61. Premios Nobel De Química Premios nobel de Química. 2000, Por el desarrollo y descubrimiento de polímerosconductores, alan J. heeger, alan G. Mac Diarmid, Hideki Shirakawa. http://fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/nobeles/nobelq~1.htm

Tema Ganador Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Van't Fischer, Hermann Emil Arrhenius, Svante August Ramsay, Sir William Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Von Moissan, Henri Buchner, Eduard Rutherford, Lord Ernest Ostwald, Wilhelm Wallach, Otto Curie, Marie Grignard, Victor; Sabatier, Paul Werner, Alfred Richards, Theodore William Willstatter, Richard Martin Haber, Fritz Nernst, Walther Hermann Soddy, Frederick Aston, Francis William Pregl, Fritz Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf Svedberg, The Wieland, Heinrich Otto Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold Euler-chelpin, Hans Karl August Von; Harden, Sir Arthur Fischer, Hans Bergius, Friedrich; Bosch, Carl Langmuir, Irving Urey, Harold Clayton Joliot, Frederic; Joliot-Curie, Irene Debye, Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Haworth, Sir Walter Norman; Karrer, Paul Kuhn, Richard Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann; Ruzicka, Leopold De Hevesy, George Hahn, Otto Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Northrop, John Howard; Stanley, Wendell Meredith; Sumner, James Batcheller Robinson, Sir Robert

62. Zientzia Eta Teknologiaren Ataria alan J. heeger. 2000ko Kimika nobel saridunaren biografia. Estatu Batuetan,Iowako Sioux City-n jaio zen1936an. 1961ean doktore-titulua http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=28

63. A Díjat Nem Lehet Háromnál Több Személy Között Szétosztani A 2000. évi kémiai nobeldíjat alan J. heeger, alan G. MacDiarmid és HidekiShirakawa kapta a vezetõ polimerek felfedezéséért és kidolgozásáért. http://www.kfki.hu/~cheminfo/hun/teazo/interju/elte/inzelt.html

Chandrasekhar x Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry *“Mechanism of charge transport in polymer modified electrodes”, Electroanalytical Chemistry , ed. A.J. Bard, Vol. 18., M. Dekker, New York, 1993. http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/

64. Nobel-díj, 2000 2000 kémiai nobeldíjasai, alan J. heeger, alan G. MacDiarmid, HidekiShirakawa. A díjat a vezetõ polimerek felfedezéséért és http://www.kfki.hu/~cheminfo/hun/olvaso/nobel00/nobel00.html

Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa S/m). x p Al/Ti(OPr) -t, majd Et o o cisz o transz cisz S/m, a transz S/m volt. x x transz cisz/transz cisz- transz- -dal 10 [CH] n + 3x/2 I —> [CH] n x+ +xI [CH] n + xNa —> [CH] n x– +xNa - vagy a Na cisz transz http://www.nobel.se/announcement/2000/cheminfoen.html polianilin polipirrol The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000: Conductive polymers (Advanced Information) Cikkek http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/

65. Nobel Prize For Chemistry nobel Prize for Chemistry alan J. heeger, alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa,2000, for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. http://www.planet101.com/nobel_chemistry.htm

Nobel Prize for Chemistry Name Year The Work William S. Knowles , USA Ryoji Noyori, Japan K. Barry Sharpless , USA for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and development of conductive polymers Ahmed H. Zewail For his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscop Walter Kohn, U.S.A John A. Pople, Great Britain "to Walter Kohn for his development of the density-functional theory and to John Pople for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry." BOYER, PAUL D., U.S.A WALKER, JOHN E., Great Britain "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" SKOU, JENS C., Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase" CURL, ROBERT F. JR., U.S.A KROTO, Sir HAROLD W, Great Britain SMALLEY, RICHARD E., U.S.A "for their discovery of fullerenes"

66. NYT Archives Article The nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded yesterday to three scientists who createda The prize of about $913,000 will be shared by Dr. alan J. heeger, 64, of http://www.cns.nyu.edu/~david/alan-nobel/NYT-10-11-2000/NYT-10-11-2000.html

October 11, 2000, Wednesday National Desk Chemistry Nobel Recognizes 3 Scientists for Work in Plastics By KENNETH CHANG The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded yesterday to three scientists who created a plastic that conducts electricity like a metal, a discovery that has opened up a new field of carbon-based electronics. The prize of about $913,000 will be shared by Dr. Alan J. Heeger, 64, of the University of California at Santa Barbara; Dr. Alan G. MacDiarmid, 73, of the University of Pennsylvania; and Dr. Hideki Shirakawa, 64, of the University of Tsukuba in Japan. The technology is already used to make antistatic coating on photographic film and is expected over the next few years to find its way to bright, low-energy displays in cell phones and other hand-held electronics. ''I thought this was a very nice recognition for the field,'' said Dr. MacDiarmid, a native of New Zealand. Plastics are made of an entwined mesh of long molecules called polymers, each with a central strand of carbon atoms. Polymers generally do not conduct electricity, which is why metal wires are wrapped with plastic insulating sheaths to prevent short circuits. Illustrating the sometimes serendipitous path of science, the discovery of plastic conductors began with a mistake and was nudged forward by an opportune coffee break.

67. Alan MacDiarmid: Nobel Prize Winner In Chemistry 2000 encounters with Lady Luck being followed up and scientists with alan's curiositybeing Mikulski, CM, Russo, PJ, Saran MS, Garito, AF and heeger, AJ (1975 J. Chem http://ifs.massey.ac.nz/research/MacDiarmid/MacDiarmid.htm

New Zealand Science Review Vol 58 (1) 2001 pp 14-17 Alan MacDiarmid: Nobel Prize winner in chemistry 2000 New Zealand recently gained another Nobel Prizewinner when Alan MacDiarmid was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 [11. This makes him only the second New Zealand born and educated Nobel Prize winner. Alan MacDiarmid was born in Masterton in 1927 and educated at the Hutt Valley High School and Victoria University College (a constituent college of the University of New Zealand which became the Victoria University of Wellington in 1962). The first was the physicist Ernest Lord Rutherford, born in Nelson in 1871, who won a Nobel Prize in 1908, also for Chemistry. Two other Nobel prize- winners have New Zealand connections. Biophysicist Maurice Wilkins. with Francis Crick and James Watson, was awarded the Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1962 for determining the structure of DNA. Wilkins was born in Pongaroa in northern Wairarapa (less than 100 km from Alan MacDiarmid's birthplace) where his father practised as a doctor. The family moved to Wellington and lived for a time in Kelburn Parade (the site is now part of the Victoria University of Wellington campus), then moved to England when he was six. Another Nobelist (Sir John Eccles, awarded the prize for Medicine in 1963), who was born and educated in Australia (and later Oxford), served as Professor of Physiology at Otago University from 1944 until 1951. Professor MacDiarmid receiving Victoria University

68. Library Nobel Laureate Handout alan J. heeger, of physics and materials, shares the nobel Prize in chemistry forthe discovery and development of conductive polymers. The University's http://www.library.ucsb.edu/libwaves/feb01/nobelhandout.html

The Nobel Prize is the first international award given yearly since 1901 for achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace. The prize consists of a medal, a personal diploma, and a monetary prize. The University of California, Santa Barbara, has become an institution internationally known for its research transcending traditional boundaries between academic departments and scholars' collaboration. This year UCSB was honored with two Nobel Prizes, in Chemistry and Physics. These are not the first Nobel Prizes to be presented to UCSB University Professors. UCSB received its first Nobel Prize in 1998, awarded to Prof. Walter Kohn for his extensive work in Chemistry. This year Prof. Herbert Kroemer, of electrical and computer engineering, shares the Nobel Prize in physics "for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronics," according to the Swedish Academy. Prof. Alan J. Heeger, of physics and materials, shares the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers." The University's Chancellor, Henry T. Yang, remarks that these Nobel Prizes are "a testament to the interdisciplinary nature of so much of the research on this campus. Pioneering research that cuts across the disciplines has become the hallmark of research at UCSB."

69. Prémios Nobel Translate this page . Prémios nobel de Química. 2000 - alan J. heeger (EUA), alan G. MacDiarmid(EUA), Hideki Shirakawa (Japão), pela descoberta e desenvolvimento dos http://luisperna.com.sapo.pt/nobel_quimica.htm

Prémios Nobel de Química 2002 - John B. Fenn (EUA), Koichi Tanaka (Japão), e Kurt Wüthrich (Suíça), pela sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento da espectrometria de massa e ressonância magnética nuclear, métodos que permitem identificar e analisar macromoléculas biológicas, como as proteínas. Os trabalhos premiados permitiram desenvolver métodos analíticos que facilitam a compreensão das macromoléculas e a interacção destas, ou seja, basicamente aquilo que determina as funções das células do corpo humano e também revolucionaram o desenvolvimento de medicamentos e são promissores em outras áreas como, por exemplo, o controlo alimentar e o diagnóstico precoce de alguns tipos de cancro. William Knowles (E.U.A), Barry Sharpless (E.U.A), Ryoji Noyori (Japão), pela investigações na área da síntese catalítica assimétrica Alan J. Heeger (E.U.A), Alan G. MacDiarmid (E.U.A), Hideki Shirakawa (Japão), pela descoberta e desenvolvimento dos polímeros condutores. Ahmed H. Zewail

70. Sigma Xi: The Scientific Research Society: Nobel Laureates About Sigma Xi » Overview » nobel Laureates 1997 Paul D. Boyer 1998 Walter Kohn1998 John Pople 1999 Ahmed E. Zewail 2000 alan J. heeger 2000 alan G http://www.sigmaxi.org/about/overview/nobel.shtml

Overview Leadership Organization News ... Contact Us About: Overview Leadership Organization News Support Sigma Xi ... Contact Us Search: Site Map Home Overview Physics 1907 Albert Michelson 1921 Albert Einstein 1923 Robert A. Millikan 1925 James Franck 1927 Arthur H. Compton 1936 Carl D. Anderson 1937 Clinton J. Davisson 1938 Enrico Fermi 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence 1943 Otto Stern 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi 1945 Wolfgang Pauli 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman 1952 Felix Bloch 1952 Edward M. Purcell 1955 Polykarp Kusch 1955 Willis E. Lamb, Jr. 1956 John Bardeen 1956 Walter H. Brattain 1956 William Shockley 1957 Chen Ning Yang 1958 Igor Y. Tamm 1959 Owen Chamberlain 1959 Emilio G. Segre 1960 Donald A. Glaser 1961 Robert Hofstadter 1963 Eugene P. Wigner

71. David Heeger Cognitive neuroscience of vision, computational vision (Stanford Univ.)Category Science Social Sciences Psychology Cognitive People...... alan heeger (my dad) was awarded the nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000! Photos from theaward ceremony, banquet, and other events in Stockholm. What I do for fun. http://white.stanford.edu/~heeger/

David Heeger Professor of Psychology and Neural Science New York University Mailing address: Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science New York University 6 Washington Place, room 809 New York NY, 10003 Email: david@cns.nyu.edu Phone: 212-998-7868 Fax: 212-995-4349 Bio B.A. in Mathematics from the University of Pennsylvania (1983). Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Pennsylvania (1987). Postdoctoral fellow at the MIT Media Lab (1987-1990). Research scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center (1990-1991). Assistant Professor at Stanford University (1991-1998). Associate Professor at Stanford (1998-2002). Over 40 journal papers. Three US patents. David Marr Prize in computer vision (1987). Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship (1994). Troland Award in psychology from the National Academy of Sciences (2002). Curriculum Vitae Alan Heeger (my dad) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Photos from the award ceremony, banquet, and other events in Stockholm. What I do for fun Research Summary of research interests The current focus of the research in my lab is to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to quantitatively investigate the relationship between brain and behavior. We are using fMRI to study visual pattern discrimination, stereo depth perception, visual motion perception, visual attention, visual awareness and visual impairments in developmental dyslexia.

72. Nobel Laureates In Chemistry By Alphabetical Order Themes Science Chemistry About Chemistry Generalities nobel Laureatesin Chemistry by Alphabetical order. Name, Year Awarded. heeger, alan J. 2000. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/Aboutchemistry/AlphaNobel

73. Tech - Vezetõképes Mûanyagok Felfedezõié A Kémiai Nobel-d kutató kapta megosztva az idei kémiai nobeldíjat az és orvosi díjak nyerteseiegymástól függetlenül dolgoztak, alan J. heeger, alan G. MacDiarmid http://www.index.hu/tech/tudomany/nobelkemia/

a magyar weben az Indexen a fórumokban a tár.hu-n okos keresõ segítség Hotelek Piactér ... Jetfly h i r d e t é s Rövid hírek Net Szoftver Hardver ... A Novell támogatja a nyílt forráskódot Vezetõképes mûanyagok felfedezõié a kémiai Nobel-díj A felfedezés forradalmasíthatja a számítógépipart Kiss Bori (Moon) 2000. október 10., kedd 18:34 Két amerikai és egy japán kutató kapta megosztva az idei kémiai Nobel-díjat az áramot vezetni képes mûanyagok kifejlesztéséért. Míg a megosztott fizikai és orvosi díjak nyertesei egymástól függetlenül dolgoztak, Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid és Hideki Shirakawa közös munkájáért kapja a díjat. Nyomtatható változat a támogatásával Alan J. Heeger A tudósok egészen a hetvenes évekig úgy gondolták, hogy a mûanyagok nem vezetik az áramot, mivel nincsenek szabad elektronjaik. Ekkor azonban Shirakawa elrontott egy kísérletet, ennek következtében új tulajdonságokkal rendelkezõ polimer jött létre. A japán tudós két amerikai kollégájával közösen kutatta tovább az új anyagot, és hamarosan olyan mûanyagot hoztak létre, amely vezette az áramot. A vezetõképes polimerek forradalmasíthatják a számítógépipart, mivel alkalmazásukkal olcsó és tartós tranzisztorokat, lapos képernyõket és fénykibocsátó diódákat lehet elõállítani. Az ismétlõdõ struktúrákból álló, hosszú polimerláncok csak akkor tudják vezetni az áramot, ha szénatomjaik között váltakoznak az egyes és kettõs kötések. Emellett arra is szükség van, hogy a szokásosnál több vagy kevesebb elektronjuk legyen, ami lehetõvé teszi, hogy a „lyukak” , vagy a fölösleges elektronok végighaladjanak a molekulán, amely így vezeti az áramot.

74. Nobel, Plastiki I Pr±d - Ró¿ne Nowinki - Wirtualny Wszech¶wiat Szukacz. Przeszukaj Wirtualny Wszechswiat Jak zadawac pytania? nobel, plastikii prad. Uhonorowani nagroda zostali alan J. heeger (64 lata), profesor http://www.wiw.pl/nowinki/rozne/200010/20001011-001.asp

W iw.pl Na bie¿±co: I nformacje C o nowego Matematyka i przyroda: A stronomia B iologia ... odelowanie rzeczywisto¶ci Humanistyka: F ilozofia H istoria ... ztuka Czytaj: B iblioteka D elta ... ielcy i wiêksi Przydatne: S ³owniki C o i gdzie studiowaæ ... szech¶wiat w obrazkach Jeste¶ tutaj: Wirtualny Wszech¶wiat Informacje Nowinki 2000-2002 Ró¿ne Jeste¶ tutaj nowinka: Nobel, plastiki i pr±d autor: Remigiusz Presia z dnia: Szukacz Przeszukaj Wirtualny Wszech¶wiat: Jak zadawaæ pytania? Nobel, plastiki i pr±d W 2000 r. Nagrodê Nobla z chemii otrzymali trzej uczeni, którzy odkryli plastik zachowuj±cy siê jak metal. Uhonorowani nagrod± zostali: Alan J. Heeger (64 lata), profesor fizyki na Uniwersytecie Kalifornijskim w Santa Barbara (USA), Alan G. MacDiarmid (73 lata), profesor chemii na Uniwersytecie Pensylwanii (USA), oraz Hideki Shirakawa (64 lata), profesor chemii na Uniwersytecie Tsukuba (Japonia). Nagroda w wysoko¶ci ponad 900 tysiêcy dolarów amerykañskich zostanie podzielona równo miêdzy trzech laureatów. Ca³a trójka uczonych pod koniec lat siedemdziesi±tych XX w. zwieñczy³a swe badania odkryciem plastiku, który nie jest izolatorem, lecz... przewodnikiem pr±du elektrycznego. Tego rodzaju materia³y (przewodz±ce elektryczno¶æ polimery) zyska³y ju¿ praktyczne zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach ¿ycia codziennego, na przyk³ad przy produkcji os³on na ekran komputera lub "nteligentnych" okien, które nie przepuszczaj± ¶wiat³a s³onecznego. Oczywi¶cie, nie obesz³o siê tak¿e bez wykorzystania przewodz±cego plastiku w telefonii komórkowej i telewizji..

75. Nobel, Plastiki I Pr¹d - Ró¿ne Nowinki - Wirtualny Wszechœwiat Zespól Osoby, które przygotowaly dla Ciebie witryne Nowinki nobel, plastikii prad W 2000 r Uhonorowani nagroda zostali alan J. heeger 64 lata http://www.wiw.pl/fiszki/nowinki-rozne-200010-20001011-001.html

W³aœciwa strona - http://www.wiw.pl/nowinki/rozne/200010/20001011-001.asp W³aœciwa strona - http://www.wiw.pl/nowinki/rozne/200010/20001011-001.asp

76. Pictures Of Nobel Laureates - Chemistry This is an index of photographs of the winners of the nobel Prize in Chemistry. WalterKohn; 1998 John A. Pople; 1999 - Ahmed H. Zewail; 2000 - alan J. heeger; http://chemistry.about.com/library/blchemists.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Chemistry Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Chemistry with Anne Marie Helmenstine Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry How-To Guide Chemical Structures Archive ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Index of Pictures - Nobel Laureates in Chemistry This is an index of photographs of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 1901 - Jacobus H. van't Hoff 1902 - Hermann Emil Fischer 1903 - Svante A. Arrhenius 1904 - Sir William Ramsay ... 1915 - Richard M. Willstätter 1916 - No Prize Awarded 1917 - No Prize Awarded 1918 - Fritz Haber 1919 - No Prize Awarded 1920 - Walther H. Nernst 1921 - Frederick Soddy 1922 - Francis W. Aston 1923 - Fritz Pregl 1924 - No Prize Awarded 1925 - Richard A. Zsigmondy 1926 - Theodor Svedberg 1927 - Heinrich O. Wieland 1928 - Adolf O. R. Windaus ... 1932 - Irving Langmuir 1933 - No Prize Awarded 1934 - Harold C. Urey

77. WoYaa Search Engine - Africa References Online - SCIENCES AND NATURE News (Added Thu Feb 27 2003 Hits 0 Rating 0.00 Votes 0) Rate It.alan J. heeger Winner of the 2000 nobel Prize in Chemistry. alan http://www.woyaaonline.com/links/SCIENCES_AND_NATURE/more7.html

Welcome to WoYaa! Your premier African search engine and Web sites directory since 1997. African Web Sites By Country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde CAR Chad Comoros Congo Djibouti Egypt EQ. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria RD Congo Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Siserra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda W. Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Latest News By Topics Business Health Science Sport Asia Pacific Caribbean Europe Latine America Middle East South Asia North America Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde CAR Chad Comoros Congo Djibouti Egypt EQ. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria RD Congo Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Siserra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda W. Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Forums POLITICS ROMANCE HEALTH Classifieds BUSINESS JOBS REAL ESTATES CONFERENCES ... TRAVEL Pages: TOP : SCIENCES AND NATURE Categories AGRICULTURE ANIMALS BIOLOGY CHAT AND FORUMS ... WEB DIRECTORIES Links Afropop Worldwide: V.S. Naipaul wins 2001 Nobel Prize for Literature

78. Press Releases - Prizes The 2000 nobel Prize in Chemistry Webcast of the press onference.– alan J. heeger, alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa. The http://www.uno.edu/~jfang1/jfanghp4/nobel.htm

The 2000 Prize Announcements For a fast response, please choose a mirror close to you The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics Webcast of the press conference The 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Webcast of the press onference The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The 2000 Nobel Prize for Literature Webcast of the press onference The 2000 Nobel Peace Prize Presentation Speech The 2000 Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank) Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel Webcast of the press onference More Details about Nobel Prize Winners Free-Download: For a fast response, please choose a mirror close to you. The announcements are presented at: The Official Web Site of the Nobel Foundation The permanent mirror at San Diego Supercomputer Center as well as in collaboration with the following Sun SITEs at key academic institutions: Africa Sun SITE South Africa at University of the Witwatersrand - Johannesburg Asia Sun SITE Japan at Science University of Tokyo Australia Sun SITE Australia at Australian National University Europe Sun SITE Central Europe at RWTH-Aachen Sun SITE Denmark at Aalborg University Sun SITE Greece at ICS FORTH-Iraklion, Crete

79. Nobel E-Museum 2000 alan heeger, alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa. 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott,Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad. More Laureates ». The nobel Literature Radio. http://nobel.sdsc.edu/

2002 - Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba, Riccardo Giacconi 2001 - Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle, Carl E. Wieman 2000 - Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, Jack S. Kilby 1999 - Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman ... 1998 - John Hume, David Trimble Find a Laureate Search this site "Nonviolence is a powerful and just weapon. Indeed, it is a weapon unique in history, which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it." Laser Challenge The Transistor Chirality - Chemistry 2001 Pavlov's Dog ... Tell us what you think about this site! Last modified April 17, 2003 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

80. THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2000 Perhaps we will use plastics differently now, in the light of this year's nobel Prizein Chemistry. The Laurates alan J. heeger (born 1936) received his Ph.D http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/news/0010/43.htm

Information Department, P.O. Box 50005, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 673 95 00, Fax: +46 8 15 56 70, E-mail: info@kva.se , Web site: http://www.kva.se/ 10 October 2000 Information for the public The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000 Available in: We are used to the great impact scientific discoveries have on our ways of thinking. This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry is no exception. What we have been taught about plastic is that it is a good insulator - otherwise we should not use it as insulation in electric wires. But now the time has come when we have to change our views. Plastic can indeed, under certain circumstances, be made to behave very like a metal - a discovery for which Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa are to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000. How can plastic become conductive? Plastics are polymers , molecules that form long chains, repeating themselves like pearls in a necklace. In becoming electrically conductive, a polymer has to imitate a metal, that is, its electrons need to be free to move and not bound to the atoms. The first condition for this is that the polymer consists of alternating single and double bonds, called conjugated double bonds. Polyacetylene , prepared through polymerization of the hydrocarbon acetylene, has such a structure: Polyacetylene However, it is not enough to have conjugated double bonds. To become electrically conductive, the plastic has to be disturbed - either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting them into (reduction), the material. The process is known as

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