Chemical transmission (nerves)] 1936; [Loewi, Otto] German, Amer. [Chemical transmission (nerves)] 1944: [Erlanger, Joseph] American [Functions of single nerve fiber] 1944: [Gasser, Herbert Spencer] American [Functions of single nerve fiber] 1949: [Egas Moniz, A.C.A.F.] Portuguese [Leucotomy for certain psychoses] 1949: [Hess, Walter Rudolph] Swiss ["Interbrain" (internal organs)]

60. Www.solids.caltech.edu/local/computations/escudos/nobeles healthy cells intact. santiago ramon y cajal , (18521934), Spain,nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, 1906. santiago Ramsn y http://www.solids.caltech.edu/local/computations/escudos/nobeles

Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1917. Argentinian scientist and activist Bernardo Houssay was recognized by the Academy for "his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugars". Although Houssay's major interest was in the endocrine glands and the pituitary, his research produced significant results on the physiology of circulation and respiration, the process of immunity, the nervous system, digestion, and snake and spider venoms. He was also recognized as an activist leader in the promotion of democracy, education, and scientific research in Argentina. Luis Federico Leloir (1906- ), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1970. Luis Leloir was awarded the Nobel Prize for "his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates". Leloir, working in simple circumstances, isolated uridine diphosphate glucose and showed that it was incorporated into glycogen in the presence of a liver enzyme. He also worked out the mechanism of synthesis of starch. Leloir's discoveriesthat the sugar nucleotides are principal actors in interconversion of sugars and polysaccharide formationled to additional research in carbohydrate metabolism and on the medical implications of the discoveries. Cesar Milstein (1927- ), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1980. Cisar Milstein shared the Nobel Prize for "pioneering contributions to the theory and techniques of immunology, which were said to lay the basis for advances in medical areas such as cancer treatment and the detection of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In work with his colaureate Georges J. F. Koehler, Milstein developed the techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies, antibodies with a specific affinity for certain sites in the body that might find diseased cells but leave healthy cells intact. Santiago Ramon y Cajal , (1852-1934), Spain, Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, 1906. Santiago Ramsn y Cajal was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the structure of the nervous system. His major contributions were in adapting Golgi's silver nitrate staining techniques to thick sections of embryonic material, in formulating theories of nervous system structure and nerve impulse transmission, and in explaining the areas of traumatic degeneration and regeneration of nervous structures. He was also a notable author and Spanish statesman, always concerned about the status of Spain and the Spanish language. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz Severo Ochoa, (1905-1993), SPAIN Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, 1959. Severo Ochoa shared the Nobel Prize for "his contributions to the discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid". His research on high-energy phosphates and their role in the body's energy processes resulted in the discovery and application of the enzyme polynucleotyde phosphorilase, which catalizes the synthesis of RNA. Baruj Benacerraf (1920- ), Venezuela, Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1980 Benacerraf gained the Nobel Prize, along with his colleagues Dausset and Snell "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. They have been responsible for turning what at first appeared as an esoteric area of basic research on inbred mice into a major biological system of the greatest significance for the understanding of cell recognition, immune responses and graft rejection."

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