21. Nature Publishing Group three researchers to win the nobel Prize in Nervous nobels Kandel (left), Greengard(middle) and carlsson. arvid carlsson, of the University of Gothenburg in http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v407/n6805/full/

22. Carlsson, Arvid carlsson, arvid (1923). I grew up in an academic middle-class family.In Berlin. Warburg, but not Thunberg, was awarded the nobel Prize. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/C/Carlsson/Carls

Carlsson, Arvid I grew up in an academic middle-class family. In 1926, when I was 3 years old, my father was appointed professor of history at the University of Lund, Sweden, and moved there with his family from Uppsala, Sweden. My mother had passed a master-of-arts examination and my father a Ph.D. degree at the University of Uppsala. My mother had a keen interest in research throughout her life but gave priority to raising her children and to assisting her husband in his research. However, when her husband died at the age of 76 she, then 71 years old, started to devote herself entirely to her favorite area of research, that is the legal status of women in the Middle Ages in Sweden. She published a couple of books and a number of articles on this subject in Swedish, which rendered her an honorary Ph.D. degree at the University of Uppsala several years later. We were four children in the family, and we were all to take academic degrees at different levels. The family had a strong orientation toward humanities. However, in contrast to my elder brother and sister, who also chose humanities, I decided to study medicine, and my 7 years younger brother later joined me. The reason for this deviating behavior of mine was partly the kind of opposition often occurring in youngsters, partly some vague idea of science being more "useful than arts.

23. Aftonbladet Nyheter: Svensk Hjärnforskare Får Nobelpris I Medicin arvid carlsson. Foto AP nobelstiftelsens hemsida www.nobel.se. Svenskhjärnforskare får nobelpris i medicin ”Vad jag ska göra http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/0010/09/nobel.html

MUSIK NYHETER Tyck till Wap och handdatorer Kolumnister ... FONDER NYA RESOR BIL TV BOSTAD ... DEBATT NYA HOROSKOP E-KORT UNG ANNONSERA ... INFO Efternamn e-posten Arvid Carlsson. Foto: AP Nobelstiftelsens hemsida: www.nobel.se Annika Sohlander Tipsa Aftonbladets nyhetsredaktion: ettan@aftonbladet.se tips: 08-411 11 11 fax: 08-600 01 77 FLER NYHETER BIL Nya Aftonbladet Bil SPORT KVINNA Lotta Engbergs nya liv Stor intervju! Regeringen i Jugoslavien avgick CHATT chatt med Lena Schelin om premiepensionsvalet och chattet med bandet Lucy Street SENASTE NYTT/TELEGRAM Sverige Sport Ekonomi Martinsson: Polisen vill skada mig Nyhetsbevakaren Webbradio: Ja Nej Se resultat PENSIONS-EXTRA Allt om pensionsvalet Abba-Agnethas prylar under klubban Dansk man skickade 220 meddelanden om dagen Ja Nej Se resultat Nu hotar Barak med fullt krig EKONOMI De spelar med IT-miljarderna Kimberleys nya bostad Missade du Aftonbladet i helgen? Gunnar Fredriksson, kolumnist: ... Vinn Liza Marklunds nya deckare!

24. Aftonbladet Nyheter: Arvid Carlsson Får Nobelpriset som har hänt mig de här senaste 50 åren har jag arvid carlsson att tacka för”,säger han. Foto ROGER LUNDSTEN nobelstiftelsens hemsida www.nobel.se. http://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/0010/10/nobel.html

MUSIK TISDAG 10 OKTOBER 2000 NYHETER Tyck till Wap och handdatorer Kolumnister ... FONDER NYA RESOR BIL TV BOSTAD ... DEBATT NYA HOROSKOP E-KORT UNG ANNONSERA ... INFO Efternamn e-posten Foto: ROGER LUNDSTEN Nobelstiftelsens hemsida: www.nobel.se Hans nyfikenhet driver honom. Kerstin Danielson Svante Arrhenius Kemi Klas Pontus Arnoldson Fredspriset Litteratur Allvar Gullstrand Medicin/fysiologi Fysik Verner von Heidenstam Litteratur Hjalmar Branting Fredspriset Manne Siegbahn Fysik The Svedberg Kemi Hans von Euler-Chelpin Kemi Nathan Fredspriset Erik Axel Karlfeldt Litteratur (postumt) Arne Tiselius Kemi Litteratur Hugo Theorell Medicin/fysiologi Dag Fredspriset (postumt) Nelly Sachs Litteratur Ragnar Granit Medicin/fysiologi Fysik Ulf von Euler-Chelpin Medicin/fysiologi Eyvind Johnson Litteratur Harry Martinson Litteratur Gunnar Myrdal Ekonomi Bertil Ohlin Ekonomi Kai Siegbahn Fysik Torsten Wiesel Medicin/fysiologi Medicin/fysiologi Bengt Samuelsson Medicin/fysiologi Alva Myrdal Fredspriset Carlssons forskning har bidragit till prozac Mellan 15 000 och 20 000 svenskar lider av parkinson.

25. Nobel De Medicina Translate this page Medicina - As Descobertas Premiadas Estocolmo, 9 de Novembro de 2000 arvid carlsson,Paul Greengard e Eric Kandel ganharam o nobel de Medicina e Fisiologia por http://boasaude.uol.com.br/lib/ShowDoc.cfm?LibDocID=3908&ReturnCatID=1511

26. Biomedia - Destacamos Translate this page Los nobel de Medicina arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel.Maria Roura, 18/10/00. Biomedia (Barcelona). El más veterano http://www.biomeds.net/biomedia/R21/destacado02.htm

Portada Archivo Búsqueda Agenda ... Suscripciones Los Nobel de Medicina: Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel Maria Roura Biomedia (Barcelona). El más veterano de los galardonados con el Nobel de Medicina, Arvid Carlsson (nacido en Upsala, Suecia, en 1923) ha recibido el premio por sus investigaciones realizadas sobre la dopamina. En los años cincuenta, el investigador, que actualmente forma parte del Departamento de Farmacología de la Universidad de Göteborg , descubrió la importancia de este neurotransmisor, cuya relevancia era desconocida hasta entonces. Este investigador demostró que la dopamina se encuentra en distintas áreas del cerebro, sobre todo en los ganglios basales, relacionados con el control del movimiento. A partir de este hallazgo, Carlsson demostró la eficacia de un fármaco denominado L-dopa en el tratamiento de la pérdida de las habilidades motoras. Hoy en día este medicamento es absolutamente esencial en el tratamiento del Parkinson. Aparte del tratamiento exitoso de la enfermedad de Parkinson, los descubrimientos de Arvid Carlsson han tenido gran importancia para el tratamiento de la depresión, que es una de las enfermedades más comunes en la actualidad, y han sido fundamentales para el desarrollo de medicamentos antipsicóticos, especialmente contra la esquizofrenia. También ha contribuido fuertemente en el desarrollo de bloqueadores selectivos para captar la serotonina , una nueva generación de fármacos antidepresivos entre los que se encuentran el conocido

27. HUBIN - Human Brain Informatics Among other things, arvid carlsson is honored with the nobel Prize due to his researcharound the importance of the signal substance dopamine in the control of http://www.hubin.org/news/archive/2001/cn1/nobelprize_med_2000_en.html

CURRENT TOPICS FACTS DISCUSS LINKS ... RESEARCH Nobel Prize to Sweden It was eighteen years since it last happened, but now it finally has again. On October 9, the Nobel Committee announced that the Nobel Prize of 2000 will be awarded Arvid Carlsson, born in Uppsala, but most recently active at The Department of Pharmacology at Gothenburg University Arvid Carlsson share this years prize with American Paul Greengard and the Austria-born American Eric Kandel. They receive the prize for their discoveries concerning signalprocessing in the brain. Among other things, Arvid Carlsson is honored with the Nobel Prize due to his research around the importance of the signal substance dopamine in the control of our movements. This research led to the knowledge that Parkinsons's Disease is caused by a lack of dopamine in the brain, and that this deficiency can be reversed by the addition of L-Dopa, a substance that is closely related to dopamine. Arvid Carlsson has in the recent years made important progress in the schizophrenic field , where he has for instance proved mechanisms for drugs that are used in the treatment of schizophrenia (

28. Suicide & Parasuicide Web Site - The Suicidology Web - NEWS: The Nobel Assembly nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The nobel Prizein Physiology or Medicine for 2000 jointly to arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard http://www.suicide-parasuicide.rumos.com/en/news/20001009.htm

The Suicidology Web by, Proença, Mário R.P. NEWS Doctor's Guide Schizophrenia News Page Doctor's Guide Psychiatric disorders News Page Doctor's Guide Neurologic disorders News Page Doctor's Guide Depression News Page ... More News... 2000/OCT/09 NOBEL PRIZE PRESS RELEASE The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000 jointly to Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel for their discoveries concerning "signal transduction in the nervous system" Summary In the human brain there are more than hundred billion nerve cells. They are connected to each other through an infinitely complex network of nerve processes. The message from one nerve cell to another is transmitted through different chemical transmitters. The signal transduction takes place in special points of contact, called synapses. A nerve cell can have thousands of such contacts with other nerve cells. The three Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have made pioneering discoveries concerning one type of signal transduction between nerve cells, referred to as slow synaptic transmission. These discoveries have been crucial for an understanding of the normal function of the brain and how disturbances in this signal transduction can give rise to neurological and psychiatric diseases. These findings have resulted in the development of new drugs. Arvid Carlsson , Department of Pharmacology, University of Gothenburg is rewarded for his discovery that dopamine is a transmitter in the brain and that it has great importance for our ability to control movements. His research has led to the realization that Parkinson's disease is caused by a lack of dopamine in certain parts of the brain and that an efficient remedy (L-dopa) for this disease could be developed. Arvid Carlsson has made a number of subsequent discoveries, which have further clarified the role of dopamine in the brain. He has thus demonstrated the mode of action of drugs used for the treatment of schizophrenia.

29. NIH GRANTEES AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000 nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries in signal transductionin the nervous system. They shared the prize with Dr arvid carlsson and http://www.nimh.nih.gov/events/prKandelNobel.cfm

National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health NIH GRANTEES AWARDED NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH For release: October 9, 2000 CONTACTS: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH (301) 443-4536 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE (301) 496-5924 Long-time National Institutes of Health grantees Dr. Eric R. Kandel and Dr. Paul Greengard were awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries in signal transduction in the nervous system. They shared the prize with Dr Arvid Carlsson and together their work has improved treatments for Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia, depression and holds promise for the improvement of memory in various types of dementia. The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden announced the prizes this morning. Dr. Kandel of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior at Columbia University in New York, and Dr. Greengard of the Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science at Rockefeller University in New York received the award jointly with Dr. Arvid Carlsson of the University of Gothenburg. Dr. Ruth Kirschstein, Principal Deputy Director of the National Institutes of Health congratulated the scientists and said, "This work is very important in understanding how the more than hundred billion nerve cells in the brain communicate. I am proud that NIH has provided long-term and consistent support, to these fine scientists over decades. I would add that because of the breadth and depth of his research, Dr. Eric Kandel was a valued advisor to the NIH Director from 1995 through 1999."

30. Premio Nobel 2000 - Diario De Yucatán Translate this page Los trabajos de arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel permiten comprendermejor los mecanismos de la memoria humana y abren mejores perspectivas para el http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/nobel2000/10100001.asp

Premios Nóbel 2000 Publicación del 10 de octubre de 2000 Un científico sueco y dos estadounidenses, los ganadores del Premio Nóbel de Medicina 2000 Los trabajos de Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel permiten comprender mejor los mecanismos de la memoria humana y abren mejores perspectivas para el tratamiento del Mal de Alzheimer.— Muestran cómo la dopamina y una serie de otros mediadores neuronales ejercen su acción en el sistema nervioso.— Donativo ESTOCOLMO, 9 de octubre (France Presse).— Un farmacólogo sueco, Arvid Carlsson, y dos neurólogos estadounidenses, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel, obtuvieron conjuntamente este lunes el Premio Nóbel de Medicina, por trabajos que permitieron comprender mejor los mecanismos de la memoria y el Mal de Parkinson. Los tres científicos fueron distinguidos por el Comité Nóbel del Instituto Karolinska por sus trabajos sobre “la transmisión de la señal en el sistema nervioso”. Sus investigaciones aportaron “descubrimientos esenciales sobre un modo importante de transmisión de la señal entre diferentes células nerviosas, la transmisión sináptica lenta”, que fueron “determinantes para la comprensión de las funciones normales del cerebro y de las condiciones en las que perturbaciones en la transmisión de la señal pueden inducir enfermedades neurológicas o físicas. Desembocaron asimismo en el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos”, señaló el instituto en sus considerandos.

31. Premio Nobel 2000 - Diario De Yucatán Translate this page En el evento, los profesores arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandell fueronlaureados con el Nóbel de Medicina, cuyas respectivas medallas y diplomas http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/nobel2000/11120001.asp

Premios Nóbel 2000 Publicación del lunes 11 de diciembre de 2000 Solemne entrega de los Nóbel en Estocolmo El escritor Gao Xingjian acapara la atención ESTOCOLMO, 10 de diciembre (Notimex).—Los Premios Nóbel 2000 en Medicina, Física, Ciencias Económicas y Literatura enriquecen con sus trabajos la historia de la ciencia y la cultura del mundo, destacó hoy la Fundación Nóbel al entregar los galardones en la capital sueca. El presidente de Corea del Sur, Kim Dae-jung, recibió el Nóbel de la Paz en Oslo, Noruega (como informamos en esta misma plana), tal como estipuló el industrial sueco Alfred Nóbel cuando creó los premios. En una solemne ceremonia que presidió el rey Carlos Gustavo de Suecia, en la Sala de Conciertos, el presidente del Consejo de Administración de la Fundación Nóbel, Bengt Samuelsson, felicitó a los ganadores de este año por su relevante aportación a la humanidad. Tras el discurso inaugural, los laureados fueron presentados ante las casi 2,000 personas que colmaban el auditorio. Los primeros en recibir las preseas fueron Jack Kilby, Herbert Kroemer y Zhores Alferov, quienes compartieron este año el Premio Nóbel de Física al lograr perfeccionar el “chip”, herramienta que ha hecho de la computación uno de los grandes desarrollos de la humanidad.

32. NARSAD: Publications: Research Newsletter: Nobel Prize Winner in 2000 Not just one, but all three of this year's nobel Laureates in Medicineor Physiology have close links with NARSADarvid carlsson received NARSAD's http://www.narsad.org/pub/fall00nobel.html

NARSAD Publications Research Newsletter : Nobel Prize Winner NARSAD-Supported Researchers Win Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2000 Not just one, but all three of this year's Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology have close links with NARSAD-Arvid Carlsson received NARSAD's Lieber Prize in 1994, Paul Greengard was awarded a Distinguished Investigator grant in 1992 and the Lieber Prize in 1996, and Eric Kandel won Distinguished Investigator grants in 1995 and 2000. Their work laid the foundation for modern neuroscience, and with NARSAD's assistance, is leading to a growing understanding of the biological basis of mental disorders. Drs. Greengard and Kandel both serve on NARSAD's Scientific Council, which helps select grantees and find areas of research which deserve greater recognition and funding. Arvid Carlsson: Discovering Dopamine as a Neurotransmitter Arvid Carlsson, M.D., now Professor and Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, discovered in the 1950's that dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain, sending signals from one cell to another. Previously, researchers had believed that dopamine was just a precursor to the transmitter norepinephrine and not a neurotransmitter itself. Much of what we know about how the brain works comes from the study of these chemicals and what happens when they are out of balance. To test his hypothesis, Dr. Carlsson injected a drug called reserpine, which depletes both norepinephrine and dopamine, into rabbits. This caused the rabbits to "freeze" and become incapable of initiating voluntary movement. L-Dopa, the chemical from which the brain synthesizes dopamine, could reverse this effect.

33. Nobel 2000 nobel 2000. caly swiat dowiedzial sie, ze tegoroczna nagrode Nobla w dziedziniefizjologii i medycyny otrzymali arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard i Eric http://www.biologia.pl/nowosci/nobel_2000.phtml

34. CBS News | 3 Share Nobel For Medicine | October 9, 2000 08:24:19 The nobel Prize in medicine is the first announced this week, in a series of awards.(AP) The discoveries of arvid carlsson have had great importance for the http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2000/10/09/tech/main239540.shtml

Home America At War U.S. World ... CBS News i-Video October 9, 2000 08:24:19 The Early Show CBS Evening News 48 Hours 60 Minutes ... Section Front E-mail This Story Printable Version 3 Share Nobel For Medicine STOCKHOLM, Sweden The Nobel Prize in medicine is the first announced this week, in a series of awards. (AP) "The discoveries of Arvid Carlsson have had great importance for the treatment of depression, which is one of our most common diseases. He has contributed strongly to the development of selective serotonin uptake blockers, a new generation of antidepressive drugs." citation (AP) A Swede and two U.S. researchers won the Nobel Prize in medicine Monday for discoveries about how messages are transmitted between brain cells, work that has paid off for treating Parkinson's disease and depression. Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel will share the $ 915,000 prize for their pioneering discoveries concerning a way brain cells send messages to each other, according to the award citation. These discoveries have been crucial for an understanding of the normal function of the brain. In addition, they laid the groundwork for developing the standard treatment for Parkinson's disease and contributed to the development a class of antidepressants that includes Prozac, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute said. Carlsson, 77, is with the University of Goteborg in Sweden; Greengard, 74, is with Rockefeller University in New York; and Kandel, 70, is an Austrian-born U.S. citizen with Columbia University in New York.

35. BBC Mundo - Premio Nobel Compartido - 09.10.2000 Translate this page y del sistema nervioso recibieron el Premio nobel de Medicina, según anunció elInstituto Karolinska de Estocolmo. Los Profesores arvid carlsson, de Suecia http://www.bbc.co.uk/spanish/news/news001009nobel.shtml

ayuda Portada Noticias Foros ... Nuestros socios BBC RADIO Programación Cómo sintonizar Lunes, 09 .10.2000. Premio Nobel compartido Los Profesores Arvid Carlsson, de Suecia, y Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel, de EE.UU., compartirán el Premio de poco menos de un millón de dólares. Instituto Karolinska. Cada uno de los tres científicos abrió nuevos caminos para el tratamiento de problemas cerebrales de los que hasta entonces se sabía muy poco. Su trabajo ha creado esperanzas de que pronto se descubran maneras más eficaces de combatir enfermedades como las de Parkinson y Alzheimer. Comunicación de células Su trabajo puede contribuir a la lucha contra las muchas enfermedades en las que la dopamina es un factor clave, entre ellas el mal de Parkinson, la esquizofrenia y la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Avances Los descubrimientos del Dr Carlsson han conducido a tratamientos más eficaces para enfermedades como la esquizofrenia, la depresión y la enfermedad de Parkinson. El trabajo que realizó en la década de los años 50 en la Universidad de Lund sentó las bases para las investigaciones que condujeron después al descubrimiento del desgaste de dopamina, caracterísitico de la enfermedad de Parkinson y a su tratamiento con levadopa, aún hoy la droga más importante para frenar los devastadores efectos de esta enfermedad.

36. BBC News | HEALTH | Brain Pioneers Share Nobel Prize shed light on the workings of the brain and nervous system have been awarded theNobel Prize for Medicine. Professors arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/newsid_963000/963516.stm

low graphics version feedback help You are in: Health Front Page World UK ... AudioVideo The BBC's Robert Allen reports Greengard will use his share to support women in the sciences real Monday, 9 October, 2000, 10:28 GMT 11:28 UK Brain pioneers share Nobel prize The three winners worked on brain chemistry Three scientists whose discoveries shed light on the workings of the brain and nervous system have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine. Professors Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel were jointly awarded the prize on Monday. All three have opened up potential new avenues of treatment for brain conditions such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The scientists share an award of just under $1m. Signalling pathways Professor Greengard, currently working at the Rockefeller University in the US, has devoted more than 40 years working out how nerve cells communicate between each other on a biochemical level. In the 1970s, he revealed new information about the way the chemical dopamine affects the brain. He managed to trace the signalling pathways used by the chemical. Professor Greengard's work has applications in the fight against many conditions to which dopamine is key, such as Parkinson's, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's.

37. Nobel De Medicina Los Cerebros Que Estudian El Cerebro Translate this page El Premio nobel de Fisiología y Medicina 2000 fue otorgado a tres investigadores-arvid carlsson, Paul Greengard y Eric Kandel- que se han asomado a los http://www.buenasalud.com/lib/ShowDoc.cfm?LibDocID=3412&ReturnCatID=15

38. Cortex News & Events (AMEX COR), today announced that arvid carlsson, MD, Ph.D., corecipient of the2000 nobel Prize for Medicine, has become a consultant to the Company’s http://www.cortexpharm.com/html/news/02/04-24-02.html

News IRVINE, CA, April 24, 2002 In 2001, Donald Goff, M.D., Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and his colleagues published the first clinical study using an AMPAKINE, CX516, in patients with schizophrenia. The drug treatment resulted in improvement in measures of attention, memory and cognition, as well as other clinical symptoms. About Arvid Carlsson, M.D., Ph.D. http://www.carlssonresearch.com/ ). Dr. Carlsson has authored several hundred articles, which have helped to form the basis of modern neuropsychopharmacology. In 1975, he was elected as a Foreign Corresponding Fellow of The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he has been the recipient of many other awards, including The Japan Prize in Psychology and Psychiatry, The Research Prize of the Lundbeck Foundation (Denmark) and the Lieber Prize (USA) for research in schizophrenia. About Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Forward-Looking Statement: Contacts: Vincent F. Simmon, Ph.D. President and CEO Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

39. Arvid Carlsson Translate this page O sueco arvid carlsson, de 77 anos, foi premiado carlsson recebeu 30 prêmios e distinçõescientíficas durante carreira, sem contar o atual nobel de Medicina http://www.terra.com.br/mundo/2000/10/11/058.htm

40. 3 Share Nobel Prize In Medicine - Tuesday October 10, 2000 - The Arizona Daily W Two Americans and a Swede won the nobel Prize in medicine yesterday for arvid carlsson,Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel will share the $915,000 prize for http://wildcat.arizona.edu/papers/94/36/01_97_m.html

Contact Us Advertising Comics Crossword ... Archives Tuesday October 10, 2000 Wildcat Alum? AZ Student Media 3 share Nobel Prize in medicine By The Associated Press Two Americans and a Swede won the Nobel Prize in medicine yesterday for discoveries about how brain cells communicate - research that laid the groundwork for Prozac and other drugs for depression and Parkinson's disease. Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel will share the $915,000 prize for pioneering work that could lead to new treatments for schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, addiction and other mental disorders. "The payoffs are potentially enormous," said Dr. Stephen Hyman, director of the National Institute of Mental Health. Carlsson, 77, is with the University of Goteborg in Sweden. Greengard, 74, is with Rockefeller University in New York, and Kandel, 70, is an Austrian-born U.S. citizen at Columbia University in New York. The awards were announced in Stockholm, Sweden. They illuminated a key type of communication - called "slow synaptic transmission" - in which chemical messengers carry signals from one brain cell to another. The work has been crucial for understanding how the brain works and how diseases can arise when the system goes wrong.

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