41. APOD: 2000 January 8 - Albert Einstein Describes Space And Time Explanation albert einstein (18791955) is considered by many the greatest astrophysicistand One reason einstein was awarded the 1921 nobel Prize in http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap000108.html

Astronomy Picture of the Day Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2000 January 8 Albert Einstein Describes Space and Time Explanation: Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is considered by many the greatest astrophysicist and single most significant Person of the 20th Century . He is pictured here in the Swiss Patent Office where he did much of his defining work. Einstein 's many visionary scientific contributions include the equivalence of mass and energy (E=mc^2), how the maximum speed limit of light affects measurements of time and space ( special relativity ), and a more accurate theory of gravity based on simple geometric concepts ( general relativity ). One reason Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics was to make the prize more prestigious. Tomorrow's picture: Dwingeloo 1 Emerges Archive Index Search ... USRA NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris Specific rights apply A service of: LHEA at NASA GSFC Michigan Tech. U.

42. $1000 I Bond - Albert Einstein albert einstein is a symbol of the pursuit of truth As an international figure, einsteinfought for the cause He received the nobel Prize for physics for his http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/sav/sbieinst.htm

Click for text links Albert Einstein Physicist, Creator of Theory of Relativity, Nobel Prize Recipient With the special and general theories of relativity, Einstein replaced Newton's view of absolute time and absolute space with a new physics in which time slows down and gravity changes the shape of the universe. Albert Einstein is a symbol of the pursuit of truth through science that knows no national boundaries. As an immigrant to the United States, Einstein fled pre-war Germany and became a United States citizen. As a prize-winning physicist, Einstein replaced centuries of physics with a new and more complete view of the universe. As an international figure, Einstein fought for the cause of peace. He received the Nobel Prize for physics for his work on the photoelectric effect. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. In 1900 he graduated from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and became a secondary teacher of mathematics and physics. After two years he obtained a position at the Swiss patent office in Bern, and while there in his spare time, he completed several publications on theoretical physics. In 1905 his Special Theory of Relativity was born, and he submitted his paper on "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" to the leading German physics journal. At age 26, he applied his theory to mass and energy and formulated the equation E=mc2. He submitted one of these papers to the University of Zurich to obtain a doctorate in 1905 and in 1909 became an associate professor of physics at the University of Zurich. In 1921 a solar eclipse proved Einstein's General Theory of Relativity works, and he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics.

43. Tripod albert einstein nobel Prize Biography. albert einstein was born atUlm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later http://leiwen.tripod.com/nobelbio.htm

Help Temporarily Unavailable The Tripod page you are trying to reach has exceeded its hourly bandwidth limit. The site will be available again in 12 hours! Thank you! Are you the owner of this site? By moving to Tripod Plus, you'll get FIVE times as much bandwidth! That means you can serve FIVE times as many pages and files as you do now. You can even buy more bandwidth as you need it. Get a higher bandwidth limit today Check your bandwidth usage Go here if you have questions about bandwidth BUILD A FREE SPORTS BLOG! Build a free sports fan blog with our friends at FOX Sports! Build Now! Tripod: Home Site Map About Tripod International ... Business Development Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Lycos and

44. Einstein, Albert einstein, albert (18791955). German-born American physicist and nobel laureate,best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/E/Einstein/2.htm

Einstein, Albert Early Scientific Publications The second paper, on the photoelectric effect, contained a revolutionary hypothesis concerning the nature of light. Einstein not only proposed that under certain circumstances light can be considered as consisting of particles, but he also hypothesized that the energy carried by any light particle, called a photon, is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. The formula for this is E = hu, where E is the energy of the radiation, h is a universal constant known as Planck's constant, and u is the frequency of the radiation. This proposal-that the energy contained within a light beam is transferred in individual units, or quanta-contradicted a hundred-year-old tradition of considering light energy a manifestation of continuous processes. Virtually no one accepted Einstein's proposal. In fact, when the American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory almost a decade later, he was surprised and somewhat disquieted by the outcome. Einstein, whose prime concern was to understand the nature of electromagnetic radiation, subsequently urged the development of a theory that would be a fusion of the wave and particle models for light. Again, very few physicists understood or were sympathetic to these ideas. Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity Einstein's third major paper in 1905, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies," contained what became known as the special theory of relativity. Since the time of the English mathematician and physicist

45. Albert Einstein-Gesellschaft Bern It was this paper, for which he was awarded the nobel Prize in Physics in the year1921. The einstein Museum is a project of the albert einstein Society of Bern http://www.einstein-bern.ch/AEG_eng.html

Welcome: to the Einstein-Haus in Bern (near Zytglogge) Haus zum Untern Juker Kramgasse 49 CH-3000 BERN 8/Schweiz A memorial to the physicist and humanist Albert Einstein (1879-1955) with documental displays and a model of the photo electric effect (for map with location of the Einstein museum: see below!) Hours of opening 15. April - 31. October Tuesday - Friday Saturday Albert EINSTEIN and In 1905 here in Bern Albert Einstein announced the special theory and laid the groundwork for his epoch making general theory of Relativity. The visitor has the chance to see the 100 year old residence of the man of the century - according to Time magazine - but also to feel the spirit of the scientist , who always claimed, that his period in Bern was the happiest and most fruitful of his life. In Bern, during the period 1902-1909, Einstein published no less than 32 scientific papers. Among these are six, which he wrote as a 26 year old in his banner year, 1905. It can be argued, that several of these were worth a Nobel prize (!): The hypothesis, that

46. Hot Essays And Papers things. After albert einstein won the nobel Prizes for Physics hewas followed by photographer and reporters everywhere he went. http://www.freeessay.com/hot/essays/and/papers/history/13343619.shtml

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47. Albert Einstein Archives manuscripts which include einstein's famous formula E=mc 2 in his own handwritingand einstein's nobel Prize for Physics Certificate. albert einstein (18791955 http://www.albert-einstein.org/exhibition/

Albert Einstein Archives, The Shapell Family Digitization Project Sneak preview Some of the items featured in this preview are: Einstein's manuscript of the general theory of relativity, one of the manuscripts which include Einstein's famous formula E=mc in his own handwriting and Einstein's Nobel Prize for Physics Certificate. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) bequeathed his personal papers and literary estate to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in his Last Will of 1950. The digitization of Einstein's manuscripts is part of the National Library's Shapell Family Digitization Project in which the Library's treasures are being made accessible on the Net in digital form. The Einstein Papers Digitization Project will eventually be a joint project of the Albert Einstein Archives with the Einstein Papers Project at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California. ïééèùðééà ìù ä÷éæéôì ìáåð ñøô úãåòú ,åãé áúëá E=mc

48. Albert Einstein Archives albert einstein Biography A biography of albert einstein from the MacTutor Historyof of Science Society The Official Web Site of the nobel Foundation A review http://www.albert-einstein.org/links4.html

Links The Einstein Papers Project Find out about the publication of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein . The historical edition of Einstein's papers, jointly sponsored by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Princeton University Press. The American Institute of Physics Visit their online exhibit about Albert Einstein. Einstein Revealed Website by NOVA online, providing a penetrating profile of Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein Online This site contains a lot of links to other Einstein projects on the web. Albert Einstein Biography A biography of Albert Einstein from the MacTutor History of Mathematics Archives. PhysLink - Physics and Astromony Physics, Astronomy and Engineering - Online Education and Reference History of Science Society The U.S History of Science Society The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation A review of the Physics Prize in the last one hundred years reveals how the prize awarding institution has interpreted Alfred Nobel's intentions. Jewish-American Hall of Fame The Jewish-American Hall of Fame's exhibition of Einstein Medals from the Harry Flower Collection. UNESCO Archives Portal An international gateway to information for archivists and archives users.

49. Einstein albert einstein, a Germanborn American physicist and nobel laureate, is best knownas the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for http://www.newlisbon.k12.wi.us/physicists/einstein.html

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein, a German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate, is best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for his bold hypothesis concerning the particle nature of light. He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century. Einstein was born in Ulm on March 14, 1879, and spent his youth in Munich, where his family owned a small shop that manufactured electric machinery. He did not talk until the age of three, but even as a youth he showed a brilliant curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. At the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. In the first of these papers, on Brownian motion, he made significant predictions about the motion of particles that are randomly distributed in a fluid. These predictions were later confirmed by experiment. The second paper, on the photoelectric effect, contained a revolutionary hypothesis concerning the nature of light. Einstein not only proposed that under certain circumstances light can be considered as consisting of particles, but he also hypothesized that the energy carried by any light particle, called a photon, is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. The formula for this is E = hu, where E is the energy of the radiation, h is a universal constant known as Planck's constant, and u is the frequency of the radiation. This proposal-that the energy contained within a light beam is transferred in individual units, or quanta-contradicted a hundred-year-old tradition of considering light energy a manifestation of continuous processes. Virtually no one accepted Einstein's proposal. In fact, when the American physicist Robert Andrews Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory almost a decade later, he was surprised and somewhat disquieted by the outcome.

50. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries einstein, albert (18791955), German-born American physicist and nobel laureate,best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity http://library.advanced.org/C005358/einstein.htm

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Humanity Progress - Biographies Of Famous Scientists , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Humanity Progress - Biographies Of Famous Scientists click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Humanity Progress - Biographies Of Famous Scientists click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 2000 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption Our site is on famous scientists. We are having their biographies on our site. These biographies is concise, but also very detailed. We are having some games(or quizzes), designed for our visitors so that they can know how much they learn, after going through the biographies of the scientists. We hope that easy navigation and attractive page layout will attract the youngsters/teenagers to visit our website, and even hang out at our website. Students Yong Presbyterian High School Singapore Taavi Elva Gymnasium Estonia Misherald Caledonia High School MS, United States

51. Albert Einstein (12) albert einstein, speech in New York in December 1945. Physicistsfind themselves in a position not unlike that of Alfred nobel. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAeinstein.htm

Albert Einstein To receive your free copy every week enter your email address below. FREE Education Newsletters - choose below... Education on the Internet Teaching History Online Email: Let keep Ahead .com bring you the world by email Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email Albert Einstein was born of Jewish parents in Ulm, Germany , in 1879. He was educated at Munich, Aarau and Zurich. Disapproving of German militarism he took Swiss nationality in 1901 and the following year was appointed examiner at the Swiss Patent Office. While in this post he began publishing original papers on the theoretical aspects of problems in physics. Influenced by quantum theory developed by Max Planck in Berlin, Einstein explained the photoelectric law that governs the production of electricity from light-sensitive metals. In 1905 Einstein published his special theory of relativity. Einstein argued that the laws of nature are the same for all observers in unaccelerated motion, and the speed of light is independent in the motion of its source. Einstein postulated that the time interval between two events was longer for an observer in whose frame of reference the events occur in different places than for the observer for whom they occur at the same place.

52. - Great Books - einstein received the nobel Prize in 1921 for his 1905 work on the and expanded fromMacTutor by Russell McNeil The Great Books albert einstein This web page http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_437.asp

Albert Einstein German born theoretical physicist. Albert Einstein became a citizen of Switzerland in 1901, the year he began a temporary position as a mathematics teacher at the Technical High School in Winterthur. The following year he was hired as a technical expert at the patent office in Berne, a position he held until 1909. Einstein completed his doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905. Working in his spare time Einstein wrote three remarkable papers in the year 1905. Each was revolutionary. The first paper on the quantum nature of light (photoelectric effect) led to a Nobel prize sixteen years later. His second paper on special relativity made Einstein a household name throughout the world. His third paper provided an explanation for what had been known as Brownian motion, the random and hitherto unexplained rapid movements of very small particles suspended in fluids or in air. Einstein's explanation provided convincing evidence for the physical existence of atom-sized molecules. After 1905 Einstein made important contributions to quantum theory and sought to extend the special theory of relativity to non-inertial (i.e. accelerating) reference frames. In 1907 Einstein articulated the principle of equivalence. This idea holds that gravitational acceleration is indistinguishable from acceleration caused by mechanical forces. For example an observer moving with a reference frame accelerating at a =

53. Smider 0.38: Search [Albert Einstein]-[] Fri Nov 16 21:55:55 CET 2001 size=8092. 8. 57,7, 63,7, 22,8, 14,7, 13 November 2001, albert EinsteinWinner of the 1921 nobel Prize in Physics9;200;31 size=8764. 9 http://frank.spieleck.de/metasuch/0.38.011116-2131._Albert_Einstein_-__/

Search report for [Albert Einstein]-[] Iterate rounds=167 Total pages=8899 (SearchEnginePages=170) Visited pages=232 (characters=4358230) Total These pages (of 2925) should provide interesting information Rank T Hub Auth Cite Modified Page 04 September 2001 Albert Einstein Online[20;200;137] size=22542 30 Juni 2001 Famous People - Albert Einstein[12;200;57] size=12977 Einstein Quotes [16;200;14] size=2472 NOVA Online/Einstein Revealed/Links[9;200;30] size=9449 size=19717 size=11052 Collected Quotes from Albert Einstein[14;200] size=8092 13 November 2001 Albert Einstein Winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics[9;200;31] size=8764 10 Mai 1999 Theatre On the Square: Picasso at the Lapin Agile - Einstein Biography and Links[11;200;53] size=13507 31 August 2001 Einstein[16;200;63] size=21364 27 April 1999 Books by Albert Einstein[12;200;63] size=14505 08 Januar 2001 Albert Einstein Pictures[15;200;6] size=6115 15 November 2001 A Positive Light - Einstein's Compass[11;200;20] size=30459 Einstein-Image and Impact. AIP History Center exhibit.[17;200;20] size=3503 Einstein's Letters to Roosevelt[13;200;20]

54. Einstein Translate this page einstein, albert. travaux théoriques qui permirent la conception puis la fabricationde l'arme atomique, einstein, après la Il a reçu le prix nobel en 1921. http://hebergement.ac-poitiers.fr/l-jv-larochelle/site_eleves_2/Pages/francais/s

Einstein, Albert Né en 1879 à Ulm et décédé à Princeton (Etats-Unis) en 1955 Nationalité Suisse, puis Américaine (d'origine Allemande) Physicien Einstein a établi la théorie du mouvement brownien. En appliquant la théorie des quanta à l'énergie rayonnante, il a découvert le photon. Il est surtout l'auteur des théories sur la relativité : "relativité restreinte" en 1905, "relativité générale" en 1916. Ces théories dans lesquelles il révise complétement les notions physiques d'espace et de temps, ont profondément marqué la science et la pensée moderne . C'est là qu'il établit la célèbre relation entre la masse et l'énergie : E = mc Bien que ce soit ses travaux théoriques qui permirent la conception puis la fabrication de l'arme atomique, Einstein, après la guerre, a milité contre l'utilisation et la prolifération de cette arme. Il a reçu le prix Nobel en 1921.

55. Albert Einstein One of the greatest physicists of all time, nobel Prize winner and discoverer ofthe special and general theory of relativity, albert einstein was born on 14 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/einstein.html

Albert Einstein One of the greatest physicists of all time, Nobel Prize winner and discoverer of the special and general theory of relativity, Albert Einstein was born on 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Wurttemberg, of Jewish parents. He spent his early years in Munich where his father set up a small electrochemical business. As a boy he was fascinated by algebra and geometry, though he detested the barracks discipline of German schools. In 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich, graduating in 1900 and receiving his doctorate from Zurich in 1905. Unable to get an academic position, he took a post with the patent office in Bern while continuing to pursue his concern with the fundamental problems of physics. In 1905 he published four brilliant papers in the Annalen der Physik which were to transform twentieth-century scientific thought. He established the special theory of relativity, predicted the equivalence of mass (m) and energy (e) according to the equation e = mc2 , where (c) represents the velocity of light; he created the theory of Brownian motion and founded the photon theory of light (photoelectric effect) for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1921.

56. Einstein, Albert einstein, albert (18791955) first visited Princeton in 1921 the year before hereceived the nobel Prize to deliver five Stafford Little lectures on the http://etc.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/einstein_albert.html

Einstein, Albert Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) first visited Princeton in 1921 the year before he received the Nobel Prize to deliver five Stafford Little lectures on the theory of relativity and to accept an honorary degree. He returned again in 1933 as a life member of the newly founded Institute for Advanced Study and lived here for the remaining twenty-two years of his life. Although his two-month visit to America in 1921 was made primarily to advance the cause of the Zionist movement, Einstein accepted Princeton's invitation to deliver the tour's most extensive series of scientific lectures because he felt more had been done here in relation to this theory of relativity than anywhere else in the United States. At ceremonies in Alexander Hall, President Hibben welcomed Einstein in German and conferred on him Princeton's honorary Doctor of Science, following the reading of a citation by Dean Andrew Fleming West, who saluted him as ``the new Columbus of science, `voyaging through strange seas of thought alone.''' Scientists from all over the country packed McCosh 50 for all five lectures. Each lecture, which Einstein delivered in German, was followed with a resum‚ in English by Princeton physicist Edwin P. Adams, who was, the

57. Einstein Albert Zurich Switzerland einstein was awarded the 1921 nobel Prize in Physics ``in recognition of his alberteinstein worked from 1902 through 1909 in the patent office in Bern where http://switzerland.isyours.com/e/celebrities/bios/109.html

Home Contact Search Site map ... About Living and investing in Switzerland Home Living in Switzerland Swiss bank accounts Celebrities in Switzerland ... Search Albert Einstein Rough Guide to Switzerland Contact us About us Site map ... Swiss-bank-accounts.com Celebrities in Switzerland: Albert Einstein Home Celebrities in Switzerland Einstein, Albert (1879 - 1955) Germany Scientist Zurich / ZH Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Würtemberg, Germany and died on April 18, 1955 in Princeton, NJ, USA. Albert Einstein contributed more than any other scientist to the modern vision of physical reality. His theory of relativity is widely recognized for its revolutionary and dramatic impact in the world of science and mankind. It was developed when Einstein lived in Switzerland. Incidentally, Einstein held dual citizenships from the US and Switzerland. Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics ``in recognition of his services to theoretical physics and in particular for his discovery of the law on which photoelectric activity is based". Albert Einstein worked from 1902 through 1909 in the patent office in Bern where he was appointed technical expert. While in this office he completed an astonishing range of theoretical physics publications and announced his special theory of relativity, which required a fundamental revision in the traditionally held Newtonian views of space and time, and introduced the celebrated equation E = mc2. In 1905, Albert Einstein earned his doctorate at the University of Zurich.

58. Albert Einstein einstein was cremated and his ashes were spread at an undisclosed location.A Question. For what work was albert einstein awarded the nobel Prize? http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/einstein.html

Albert Einstein Can You Believe It? There is a crater on the Moon named after Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany. He was the first child born to Hermann and Pauline Einstein. Though he attended school as a young boy, he also received instruction at home on Judaism and violin. By the age of twelve he had taught himself geometry. At the age of sixteen he failed an exam in order to qualify to train as an electrical engineer. He remained in school and developed anew plan for his future. Einstein decided to study math and physics so he could become a teacher. Einstein thought he would be good at this because he could think mathematically and abstractly while lacking imagination and practicality. In 1896 he renounced his German citizenship. He was not a citizen of any country until 1901 when he became a citizen of Switzerland. In 1900 he graduated as a teacher of math and physics. His teachers did not think very highly of him though so he had difficulty being recommended for a job at a university. In 1901 he took a job as a temporary high school teacher and married Mileva Maritsch. The couple had two sons prior to divorcing. Einstein later married his cousin Elsa Einstein. From 1902 through 1909, Einstein worked in a patent office in Bern, Switzerland. While working in the patent office he published many papers on theoretical physics. He earned a Ph.D. in 1905. In 1905 Einstein wrote a paper on what is now known as the special theory of relativity. This paper contained two hypotheses. The first stated that the laws of physics had to have the same form in any frame of reference. The second hypothesis stated that the speed of light was a constant. Later that year Einstein also showed how

59. Theatre On The Square: Picasso At The Lapin Agile - Einstein Biography And Links Indeed, his 1921 nobel Prize was awarded not for Relativity, but for his theoryof the Photoelectric Effect. albert einstein was born on March 14, 1879, to http://www.showgate.com/tots/picasso/einslink.html

PICASSO AT THE LAPIN AGILE Home Page Box Office Press Coverage ... Pablo Picasso Albert Einstein Lapin Agile Who's Who Seating Chart Jonathan Reinis ... THEATRE ON THE SQUARE Home Page ALBERT EINSTEIN Biography and WWW Site Directory Biography Albert Einstein was probably the most famous scientist of the twentieth century. He revolutionized and reshaped scientific thinking in the modern world. By general consent he is acknowledged as the greatest theoretical physicist who ever lived. Best known as the creator of the Theory of Relativity, Einstein would still rank among the greatest scientists for his part in the emergence of quantum mechanics, for his contribution to statistical physics, and for his role as a philosopher of science and as a humanitarian. Indeed, his 1921 Nobel Prize was awarded not for Relativity, but for his theory of the Photoelectric Effect. Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879, to middle-class Jewish parents in Ulm, Germany. He disliked school because of the mindless drilling that prevailed. He much preferred to study at home, especially geometry and books on popular science. At the age of 12 these studies came into conflict with his deep religious feelings when he realized that the Bible could not be literally true. To that shocking revelation, he ascribed his lifelong distrust of authority. This no doubt led to the ease with which he was able to discard long-standing scientific prejudices. In 1900, he graduated from the Polytechnic Institute of Zurich, Switzerland. Failing to obtain a university assistantship, he was eventually hired by the Swiss Patent Office as a Probability Technical Expert, Third Class. The work was undemanding and left Einstein time to develop the momentous ideas with which his mind was teeming.

60. Science In Poland - Albert Michelson albert A. Michelson was the first nobel laureate of the University refined foundation,something that resulted, eventually, in albert einstein's formulation of http://hum.amu.edu.pl/~zbzw/ph/sci/aam.htm

Albert A. Michelson Albert A. Michelson became the first American to receive a Nobel Prize in physics, 1907. Albert Michelson married Margaret McLean Heminway in New Rochelle, New York, on April 10, 1877. They had three children before they divorced: Albert Hemingway, Truman and Elsa. After that Michelson was married to Edna Stanton. They had three children also: Beatice, Madeline and Dorothy. Find more in Michelson's Genealogy Homepage A.A.Michelson was a Mason. In 1878 Michelson began work on what was to be the passion of his life, the accurate measurement of the speed of light. He was able to get useful values with homemade apparatus. Feeling the need to study optics before he could be qualified to make real progress, he travelled to Europe in 1880 and spent two years in Berlin, Heidelberg, and Paris, resigning from the navy in 1881. Upon his return to the United States, he determined the velocity of light to be 299,853 km s , a value that remained the best for a generation. When it was bettered, Michelson bettered it. Albert Michelson, the first chair of Physics Department at Clark University at Worcester, was the first to accurately measure the speed of light. Albert A. Michelson was the first Nobel laureate of the University of Chicago for his measurements of the speed of light. It was at Clark University that Michelson conducted fundamental research leading to the determination of an international standard of measurement, the meter, in terms of a natural constant, the wave length of cadmium light. His numerous contributions to the physics of light included the invention of optical precision instruments, many of which he used in experiments that marked the beginning of modern physics.

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