1. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Winner Of The 1964 Nobel Prize In Chemistry dorothy crowfoot hodgkin, a nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry, atthe nobel Prize Internet Archive. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin. 1964 http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1964a.html

D OROTHY C ROWFOOT H ODGKIN 1964 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances. Background Residence: Great Britain Affiliation: Royal Society, Oxford University, Oxford Featured Internet Links Dr. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Chemist, Crystallographer, Humanitarian (a biography by Linda Cohen) An historical article by M. F. Perutz An obituary by M. Vijayan Women Nobel Prize Laureates Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Nobel News Links Obituary Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Crystallography World Wide Microsoft Encarta biographical entry Contributions of Women to Physics, a project of the American Physical Society ... Dorothy Hodgkin: A Life - a biography by Georgina Ferry (submitted by Ingrid Benirschke Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin – Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Chemical Achievers: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

2. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin nobel Prize Women in Science. New York, New York Birch Lane Press, 1993. DorothyCrowfoot hodgkin . Notable Twentieth Century Scientists. 1995 ed. http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/dch.html

Dr. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Chemist, Crystallographer, Humanitarian In 1932 Dorothy Crowfoot graduated from Somerville College at Oxford with a degree in chemistry (her interest in chemistry and crystals began when she was young and was encouraged by her parents and their associates to develop this interest). While studying in the department of mineralogy and crystallography, she employed the physical science of X-ray crystallography (first developed by W. L. Bragg) to aid her in determining the structural arrangement of the atoms in simple salts and minerals such as thallium dialkyl halides. This was the first of what would be many X-ray studies. Dr. Hodgkin discovered that crystals are a solid composed of atoms arranged in a regular and repeated pattern. She later took this method one step further and used it to analyze more complex molecules. In 1933 Dr. Hodgkin began working with J. D. Bernal on her doctorate degree. Bernal strengthened her lifelong interest in structural biology. She felt that the scientific world had ceased to know any boundaries while conducting her research with him. Dr. Hodgkin stated in a published paper regarding her work with Bernal, "…we explored the crystallography of a wide variety of natural products, the structure of liquids and particularly water, Rochelle salt, isomorphous replacement and phase determination, metal and pepsin crystals, and speculated about muscular contraction." It was during this time that Dr. Hodgkin, along with Bernal, recorded the first X-ray diffraction pattern of a globular protein. These photographs were obtained from crystals of pepsin grown by John Philpot in Uppsala. These protein crystals were extremely difficult and tedious to work with in the early 1930s because of the lack of technology. Proteins are polymers, long chains of repeating units, that are larger and more complicated than other biological molecules. They perform their biological functions by folding over on themselves and assuming specific three-dimensional shapes.

3. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin - Biography So at the present moment they are a somewhat dispersed family. From NobelLectures, Chemistry 19631970. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin died in 1994. http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin-bio.html

Dorothy Crowfoot was born in Cairo on May 12th, 1910 where her father, John Winter Crowfoot, was working in the Egyptian Education Service. He moved soon afterwards to the Sudan, where he later became both Director of Education and of Antiquities; Dorothy visited the Sudan as a girl in 1923, and acquired a strong affection for the country. After his retirement from the Sudan in 1926, her father gave most of his time to archaeology, working for some years as Director of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and carrying out excavations on Mount Ophel, at Jerash, Bosra and Samaria. Her mother, Grace Mary Crowfoot (born Hood) was actively involved in all her father's work, and became an authority in her own right on early weaving techniques. She was also a very good botanist and drew in her spare time the illustrations to the official Flora of the Sudan. Dorothy Crowfoot spent one season between school and university with her parents, excavating at Jerash and drawing mosaic pavements, and she enjoyed the experience so much, that she seriously considered giving up chemistry for archaeology. She became interested in chemistry and in crystals at about the age of 10, and this interest was encouraged by Dr. A.F. Joseph, a friend of her parents in the Sudan, who gave her chemicals and helped her during her stay there to analyse ilmenite. Most of her childhood she spent with her sisters at Geldeston in Norfolk, from where she went by day to the Sir John Leman School, Beccles, from 1921-28. One other girl, Norah Pusey, and Dorothy Crowfoot were allowed to join the boys doing chemistry at school, with Miss Deeley as their teacher; by the end of her school career, she had decided to study chemistry and possibly biochemistry at university.

4. CWP At Physics.UCLA.edu // Hodgkin Dr. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin Chemist, Crystallographer, Humanitarian a biography by Linda Cohen from The nobel Prize Internet Archive. http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Hodgkin,_Dorothy_Crowfoot@841234567.html

Welcome to CWP at UCLA 86 Eminent Physicists Search the Archive Fascinating Documents Annotated Photo Gallery In Her Own Words Some Physics History ... Photo Credits Crystallography Contributions Publications Honors Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Jobs/Positions Education Additional Information Some Important Contributions In 1934, with J. D. Bernal in Cambridge, photographed for the first time single crystals of a protein - pepsin. First to determine the three-dimensional structure of a complex bio-organic molecule. She determined the structure of cholesteryl iodide by x-ray diffraction in 1941-42 (published in 1945) in complete three-dimensional detail, at a time when no one else was determining complex structures in three dimensions because of the formidable calculations involved. Determined the structure of penicillin in 1944 (published in 1949), again in three-dimensional detail. Before her work there was only fragmentary and conflicting evidence on the structure, from chemical analysis, of this rather unstable molecule, which was of immense importance as an antibiotic during and immediately after World War II. Determined the structure of vitamin B-12 in 1956, using one of the first high-speed digital computers. This was by far the most complex molecule whose three-dimensional architecture had been established, and some of its unusual structural features were quite unanticipated.

5. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dorothy crowfoot hodgkin, sole winner of the 1964 nobel Prize in Chemistry,died at her home in Ilmington, England, on 29 July 1994. http://curie.che.virginia.edu/scientist/hodgkin.html

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994) Obituary - Reprinted from Physics Today, May, 1995 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, sole winner of the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, died at her home in Ilmington, England, on 29 July 1994. She won the Nobel Prize "for her determination by x-ray techniques of the structures of biologically important molecules." The molecular structures that she determined include those of cholesteryl iodide, penicillin, vitamin Bl2, vitamin B12 coenzyme and the protein hormone insulin. Her achievements included not only these structure determinations and the scientific insight they provided but also the development of methods that made such structure determinations possible. Dorothy Crowfoot, born on 12 May 1910 in Cairo, Egypt, obtained her first degree in chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford. Her x-ray crystallographic career started with her studies of thallium dialkyl halides with Herbert M. (Tiny) Powell in the department of mineralogy and crystallography at Oxford. She obtained a PhD at Cambridge University in 1937, working from 1932 to 1936 with John Desmond Bernal, who reinforced her lifelong interest in structural biochemistry. In 1934 Bernal and Crowfoot first reported on the diffraction pattern of a protein crystal, pepsin, pointing out that protein crystals should not be dried but should be studied surrounded by their mother liquor (the standard method used since that time). The air-dried crystals gave very poor, if any, diffraction patterns, while those surrounded by mother liquor diffracted well.

6. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dorothy crowfoot hodgkin biography from the nobel e-Museum. dorothy crowfoothodgkin - illustrated biography from Pennsylvania State Univeristy. http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/chemach/ppb/dch.html

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin presents prizes to children. Among the X-ray crystallographers inspired by William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg was Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994), the third woman ever to win the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which she received in 1964. Dorothy Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, to English parents. Although her formal schooling took place in England, she spent a significant part of her youth in the Middle East and North Africa, where her father was a school inspector. Both her parents were authorities in archaeology, and she almost followed the family vocation, but from childhood she was fascinated by minerals and crystals. She enjoyed using a portable mineral analysis kit given to her when she became interested in analyzing pebbles she and her sister found in the stream that ran through the Crowfoot's garden in Khartoum, Sudan. When she was fifteen, her mother gave her Sir William Henry Bragg's Concerning the Nature of Things (1925), which contained intriguing discussions of how scientists could use X-rays to "see" atoms and molecules. Hodgkin with Guy Dodson.

7. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin: Pharmaceutical Achiever - Antibiotics In Action The nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964 — includes biographical information on DorothyCrowfoot hodgkin as well as descriptions of her prizewinning work. http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/readings/hodgkin.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Pharmaceutical Achiever by Mary Ellen Bowden Dorothy Hodgkin On the morning in May 1940 that the results of injecting four of eight infected mice with penicillin became known, an excited Ernst Chain encountered Dorothy Hodgkin on Parks Road in Oxford. He knew the brilliant young X-ray crystallographer from her Cambridge days, and as she later recalled, he had promised: “Some day we will have some crystals for you to work on.” Dorothy Crowfoot was born in Cairo, Egypt, to English parents. Although her formal schooling took place in England, she spent a significant part of her youth in the Middle East and North Africa, where her father was a school inspector. Both her parents were authorities in archaeology, and she almost followed the family vocation; but from childhood she was fascinated by minerals and crystals. She enjoyed using a portable mineral analysis kit given to her when she became interested in analyzing pebbles she and her sister found in the stream that ran through the Crowfoots' garden in Khartoum, Sudan. When she was fifteen, her mother gave her

8. No. 933: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin New York A Birch Lane Press Book, Chapter 10, dorothy crowfoot hodgkin,May 12, 1910 Physical Chemist, nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964. http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi933.htm

No. 933: DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN by John H. Lienhard Click here for audio of Episode 933. Today, we use Byzantine patterns of X-ray dots to figure out 3-dimensional structures. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. D orothy Crowfoot was born in Egypt in 1910. Her parents were English archaeologists. As WW-I began, they packed her off to England. During a choppy education there, she ran across a textbook that told her how to grow copper sulfate crystals. When ten-year-old Dorothy decided to try it, science was destined to change. She resolved to understand this magical lifelike process. Then a geologist friend gave her a box of reagents and minerals. He told her, "Buy a proper book on analytical chemistry!" She did. She also built a chemistry lab in her attic and set her sights on the male bastion of Oxford University. Just before college she went to Jerusalem to help her parents excavate Byzantine churches. Sharon McGrane tells how Dorothy reconstructed mosaic patterns from fragments on the floors. It took a trick of seeing for which she had a special gift but it was a gift that would serve chemistry, not archaeology.

9. JCE Online: Biographical Snapshots: Snapshot McGrayne, SB dorothy crowfoot hodgkin, May 12, 1910; Physical Chemist,nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1964. In nobel Prize Women in http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/Bios/Hodgkin.html

Subscriptions Software Orders Support Contributors ... Biographical Snapshots Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists: Snapshot This short biographical "snapshot" provides basic information about the person's chemical work, gender, ethnicity, and cultural background. A list of references is given along with additional WWW sites to further your exploration into the life and work of this chemist. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Born: Major discipline: Chemistry Died: Minor discipline: With the aid of electronic computing, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography to deduce the crystal structures of biochemically important molecules such as penicillin, insulin, vitamin B12, and viruses. For this work she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964. Hodgkin was born on May 12, 1910 in Cairo, Egypt, where her family lived from 1902 until World War I began. She completed her primary and secondary schooling in England. In 1926, Hodgkin took the Oxford Senior Local Examination for admission to Somerville College at Oxford University. Although she earned the highest score of any young woman taking the exam, she needed to spend another year learning Latin and another science before qualifying for admission. She obtained a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Oxford in 1931 and eventually joined John D. Bernal's research group at Cambridge University because of her interest in crystallography. While working on her dissertation, Hodgkin worked as a chemistry instructor at Somerville College, where she taught until her retirement in 1977. In 1937, the same year she received her Ph.D. from Cambridge, Dorothy married Thomas Hodgkin.

10. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot (1964) (A-L) 1964). World Book Online Article on hodgkin, dorothy crowfoot; Biography(nobel site); Brief biography; hodgkin, dorothy crowfoot (1964). http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Bio

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot (1964) document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on HODGKIN, DOROTHY CROWFOOT Biography Biography (Nobel Site) Brief Biography ... Contact Us

11. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dorothy hodgkin won the nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her determinationsby xray techniques of the structures of important biological substances. The http://www.engr.psu.edu/wep/EngCompSp98/Aclausi/HodgkinD8.html

12. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin crowfoot hodgkin http//curie.che.Virginia.EDU80/scientist/hodgkin.html Dorothycrowfoot hodgkin Winner of the 1964 nobel Prize in Chemistry http//nobelprizes http://www.engr.psu.edu/wep/EngCompSp98/Aclausi/HodgkinD11.html

13. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Translate this page En octobre 1964, dorothy crowfoot hodgkin recevait un prix nobel en chimie pour avoirdécouvert la structure moléculaire de la pénicilline et de la vitamine http://mendeleiev.cyberscol.qc.ca/chimisterie/9703/KPoulin.html

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin par Kim Perreault et Karine Poulin Biographie Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin rayons X En octobre 1964, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin recevait un prix Nobel en chimie pour avoir Bibliographie PHANEUF, Margot. Physics Today "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin" [En ligne]. Adresse URL : http://curie.che.virginia.edu/scientist/hodgkin.html Dr. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin : Chemistry Crystallographer, Humanitarian , [En ligne]. Adresse URL : http://www.almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/dch.html Crystallography World Wide , [En ligne]. Adresse URL : http://www.chem.titech.ac.jp/mirror/vlib/his.hodgkin2.html Recherche : Kim Perreault et Karine Poulin, , Sherbrooke, QC Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Liste - Chimie et chimistes Chimisterie Les mondes de CyberScol CyberScol

14. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin edu; “dorothy crowfoot hodgkin – Biography.” www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates.1964/hodgkinbio;“dorothy hodgkin.” PBS. http://www.physics.unl.edu/~fulcrum/women/dhodgkin.htm

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Photo courtesy of http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1964/hodgkin-bio.html May 12, 1920 - July 29, 1994 Received Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Work with Atom Structure Born on May 12, 1920 in Cairo, Egypt. First of four daughters to John and Grace Crowfoot. Both parents worked as archaeologists. Her parents moved often so Dorothy and her sisters only saw their parents for a few months a year. Attended Sir John Leman School in Beccles, Suffolk, England from 1921-1928. For her sixteenth birthday she received a book by William Henry Bragg (a Nobel Prize winner in Physics) and at that point knew what she wanted to do with her life. Attended Somerville College in Oxford in 1928. Graduated in 1932 with a degree in Chemistry. Attended Cambridge University in 1932 to earn her Ph.D. and graduated in 1937. Family Life and Careers 1933 given a research fellowship at Cambridge and Oxford in England.

15. Nobel Prize Winning Chemists nobel Prize Winning Chemists. 1963 1965 dorothy crowfoot hodgkin.The nobel Prize In Chemistry 1964. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin was http://www.sanbenito.k12.tx.us/district/webpages2002/judymedrano/Nobel Winners/d

Nobel Prize Winning Chemists Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin The Nobel Prize In Chemistry 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was born in Cairo on May 12th, 1910 where her father, John winter Crowfoot, was working in the Egyptian Education Service. Her mother, Grace Mary Crowfoot (born Hood) was actively involved in all her father's work, and became an authority in her own right on early weaving techniques. She became interested in chemistry and in crystals at about the age of 10, and this interest was encouraged by Dr. A. F. Joseph, a friend of her parents in the Sudan, who gave her chemicals and helped her during her stay there to analyze ilmenite. She went to Oxford and Somerville College from 1928-32 and became devoted to Margery Fry, then Principal of the College. For a brief time during her first year, she combined archaeology and chemistry, analyzing glass tesserae from Jerash with E. G. J. Hartley. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947, foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences in 1956, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Boston) in 1958. She was awarded the Nobel Prize In Chemistry in 1964 "for their determination by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances." When she returned to Oxford in 1934, she continued the research that was begun at Cambridge with Bernal on the sterols and on the other biologically interesting molecules, including insulin, at first with one or two research students only. They were housed until 1958 in scattered rooms in the University museum. Their researches on penicilin began in 1942 during the war, and on vitamin B

16. Nobel nobelWinning Chemists. Kurt Alder. Sidney Altman. Christian B. Anfinsen. SirCyril Norman Hinshelwood. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin. Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff. http://www.sanbenito.k12.tx.us/district/webpages2002/judymedrano/Nobel Winners/n

Nobel-Winning Chemists Kurt Alder Sidney Altman Christian B. Anfinsen Svante August Arrhenius ... Eduard Buchner Adolf Friedrick Johann Butenandt Melvin Calvin Thomas Robert Cech Hans von Euler-Chelpin John Warcup Cornforth Donald J. Cram Marie Curie Elias James Corey Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye Paul J. Crutzen Robert F. Curl, Jr. Johann Deisenhofer Otto Diels ... Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff Roald Hoffman Robert Huber Jean Frederic Joliot Irene Joliot-Curie ... Back To Main Page

17. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dorothy crowfoot hodgkin has been honored with many awards. She receivedthe nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1964. She was given the http://www.ceemast.csupomona.edu/nova/hodg.html

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was born on May 12, 191 in Cairo Egypt. Her father was an archaeologist serving for the Egyptian Ministry of Education in Khartoum. Her mother was a self-trained amateur on botany and a nature artist expert on Coptic textiles. Dr. Hodgkin spent the majority of her life in England and worked at universities such as Oxford and Cambridge. Her husband, Dr. Thomas Hodgkin was an expert of African Affairs. She had three children who chose careers in academics. Her eldest son became professor of mathematics. Her daughter taught at a girl's school in Zambia. Her youngest son volunteered for a service similar to the Peace Corps. Some interesting anecdotes about Dr. Hodgkin is that when she received a letter from Buckingham Palace she left it sealed fearing the title of "Darne." Dr. Hodgkin was later relieved to find that she had been offered the Order of Merit, which is a much greater honor. During her work at Oxford University Dr. Hodgkin was banned from research meetings for the faculty chemistry club because she was a woman. With time, talent, and perseverance she won over the students and faculty and was allowed to attend the meetings. In a BBC radio interview she was asked whether being a woman had hindered her career. She answered "men were always particularly nice and helpful to me because I was a woman." Some of Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin's accomplishments are that she was the first scientist who was able to determine the structure of the protein insulin. With her discoveries with insulin it has helped many people with diabetes improve their lives. In 1945 she was the first person to use a computer for a biochemical problem to help her with calculations. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was also able to determine the chemical formula of penicillin. This was an important discovery because penicillin is needed to control infections. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was able to determine the atom arrangement of vitamin B-12.

18. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dorothy crowfoot hodgkin. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin was the 1964 nobel Prize winnerin Chemistry. dorothy crowfoot hodgkin More on dorothy crowfoot hodgkin. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhodgkin.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Inventors Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Inventors with Mary Bellis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS 20th Century Inventions History of Computers/Internet A to Z Inventions ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin was the 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin More on Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Related Innovations Women Inventors Penicillin X-Rays By Mary Bellis Dorothy Hodgkin won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances." Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin A British biochemist and crystallographer and the 1964 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry for "her determination by X-Ray techniques of the structures of biologically important molecules." Hodgkin used X-Rays to find the structural layouts of atoms and the overall molecular shape of over 100 molecules including: penicillin, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, and insulin. Dr. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

19. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin hodgkin, dorothy crowfoot (19101994), British chemist and nobel laureate, best knownfor her use of X-ray diffraction to study the structure of macromolecules http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/hodgkin.html

Distinguished Women of Past and Present First Page Name Index Subject Index Related Sites ... Search Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to this site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910-1994), British chemist and Nobel laureate, best known for her use of X-ray diffraction to study the structure of macromolecules. She was born in Cairo, and educated at Somerville College, University of Oxford. In 1960 she was named a research professor of the Royal Society. She was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in chemistry for determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia. "Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot" Microsoft(R) Encarta

20. (IUCr-Crystallographers Online) Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin By M.F. Perutz dorothy crowfoot hodgkin by MF Perutz. (First appeared in the Independent Newspaper).In October 1964 the Daily Mail carried a headline Grandmother wins nobel http://www.iucr.org/cww-top/his.hodgkin2.html

Crystallographers Online Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin by M.F. Perutz (First appeared in the Independent Newspaper) In October 1964 the Daily Mail carried a headline "Grandmother wins Nobel Prize". Dorothy Hodgkin won it "for her determination by X-ray techniques of the structures of biologically important molecules". She used a physical method, X-ray crystallography, first developed by W. L. Bragg, to find the arrangements of the atoms in simple salts and minerals. She had the courage, skill, and sheer willpower to extend the method to compounds that were far more complex than anything attempted before. The most important of these were cholesterol, vitamin D, penicillin and vitamin B12. Later she was most famous for her work on insulin, but this reached its climax only five years after she had won the prize. In the early Forties, when Howard Florey and Ernest Chain had isolated penicillin from Alexander Fleming's mould, some of the best chemists in Britain and the United States tried to find its chemical constitution. They were taken aback when a young woman, using not chemistry but X-ray analysis, then still mistrusted as an upstart physical technique, had the face to tell them what it was. When Dorothy Hodgkin insisted that its core was a ring of three carbon atoms and a nitrogen which was believed to be too unstable to exist, one of the chemists, John Cornforth, exclaimed angrily: "If that's the formula of penicillin, I'll give up chemistry and grow mushrooms". Fortunately he swallowed his words and won the Chemistry Prize himself 30 years later. Hodgkin's formula proved right and was the starting-point for the synthesis of chemically modified penicillins that have saved many lives.

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