1. Irene Joliot-Curie Winner Of The 1935 Nobel Prize In Chemistry irene joliotcurie, a nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry, at the nobel Prize Internet Archive. http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1935b.html

I RÈNE J OLIOT- C URIE 1935 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements. Background Residence: France Affiliation: Institut du Radium, Paris Featured Internet Links Prize Co-recipient: Frederic Joliot Women Nobel Prize Laureates Her father and fellow Nobel Laureate in Physics, Pierre Curie Her mother and fellow Nobel Laureate in Physics, Marie Curie Her brother-in-law, the director of the Nobel Peace Prize Winning Institution UNICEF , Henry R. Labouisse was married to Eve Curie. Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Microsoft Encarta's entry Contributions of Women to Physics, a project of the American Physical Society Irène Joliot-Curie – Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

2. Frederic Joliot Winner Of The 1935 Nobel Prize In Chemistry Internet Links Prize Corecipient irene joliot-curie; His father-in-lawand fellow nobel Laureate in Physics, Pierre Curie; His mother http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/1935a.html

F RÉDÉRIC J OLIOT 1935 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements. Background Residence: France Affiliation: Institut du Radium, Paris Featured Internet Links Prize Co-recipient: Irene Joliot-Curie His father-in-law and fellow Nobel Laureate in Physics, Pierre Curie His mother-in-law and fellow Nobel Laureate in Physics, Marie Curie His brother-in-law, the director of the Nobel Peace Prize Winning Institution UNICEF , Henry R. Labouisse was married to Eve Curie. Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Frédéric Joliot – Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

3. Irène Joliot-Curie - Biography transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics; she shared the nobel Prize in JeanFrédéric and irene joliotcurie had one daughter, Helene, and one son http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1935/joliot-curie-bio.html

, born in Paris, September 12, 1897, was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie From Nobel Lectures , Chemistry 1922-1941. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935 Presentation Speech Biography Nobel Lecture ... Other Resources The 1935 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Peace Find a Laureate: Last modified March 15, 2002 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

4. CWP At Physics.UCLA.edu // Joliot-Curie Awarded nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial To cite thiscitation joliotcurie, irene. CWP http//www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp . http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~cwp/Phase2/Joliot-Curie,_Irene@841891460.html

Welcome to CWP at UCLA 86 Eminent Physicists Search the Archive Fascinating Documents Annotated Photo Gallery In Her Own Words Some Physics History ... Photo Credits Nuclear Physics Contributions Publications Honors Jobs/Positions ... Additional Information Some Important Contributions From the obituary by James Chadwick in Nature, 177, 964 (1956): beautiful discovery of artificial radioactivity . An interesting feature of this discovery is that it was so long in coming; for the phenomenon of artificial activity had been expected, and sought for, since the earliest days of radioactivity. For this discovery the Joliot-Curies were awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935. "About two years later ... with P. Savic, she examined in detail the artificial radioelements produced by the irradiation of uranium by slow neutrons, analysing the products and identifying them chemically, and she came within a hair's-breadth of recognizing that the phenomenon involved in the production of these elements was that of fission Discovered , but did not fully identify, the radioactive isotope of lanthanum with half-life of 3.5 hours which is a fission product of neutron bombardment of uranium (with P. Savitch).

5. CWP At Physics.UCLA.edu // Joliot-Curie Awarded nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935 for the discovery of artificial radioactivitywith F To cite this citation joliotcurie, irene. CWP ~ubenj/cwp/ . http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~ubenj/cwp/Phase2/Joliot-Curie,_Irene@841891460.html

Nuclear Physics Contributions Publications Honors Jobs/Positions ... Additional Information Some Important Contributions From the obituary by James Chadwick in Nature, 177, 964 (1956): beautiful discovery of artificial radioactivity . An interesting feature of this discovery is that it was so long in coming; for the phenomenon of artificial activity had been expected, and sought for, since the earliest days of radioactivity. For this discovery the Joliot-Curies were awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935. "About two years later ... with P. Savic, she examined in detail the artificial radioelements produced by the irradiation of uranium by slow neutrons, analysing the products and identifying them chemically, and she came within a hair's-breadth of recognizing that the phenomenon involved in the production of these elements was that of fission Discovered , but did not fully identify, the radioactive isotope of lanthanum with half-life of 3.5 hours which is a fission product of neutron bombardment of uranium (with P. Savitch). Made one of the first determinations of the neutron mass (with F. Joliot-Curie) and concluded this particle would be unstable and decay to proton and electron.

6. FREDERIC JOLIOT-CURIE which time they adopted the joint name joliotcurie in honor In collaboration withhis wife irene, he discovered for which they were awarded the nobel Prize in http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/FredericJoliot-Curie.h

LE MONDE, PARIS, FRANCE August 15, 1958 OBITUARY of FREDERIC JOLIOT-CURIE News of the death of the eminent nuclear physicist, resistance hero, and distinguished public servant Frederic Joliot-Curie has been received by this newspaper. His death occurred on August 14 in Paris following surgery for internal hemorrhaging. Joliot's health had been delicate since his infection with viral hepatitis two years previously. His death is a great loss to the Republic of France. Joliot was above-average in height with dark hair and dark eyes. He was very athletic and an avid skier, sailor, tennis player, hunter, and fisherman. With Joliot's skill in conversation and abundant charm, he will be greatly missed in scientific circles as well as in Parisian society. Joliot was born in Paris, France, sixth child of Henri Joliot and Emilie Roederer. At the age of ten he entered the Lycee Lakanal, a boarding school in the south of Paris. After the death of his father, he transferred to the Ecole Superieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielle of the City of Paris. Though studying at an engineering school, he pursued basic science and Joliot was influenced by Paul Langevin to become a lifelong pacificist and socialist. He became an expert experimenter and graduated first in his class. In the spring of 1925, Joliot began his work at the Institut du Radium under the direction of the distinguished physicist Mme. Curie. He received his doctorate in 1930. At the Institut he conducted his initial research on the chemical properties of polonium. At this time he also met Irene Curie, daughter of Mme. Curie, who was an assistant at the Institut. They were married the following year, at which time they adopted the joint name Joliot-Curie in honor of Madame and Pierre Curie. The Joliot-Curies did not begin to collaborate closely on their research work until 1931.

7. Irene Joliot-Curie irene joliotcurie. joliot-curie, Irène (1897-1956), and Frédéric (1900-58),French physicists and nobel laureates who were husband and wife. http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/joliot.html

Distinguished Women of Past and Present First Page Name Index Subject Index Related Sites ... Search Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to this site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta Irene Joliot-Curie "Joliot-Curie, Irene (1897-1956), and Frederic (1900-58)" Microsoft(R) Encarta

8. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Joliot-Curie, Irene (A-L) joliotcurie, irene (1935 nobel Laureate). Privacy Policy Terms Conditions Site Map Help Contact Us, ©2002 bigchalk.com, inc. All Rights Reserved. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Bio

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Joliot-Curie, Irene document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Joliot-Curie, Irène (1935 Nobel Laureate) Joliot-Curie, Irène: Biography Joliot-Curie, Irène: Biography Joliot-Curie, Irène: Biography ... Contact Us

9. Irene Joliot-Curie ©THE nobel FOUNDATION 1935. nobel Lecture Artificial Production Of RadioactiveElements by irene joliotcurie French Chemist/nobel Laureate. http://gos.sbc.edu/c/curie1935.html

THE NOBEL FOUNDATION Nobel Lecture Artificial Production Of Radioactive Elements by Irene Joliot-Curie French Chemist/Nobel Laureate December 12, 1935 at Stockholm Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden It is a great honour and a great pleasure to us that the Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded us the Nobel Prize for our work on the synthesis of radio-elements, after having presented it to Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903, and to Marie Curie in 1911, for the discovery of the radio-elements. I would like here to recall the extraordinary development of radioactivity, this new science which had its origin, less then forty years ago in the work of Henri Becquerel and of Pierre and Marie Curie. It is known that the efforts of chemists of the last century established as a fundamental fact the extreme solidity of the atomic structures, which go to make up the ninety-two known chemical species. With the discovery of the radio-elements, physicists found themselves for the first time confronted with strange substances, minute generators of radiation endowed with an enormous concentration of energy; alpha rays, positively charged helium atoms, beta rays, negatively charged electrons, both possessed of a kinetic energy which it would be impossible to communicate to them by human agency, and finally, gamma rays, akin to very penetrating X-rays. Chemists had no less astonishment as they recognized in these radioactive bodies, elements which had undergone modifications of the atomic structure which had been thought unalterable.

10. Nobel Prize Winning Chemists nobel Prize Winning Chemists. 1934 1936 irene joliot-curie. The nobelPrize In Chemistry 1935. irene Curie, born in Paris, September http://www.sanbenito.k12.tx.us/district/webpages2002/judymedrano/Nobel Winners/i

Nobel Prize Winning Chemists Irene Joliot-Curie The Nobel Prize In Chemistry 1935 Irene Curie, born in Paris, September 12, 1897, was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, and since 1926 the wife of Frederic Joliot. After having started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris, she served as a nurse radiographer during the First World War. She became Doctor of Science in 1925, having prepared a thesis on the alpha rays of polonium. She did important work on natural and artificial radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. In 1938 her research on the action of neutrons on the heavy elements, was an important step in the discovery of uranium fission. She took a keen interest in the social and intellectual advancement of women. She died in Paris in 1956. Jean Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie had one daughter , Helene, and one son, Pierre. She shared the Nobel Prize In Chemistry with her husband in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements. Back To Main Page

11. Nobel Prize Winning Chemists on the structure of the atom, generally in collaboration with his wife, irene joliotcurie. thatthese two physicists received in 1935 the nobel Prize for http://www.sanbenito.k12.tx.us/district/webpages2002/judymedrano/Nobel Winners/j

Nobel Prize Winning Chemists Jean Frederic Joliot The Nobel Prize In Chemistry 1935 F. Joliot was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the Academy of Medicine. He was also a member of numerous foreign scientific academies and societies, and holder of an honorary doctor's degree of several universities. He was a Commander of the Legion of Honor. His recreations show him as a man of wide attainments, among which piano playing, landscape painting and reading were predominant. He was awarded the Nobel Prize jointly with his wife "in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements". In 1937 he was nominated Professor at the College de France. He left the Radium Institute and had built for his new laboratory of nuclear chemistry the first cyclotron in Western Europe. After the discovery of the fission of the uranium nucleus, he produced a physical roof of the phenomenon; then he worked on chain reactions and the requirements and the requirements for the successful construction of an atomic pile using uranium and heavy water. On the death of Irene Joliot-Curie, in 1956, he became, while still remaining his professorship at the College de France, holder of the Chair of Nuclear Physics which she had held at the Sorbonne.

12. SFUSD Distinguished Speakers Series - Dr. Langevin-Joliot to irene Curie. irene and Frederick joliotcurie were jointly awardedthe 1935 nobel Prize in Chemistry. Helene joliot-curie married http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/news/curie.html

For Immediate Release Contact: Sandina Robbins February 3, 1997 MADAME CURIE LIVES ON! Scientist's Legacy Inspires SF High School Students The San Francisco Unified School District is proud to announce its distinguished guest lecturer Dr. Helene Langevin-Joliot, granddaughter of the legendary French scientists, Marie and Pierre Curie . Dr. Langevin-Joliot carries on the tradition of her Nobel Prize winning grand-parents ( Nobel in Physics, 1903 Nobel in Chemistry, 1911 ) and parents, Irene Curie and Frederick Joliet (Nobel in Chemistry in 1935). Dr. Langevin-Joliot is a prominent scientist in her own right, a Professor of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry at the University of Paris, and a member of the scientific advisory committee to the French Parliament. Her talk, "The Curies, Radioactivity and Science Education," marks the first centennial since the discovery of radioactivity. Dr. Langevin-Joliot is a strong educational advocate, and she is especially concerned with improving science literacy for the general public. One of the main reasons for her visit to local high schools is to encourage more young women to pursue careers in science. Dr. Langevin-Joliot will talk about these issues and share her personal reflections as heir to the Curie legacy at the following engagements ( SFUSD in bold Thurgood Marshall Academic High School [9am-Noon on 10th Feb] Lowell High School [12:30pm - 4:30pm on 10th Feb] Alliance Francaise [9:00am - 11:00am on 11th Feb] UC Berkeley [Noon - 6:00pm on 11th Feb]

13. JCE Online: Biographical Snapshots: Snapshot McGrayne, SB irene joliotcurie, September 12, 1897-March 17, 1956;Radiochemist, nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935. In nobel Prize http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/Bios/Joliot.html

Subscriptions Software Orders Support Contributors ... Biographical Snapshots Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists: Snapshot This short biographical "snapshot" provides basic information about the person's chemical work, gender, ethnicity, and cultural background. A list of references is given along with additional WWW sites to further your exploration into the life and work of this chemist. Born: Major discipline: Chemistry Died: Minor discipline: Keywords: Nobel Prize; radiochemistry; artificial radioactivity; Marie Curie WWW Sites Distinguished Women of Past and Present: Irene Joliot-Curie The Nobel Prize Internet Archive: Irene Joliot-Curie References Crossfield, E. T. Irene Joliot-Curie: Following in Her Mother's Footsteps. In A Devotion to Their Science, Pioneer Women of Radioactivity; Rayner-Canham, M. F., Rayner-Canham, G. W., Eds.; Chemical Heritage Foundation: Philadelphia, PA, 1997; pp 97-123. Jones, L. M. Intellectual Contributions of Women to Physics. In Women of Science: Righting the Record;

14. Irene Curie married in 1926, and both took the name of joliotcurie. joliot-curies were awardedthe 1935 nobel Prize in irene would not stop there, however, and went on to http://www.ee.vt.edu/~museum/women/icurie/icurie.html

I rene J oliot- C urie I rene Curie, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, was born on September 12, 1897 in Paris. As a child she was educated at home by her mother, but Irene would go on to finish her education at the University of Paris and the Faculty of Science. After 1918 she began helping her mother at the School of Radium of the University of Paris, and during World War I she served as a nurse radiographer. A young man named Frederic Joliot also became an assistant at the Institute of Radium, and there he met Irene. The two were married in 1926, and both took the name of Joliot-Curie. After their marriage the Joliot-Curies formed a great scientific team. Both specialized in nuclear physics, which enabled them to make their discovery that radioactive elements can be artificially formed from stable elements. The Joliot-Curies were awarded the 1935 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their contribution to the field of nuclear research. Irene would not stop there, however, and went on to achieve many other honors. I W eb sites used to create this article: www.netsrq.com/~dbois/joliot.html

15. Preguntas Que Iluminan Translate this page ARTIFICIAL A principios de los años veinte, irene joliot-curie (1897 - 1956), hijade la única persona que ha recibido dos premios nobel en Ciencias, Marie http://www.cientec.or.cr/ciencias/metodo/preguntas.html

PREGUNTAS QUE ILUMINAN UN GENIO PREGUNTON CURIOSIDAD Y AUTORIDAD Pero, ¿cómo apoyar a la juventud, para que conserve esa curiosidad cuando no se conocen las respuestas? Esto provoca pánico en los adultos, que están convencidos de que siempre deben conocer todas las respuestas, a riesgo de perder autoridad. Como consecuencia, se eliminan las preguntas "amenazadoras". Esto es lo que algunos especialistas llaman la "educación bancaria", en la que las mentes de los jóvenes deben ser llenadas de datos y términos que, sin iniciativa propia, sin contexto, sin experiencia, sin ligamen emotivo, se borran rápidamente. O aún peor, solo se recuerdan como ámbitos oscuros, no inteligibles, temidos, solo accesibles a una élite "inteligente". EL CAMINO A LA RADIOACTIVIDAD ARTIFICIAL Irene Joliot-Curie EL VALOR DE LAS PREGUNTAS

16. Nat'l Academies Press, Nobel Prize Women In Science: (2001), 6 Irène Joliot-Cur OCR for page 120 120 nobel PRIZE WOMEN IN SCIENCE irene joliotcurie as governmentminister, ; 1936. irene joliot-curie in a military hospital at Amiens, 1916. http://www.nap.edu/books/0309072700/html/117.html

Nobel Prize Women in Science: Their Lives, Struggles, and Momentous Discoveries, Second Edition Joseph Henry Press ( JHP Related Books CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-xii 1 A Passion for Discovery, pp. 1-8 2 Marie Sklodowska Curie, pp. 9-36 3 Lise Meitner, pp. 37-63 4 Emmy Noether, pp. 64-90 5 Gerty Radnitz Cori, pp. 91-116 7 Barbara McClintock, pp. 144-174 8 Maria Goeppert Mayer, pp. 175-200 9 Rita Levi-Montalcini, pp. 201-224 10 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, pp. 225-253 11 Chien-Shiung Wu, pp. 254-278 12 Gertrude Belle Elion, pp. 279-302 13 Rosalind Elsie Franklin, pp. 303-331 14 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, pp. 332-354 15 Jocelyn Bell Burnell, pp. 355-377 Afterword, pp. 406-407 Notes, pp. 408-429 Picture Acknowledgments, pp. 430-432 Index, pp. 433-459 About the Author, pp. 460-460 GO TO PAGE: TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PRINTABLE PDF IMAGE CHAPTER PAGE PURCHASE OPTIONS PAPERBACK You may want to explore these Related Books CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-xii 1 A Passion for Discovery, pp. 1-8 2 Marie Sklodowska Curie, pp. 9-36

17. Search For Joliot-Curie, Irene (Curie, I.) joliotcurie, irene (Curie, I.) 1-10 of 16. of Uranium Biquard, Pierre Frédéricjoliot-curie The Man Man and His Theories Farber, Eduard nobel Prize Winners http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.asp?Hidden=&Field=p/Joliot-Curie, Irene (Curie, I.)

18. Irène Joliot-Curie And Frédéric Joliot irene joliotcurie - biography from the Woodrow Wilson Leadership Programin Chemistry. Irène joliot-curie - biography from the nobel e-Museum. http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/chemach/ans/ifjc.html

Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956) had the unusual experience of attending for two years in her childhood a special school that emphasized science, organized by her mother, Marie Curie , and her scientific friends for their own children. She was still a teenager when she worked with her mother in the radiography corps during World War I. After the war she assisted her mother at the Radium Institute in Paris, meanwhile completing her doctorate. She married Frédéric Joliot (1900-1958), a young physicist who had come to work with her mother. The Joliot-Curies won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1935 for their discovery of artificial radiation by bombardment of alpha particles (helium nuclei, He ) on various light elements. They correctly interpreted the continued positron emission that occurred after bombardment had ceased as evidence that "radioactive isotopes" of known elements had been created. These isotopes rapidly became important tools in biomedical research and in the treatment of cancer. The Joliot-Curies were the parents of a boy and a girl, both of whom became scientists—thus continuing a famous scientific dynasty.

19. FÍSICA - DONA FIFI - DESCOBERTA DO NÊUTRON - Joliot-Curie E Chadwick Translate this page irene e Frederico joliot-curie ganharam o prêmio nobel de Química de 1935por terem sidos os primeiros a sintetizar isótopos radioativos. http://www.fisica.ufc.br/donafifi/neutron/neutron2.htm

Dona Fifi aos 19. Apostilas eletrônicas de Dona Fifi A DESCOBERTA DO NÊUTRON Nossos personagens: Irene e Frederico Joliot-Curie na França e James Chadwick na Inglaterra. Irene e Frederico Joliot-Curie Irene Joliot-Curie foi uma mulher extraordinária e, no entanto, pouca gente conhece sua história, talvez porque seu nome foi ofuscado pelo brilho de sua famosa mãe, Maria Curie. Tenho para mim, no entanto, que o talento da filha era parelho do da mãe, sendo que Irene era mais bela e elegante, além de ser uma corajosa socialista que desafiou os fascistas da Alemanha e dos Estados Unidos. Maria Curie teve duas filhas, Irene e Eva. Quando as conhecí, na Paris dos anos 30, eram duas belas jovens com uma diferença: Eva era uma intelectual vaidosa e um pouco fútil, enquanto Irene, de porte naturalmente elegante, era uma cientista compenetrada e trabalhadora que, como a mãe, preferia se vestir com sobriedade. Já seu marido e colaborador, Frederico Joliot, era um homem charmoso, de boa conversa, tão competente quanto a mulher. Os dois se conheceram quando Frederico, por indicação de seu orientador Paul Langevin, foi trabalhar no laboratório de Maria Curie, onde Irene já era uma assistente graduada. Se foi amor à primeira vista eu não sei. Só sei que, quando se casaram, Irene adotou o sobrenome do noivo, o que é natural, e Frederico adotou o sobrenome da noiva, fato incomum mas, a meu ver, bem romântico. Irene Joliot-Curie Frederico Joliot-Curie Frederico, seguindo os passos de seu ex-orientador, Paul Langevin, era comunista e colaborou com a resistência francesa durante a ocupação alemã. Irene passou alguns anos da guerra em um hospital na Suiça, tratando-se de uma tuberculose. Em 1943, ao tentar entrar clandestinamente na França, foi presa e teve de passar um tempo em um campo de refugiados. Após a guerra, a penicilina já disponível, recuperou a saúde e voltou às atividades científicas e políticas. Em 1948 foi detida ao chegar aos Estados Unidos onde pretendia pedir ajuda para refugiados espanhóis, vítimas de Franco. Novamente, teve de passar uns dias em um campo de prisioneiros até que a embaixada francesa conseguiu retorná-la à França.

20. FÍSICA - DONA FIFI - DESCOBERTA DO NÊUTRON -3 - Experiências De Irene E Jolio Translate this page Frederico e irene joliot-curie leram o artigo dos alemães e polônio purificadaspela mãe de irene, Maria Curie. por esse descuido, o Prêmio nobel de Física http://www.fisica.ufc.br/donafifi/neutron/neutron3.htm

Dona Fifi aos 19. Apostilas eletrônicas de Dona Fifi A DESCOBERTA DO NÊUTRON As experiências do casal Joliot-Curie com uma enigmática radiação neutra. A sucessão de idas e vindas que culminou com a descoberta do nêutron começou em 1928 com algumas experiências dos alemães Walter Bothe e seu aluno Herbert Becker. Eles usavam uma amostra radioativa que produzia partículas alfa. Essas partículas alfa, como vocês lembram, têm carga elétrica positiva (+2) e são muito energéticas. Hoje sabemos que elas são idênticas aos núcleos do elemento hélio, com dois prótons e dois nêutrons. Em 1928, porém, ninguém ainda fora apresentado ao nêutron. Bothe e Becker usavam as alfas para alvejar (ou "bombardear", como dizem os físicos) uma amostra de berílio, metal branco, leve e muito tóxico. Notaram, então, que o bombardeio das alfas produzia um novo tipo de radiação a partir do berílio. Logo, verificaram que essa radiação era eletricamente neutra, isto é, não se desviava na presença de cargas elétricas ou ímãs. Seguindo a lei do menor esforço, concluíram que essa radiação devia ser de raios gama. Como você lembra, raios gama são ondas eletromagnéticas, como a luz visível. Walter Bothe Frederico e Irene Joliot-Curie leram o artigo dos alemães e resolveram reproduzir a experiência. Eles dispunham de fontes mais poderosas de partículas alfa, as amostras de polônio purificadas pela mãe de Irene, Maria Curie. Nessa reprodução da experiência, observaram também o surgimento de uma radiação neutra partindo do berílio alvejado pelas alfas e foram na onda dos alemães admitindo que era radiação gama.

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