61. Nobel Jews nobel prize winner in Economics for work on 'game equilibrium models' cesar milstein nobel prize winner in Medicine field of immunology Simon Kuznets http://www.bibletopics.com/biblestudy/147.htm

Nobel Jews As the Nobel Prize marks its centennial, Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population. It is ironic that this international recognition has rewarded Jewish accomplishment in the same century that witnessed pogroms, the Holocaust, and wars that killed millions for no other reason than that they were Jewish. Certainly the Nobel Prize was not awarded to Jews because they were entitled to it, were smarter or better educated than everyone else, or because they were typically over-represented in the six fields honored by the award. Rather, all Nobel laureates have earned their distinction in a traditionally fierce competition among the best and the brightest, although politics and controversy have not infrequently followed in the wake of the Nobel.

62. Volver A La Página Principal Las Instituciones Que Nos Cobijan Premios nobel de Medicina. PRINCIPAL ÍNDICE Notas nobelMedicina nobel Química Año, Tema, Ganador. milstein, cesar. http://www.biologia.edu.ar/basicos/nobeles/nobelmed.htm

Premios Nobel de Medicina PRINCIPAL ÍNDICE Notas [ Nobel Medicina ] Nobel Química Tema Ganador Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard

63. HS Ulkomaat 12.10.1999 - Lääketieteen Nobel Proteiinitutkijalle Lääketieteen nobelpalkinnon saa tänä vuonna solu- ja molekyylibiologi lääketieteennobelin 1984 saanut argentiinalainen cesar milstein, mutta vasta http://www.helsinginsanomat.fi/uutisarkisto/19991012/ulko/991012ul16.html

Ulkomaat - Tiistaina 12. lokakuuta 1999 Lääketieteen Nobel proteiinitutkijalle Günther Blobelin havainto tuottanut useita uusia lääkkeitä Lääketieteen Nobel-palkinnon saa tänä vuonna solu- ja molekyylibiologi Günter Blobel proteiinien liikkumismekanismin selvittämisestä, Karoliininen instituutti ilmoitti maanantaina. 63-vuotias Blobel on syntyjään saksalainen, mutta työskennellyt pitkään Rockefeller-yliopistossa New Yorkissa. Blobel selvitti ensimmäisenä miten proteiini pääsee solukalvon läpi ja päätyy oikeaan paikkaan solun sisä- tai ulkopuolella. Ilmiön oli jo aiemmin havainnut toinen nobelisti, lääketieteen Nobelin 1984 saanut argentiinalainen Cesar Milstein, mutta vasta Blobel kuvasi miten se tapahtui, professori Carl K. Gahmberg Helsingin yliopistosta kertoo. Apua syöpään Milstein palkittiin Nobelilla kehon puolustusjärjestelmän kehitystä ja hallintaa koskevista teorioistaan ja monoklonaalisten vasta-aineiden löytämisestä. Blobelin havainto taas loi perustan, jonka varaan lääkkeiden biotekninen kehittäminen on rakentunut. Sitä on käytetty hyväksi muun muassa keinotekoisen insuliinin, kasvuhormonin sekä kovien syöpähoitojen yhteydessä käytettävän, luuytimen kasvua kiihdyttävän lääkkeen kehittämisessä. "Kun proteiini rakentuu, sen alkupäässä on rasvaliukoinen osa. Proteiini pääsee osan avulla rasvoista muodostuvan solukalvon läpi. Kalvon läpäisyn jälkeen osa pilkotaan ja se liukenee vereen", Gahmberg selvittää.

64. The Nobel Prize Winners of the nobel Prize in Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring (1854 1984 cesar milstein(1921 ) British-Argentine Georges JF Koehler (1946-1995) German Niels http://www.tallpoppies.net.au/florey/explorer/nobel/main-content.html

History of the Prize The Nobel Prize Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist. He invented dynamite and became very rich. He gave more than 9 million dollars of his fortune to set up the Nobel prizes. Each year money from this fund goes to those who have most helped humanity. The Nobel Committee gives prizes for important work in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. Prize winners receive a cash prize (currently $1 million), a gold medal (above) and a certificate (below). Winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring (1854-1917) German For his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and death. 1902 Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932) British For his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and how to combat it. 1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860-1904) Danish In recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially

65. What Is The Nobel Prize? Winners of the nobel Prize in Medicine Source Brown 1901 Emil A 1984 cesar milstein(1921 ) British-Argentine Georges JF Koehler (1946-1995) German Niels K http://www.tallpoppies.net.au/florey/researcher/nobel/main-content.html

History of the Prize [ What is the Nobel Prize? ] [ The Development of Dynamite] [ The Nobel Prize and Winners ] [ Nobel Prize in Medicine ] What is the Nobel Prize? Source: Nobel Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist. He invented dynamite and became very wealthy. When he died he left more than nine million dollars of his fortune to set up the Nobel prizes. According to his will, of 1895, the income from this fund was to be allotted each year in five equal parts as prizes to those who had most helped humanity. The interest from the money provides annual prizes for the greatest services to humanity in science and literature, and for the most effective work to promote friendship between nations (the Peace Prize). The Nobel prizes were first awarded on 10 December 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death. The Development of Dynamite Nobel experimented a lot with nitroglycerine by itself and mixed with gunpowder. He patented detonating charges and percussion caps in 1864. He used these as a primary charge to trigger an explosion. Nobel later used a special clay from northern Germany to stabilise the nitroglycerine. When tested with a percussion cap, the preparation exploded evenly although with less power than nitroglycerine alone. He called this mixture of nitroglycerine and clay "dynamite". Nobel developed other explosive substances. Blasting gelatine, another powerful explosive, was a solution of gun cotton in nitroglycerine. Guncotton is a preparation of nitric acid and cellulose invented by Christian Schonbein in Germany in 1845. This evolved into modern dynamite which is a mixture of nitroglycerine and guncotton, with some additional ingredients.

66. BioPlanet - Opinión - Translate this page cesar milstein (1927-2002) El padre de los anticuerpos monoclonales. de los anticuerposmonoclonales, junto a George Köhler, les valió el premio nobel en 1984 http://www.bioplanet.net/magazine/bio_mayjun_2002/bio_2002_mayjun_opinion1.htm

Portal Revista Tarifas Indice Secciones ... Chat Corporativo Nosotros Publicidad CESAR MILSTEIN (1927-2002) El padre de los anticuerpos monoclonales Profesor Alfredo E. De Ioannes Universidad de Chile, Biosonda S.A. aioannes@genes.bio.puc.cl

67. Pagina Nueva 1 Translate this page BASES 1. CEDIQUIFA instituye para el año 2002, el premio cesar milstein,en recordación del destacado científico y Premio nobel. http://www.cedi.org.ar/cediquifa/cedi/basespremio.html

HOME PREMIO CESAR MILSTEIN AÑO 2002. BASES 1. CEDIQUIFA instituye para el año 2002, el premio CESAR MILSTEIN, en recordación del destacado científico y Premio Nobel. 2. Para optar a este premio es necesario presentar un trabajo original realizado en la Argentina, en el área de la biología molecular (inmunología). 3. El trabajo debe presentarse hasta el 31 de Agosto de 2002, en CEDIQUIFA, Tucumán 335, piso 7, "D", (1041), Bs.As. 4. Junto con el trabajo, su autor o autores, presentarán: 4.1. Datos personales 4.2. Antecedentes profesionales 4.3. Nómina de sus publicaciones. 4.4. Un breve resumen, de no más de una página, con la descripción de los aspectos salientes del trabajo y principales conclusiones. 5. El premio será adjudicado por resolución del Consejo Directivo de CEDIQUIFA , en base al dictamen de un jurado asesor constituido por lo menos por tres miembros y presidido por el Presidente de CEDIQUIFA. El Jurado actuante será el mismo que analiza las postulaciones para el premio anual en el área de la farmacología que CEDIQUIFA otorga en conmemoración del Día del Investigador, en honor del Dr. Bernardo Houssay. La entrega del Premio César Milstein se efectuará en el mismo acto de la entrega del Premio Bernardo Houssay. 6. El Jurado podrá solicitar a los concursantes los elementos de juicio que considere necesario para evaluar los trabajos presentados.

68. THE BLACKLISTED JOURNALIST Email Page,FREAKY!,JEWS V. ARABS: NOBEL WINNERS,CONFU JEWISH nobel WINNERS 0.2% OF Baruch S. Blumberg 1977 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1978- Daniel Nathans 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf 1984 - cesar milstein 1985 - Michael http://www.bigmagic.com/pages/blackj/column73m2.html

SECTION FOURTEEN EMAIL PAGE TWO sm COLUMN SEVENTY-THREE, JULY 2002 The Blacklisted Journalist) FREAKY! Subject: Fwd: FW: 2% or 98% Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2002 09:43:42 EDT From: Shnoosie@aol.com To: blackj@bigmagic.com Try this one! Too freaky is right!! 2% or 98% This is strange...can you figure it out? Are you the 2% or 98% of the population? Follow the instructions! NO PEEKING AHEAD! * Do the following exercise, guaranteed to raise an eyebrow. * There's no trick or surprise. * Just follow these instructions, and answer the questions one at a time and as quickly as you can! * Again, as quickly as you can but don't advance until you've done each of them...really. * Now, scroll down (but not too fast, you might miss something). Think of a number from 1 to 10 Multiply that number by 9 If the number is a 2-digit number, add the digits together Now subtract 5 Determine which letter in the alphabet corresponds to the number you ended up with(example: 1=a, 2=b, 3=c, etc.) Think of a country that starts with that letter Remember the last letter of the name of that country Think of the name of an animal that starts with that letter Remember the last letter in the name of that animal Think of the name of a fruit that starts with that letter Are you thinking of a Kangaroo in Denmark eating an Orange?

69. Links etc. cesar milstein Winner of the 1984 nobel Prize in Medicine ofArgentina for discovering how to produce monoclonal antibodies. http://www.millstein.org/links.htm

We would like to provide links to any Milstein resources on the web, and facilitate communication amongst various Milstein Families (whether or not your are directly related to our family). Request a link by filling out our questionnaire (If you would like to recommend a link to be added please contact us) Links to Milsteins on the Web: Related to the Milstein's from Zhitomir , Ukraine, Russia: Howard Milstein - Sports Team owner and Real Estate developer. Tried unsuccessfully to purchase two NFL football teams, the Cleveland Browns and most recently the Washington Redskins. Created Liberty Cable - a major competitor of Time-Warner cable in New York City. (Son of Paul Milstein.) Matt Milstein - Lead trail rides and entertained visitors by pretending to be an authentic cowboy from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Matt (Mati) has lived in a Kibbutz in Israel, served in the Israeli Army, and is the Israel Correspondent of "The New Mexico Jewish Link , a Jewish Community newspaper Email: Matt Milstein Lazer Milstein - Webmaster of this Site. Runs Advanced Computer Networks, Spring Valley, NY, and offers Web hosting services at

70. Multiculturalism In Science cesar milstein was born in Argentina in 1927. method of cancer treatment for whichmilstein, Kö hler and another scientist shared the nobel Prize for http://educ.queensu.ca/~science/main/profdev/mcpdng02.html

Multiculturalism in Science BIOLOGY: The discovery of the smallpox vaccination is credited to Dr. Boylston. However, Boylston received his ideas from Onesimus, an African-American slave, who explained to his master (who then informed Dr. Boylston) how he had been inoculated against smallpox as a child. Onesimus revealed to his master, the ancient practices of his tribe to transmit a less virulent form of the disease to children in order to prevent them from getting a deadly form. African parents had passed this information on from generation to generation by learning verbal tales. National Science Teachers Ass, .Arlington, Virginia. pp. 11 The Egyptians were responsible for many medical innovations, among them surgery. While other cultures used surgical techniques for ornament, such as body piercing, the Egyptians were among the first to circumcise adolescent boys (but not infants). In the Old Kingdom, only royalty, nobility and priests were circumcised regularly. However, in later centuries it is thought that this practice became routine for all pubertal males prior to marriage. In "The Medical Skills of Ancient Egypt", circumcision was viewed as a concern for cleanliness and hence, purity. The first depiction of any surgical technique was carved on the wall of a Dynasty VI tomb about 250 years after Imhotep's death. Selin, H. 1993. Science Across Cultures - Part I: African and Native American achievements.

71. Groupe Roche Innovation : Prix Nobel Translate this page Innovation Prix nobel dernière mise à jour 26 avril 2002, Niels Jerne, GeorgeKohler, cesar milstein, 1984 découverte des anticorps monoclonaux Susumu http://www.rochediagnostics.fr/inforoche/gr3.htm

Diabetes Care Lab Network Applied Science Innovation : Prix Nobel Niels Jerne, George Kohler, Cesar Milstein, 1984 : découverte des anticorps monoclonaux Susumu Tonegawa, 1987 : découverte de la structure génétique des anticorps Kary Mullis, 1993 : mise au point de la technique d’amplification en chaîne par polymérase (ACP ou PCR) Groupe Roche Roche Diagnostics dans le monde Roche Diagnostics ... Webmaster

72. César Milstein - Autobiography Scott Award, Board of Directors of City Trusts, Philadelphia, USA(1984). From Les Prix nobel 1984. César milstein died in 2002. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1984/milstein-autobio.html

Medical School . My PhD thesis work was done with no economic support. Both Celia and I worked part-time doing clinical biochemistry, between us earning just enough to keep us going. My thesis was on kinetics studies with the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase. When that was finished, I was granted a British Council Fellowship to work under the supervision of Malcolm Dixon. There, in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge , I started a project on the mechanism of metal activation of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase. It was through that enzyme that I started to collaborate with Fred Sanger . I have described this collaboration in some detail previously (Lynen Lecture; Miami Winter Symp. Proc., In: "From gene to protein: translation into biotechnology"; Ed. W. Whelan, Academic Press, 1982). It was after completing my PhD thesis that I took a short-term appointment with the Medical Research Council in Sanger's group, and then returned to Argentina for a period of two years. During that period I extended my studies of mechanisms of enzyme action to the enzymes phosphoglyceromutase and alkaline phosphatase. It was then that I had my first experience at directing other people's work, including my first research student. The political persecution of liberal intellectuals and scientists manifested itself as a vendetta against the director of the institute where I was working. This forced my resignation and return to Cambridge to rejoin Fred Sanger, who by then had been appointed Head of the Division of Protein Chemistry in the newly-formed

73. Medicine 1984 The nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984. Niels K. Jerne, Georges JF Köhler,César milstein. 1/3 of the prize, 1/3 of the prize, 1/3 of the prize. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1984/

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize Denmark Federal Republic of Germany Argentina and United Kingdom Basel Institute for Immunology Basel, Switzerland Basel Institute for Immunology Basel, Switzerland MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1911 d. 1994 b. 1946 d. 1995 b. 1927 (in Bahia Blanca, Argentina) d. 2002 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 Press Release Presentation Speech Niels K. Jerne ... Other Resources The 1984 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: Last modified June 16, 2000 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

74. Coldolence Book For Cesar Milstein The scientific world mourns the recent death of cesar milstein, NobelPrize Winner in 1984 with Niels Jerne and Georges Köhler. http://www-db.embl-heidelberg.de/jss/servlet/de.embl.bk.wwwTools.GuestBook/condo

The scientific world mourns the recent death of Cesar Milstein, Nobel Prize Winner in 1984 with Niels Jerne and Georges Köhler. Milstein, Jerne and Köhler's contribution to science as the inventors of monoclonal antibody methods was of tremendous importance. Cesar's involvement with EMBO throughout his membership was active for very many years and even in the last month before he died was a willing reviewer of a submission to EMBO. EMBO's connection with Milstein, Jerne and Köhler and the Nobel Prize are also strong in that the work which gave rise to this award was stimulated by a long term fellowship awarded to Kohler to visit Milstein's laboratory in 1974. The title of that fellowship was "Studies of cultured cells synthesising specific antibodies". EMBO and the scientific community feel, therefore, that the passing of Cesar Milstein ends a long-standing relationship that we much appreciated. We would like to invite you to share your memories and thoughts by recording these in remembrance of Cesar Milstein You can create a new entry in this list.

75. César Milstein Translate this page Ganador del último premio nobel que obtuvo la ciencia de nuestro país, CesarMilstein es uno de los investigadores argentinos de mayor prestigio mundial. http://www.geocities.com/macrisferrari/nobeles/csar.htm

César Milstein MEDICO Y BIOQUIMICO Ganador del último premio Nobel que obtuvo la ciencia de nuestro país, Cesar Milstein es uno de los investigadores argentinos de mayor prestigio mundial. Nacido en Bahía Blanca en 1927, estudió en el ColegioNacional de esa ciudad y obtuvo su diploma en la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1952. Cinco años después, Milstein logró su primer doctorado como biólogo celular, por su tesis sobre enzimas. Fue becado por la Universidad de Cambridge, uno de los centros más avanzados de la ciencia mundial, donde obtuvo su segundo doctorado en 1960, trabajando bajo la dirección del bioquímico molecular Frederick Sanger, quien recientemente había ganado el Premio Nobel de Quimica por el estudio de la estructura de la insulina. Milstein regresó al país en 1961, como jefe de la División de Biología Molecular del Instituto Nacional de Microbiología, pero sólo estuvo un año en el cargo para retornar a Inglaterra tras el golpe militar de 1962. Nuevamente en Cambridge, a los 36 años, pasó a .formar parte del Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y trabajó en el estudio de la. inmunoglobulina, avanzando en el conocimiento del proceso por el cual la sangre produce anticuerpos, es decir, proteínas creadas por el sistema inmunológico para destruir los cuerpos extraños o antígenos. Junto a G. Kóhler desarrolló una técnica de avanzada para producir anticuerpos con idéntica estructura química, que denominó anticuerpos monoclonales. En 1983, Milstein se convirtió en jefe y director de la División de Química de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos de la Universidad de Cambridge. Para entonces, Inglaterra lo había adoptado como ciu-dadano y científico, por lo que iba a compartir con la Argentina el honor del Premio Nobel de (química que Milstein obtuvo en 1984, por el desarrollo de los anticuerpos monoclonales.

76. César Milstein (1927 - ) tests. For his efforts, milstein was awarded the nobel Prize for Physiologyor Medicine with Georges Kohler and Niels Jerne in 1984. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/Cesar_Milstein.html

Milstein conducted groundbreaking work into the synthesis of antibodies, proteins that are produced by the cells of the immune system in response to attacks by foreign bodies called antigens. His work was instrumental in the development of monoclonal antibody technology . By fusing antibody-producing B lymphocyte cells with tumor cells that are "immortal," his lab was able to produce a "hybridoma," which could continuously synthesize antibodies. All of the antibodies produced by this type of hybridoma cell were identical, the same as those produced by the B cell before it was fused. Because the antibodies that are produced by this process all come from a single clone of hybridoma cells, they are called monoclonal antibodies. This technique of monoclonal antibody production, developed in 1975 with Georges Kohler, has been used extensively in the commercial development of new drugs and diagnostic tests. For his efforts, Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Georges Kohler and Niels Jerne in 1984. Go to next profile: Kary B. Mullis

77. César Milstein 1927-2002 César milstein CV. César milstein - Publications. Information onCésar's nobel Prize in 1984. Obituaries The Guardian. LMB Home Page. http://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/Cesar_Milstein.html

Milstein himself made many major contributions to improvements and developments in monoclonal antibody technology - especially focussing on the use of monoclonal antibodies to provide markers that allow distinction between different cell types. He also foresaw the potential wealth of ligand-binding reagents that could result from applying recombinant DNA technology to monoclonal antibodies and inspired the development of the field of antibody engineering. Milstein was born in Argentina where he started his research career at the University of Buenos Aires in enzymology, working with Prof A Stoppani on aldehyde dehydrogenase. In 1958, he came to Cambridge, funded by the British Council, to work with Malcolm Dixon in the Biochemistry Department. Here he did a PhD, working on the mechanism of metal activation of phosphoglucomutase. He then returned to Argentina but, after two years, resigned his job there as a result of the political situation and came back to Cambridge in 1963 to work in the Division of Protein Chemistry in the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. It was at this stage that, following the advice of Fred Sanger, Milstein changed his field of study from enzymes to antibodies. Obituaries The Guardian LMB Home Page

78. César Milstein - 1984 1975 and became a Companion of Honour in 1995. cesar milstein diedin March 2002 in Cambridge aged 74. César milstein 19272002. http://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/archive/Milstein84.html

He returned to Argentina for two years during which he extended his studies of mechanisms of enzyme action to the enzymes phosphoglyceromutase and alkaline phosphatase. However, the political persecution of liberal intellectuals and scientists manifested itself as a vendetta against the director of the institute where he was working, forcing him to resign and return to Cambridge and rejoin Sanger who was now Head of the Division of Protein Chemistry in the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. He followed the advice of Sanger and changed his field of study from enzymes to antibodies. "for theories concerning the specificity in control and development of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" Production of Monoclonal Antibodies. The First Hybridoma He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1975 and became a Companion of Honour in 1995. Cesar Milstein died in March 2002 in Cambridge aged 74. Fred Sanger, 1958 Max Perutz, 1962 John Kehnndrew, 1962 Francis Crick, 1962 ... John Walker, 1997

79. Hispanos Famosos César milstein shared the nobel Prize for pioneering contributions to the theoryand techniques of immunology, which were said to lay the basis for advances http://coloquio.com/famosos/milstein.html

César Milstein (1927- ), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1980. César Milstein shared the Nobel Prize for "pioneering contributions to the theory and techniques of immunology, which were said to lay the basis for advances in medical areas such as cancer treatment and the detection of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In work with his colaureate Georges J. F. Koehler, Milstein developed the techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies, antibodies with a specific affinity for certain sites in the body that might find diseased cells but leave healthy cells

80. Www.solids.caltech.edu/local/computations/escudos/nobeles implications of the discoveries. cesar milstein (1927 ), Argentina. NobelPrize for Medicine and Physiology, 1980. Cisar milstein shared http://www.solids.caltech.edu/local/computations/escudos/nobeles

Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1917. Argentinian scientist and activist Bernardo Houssay was recognized by the Academy for "his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugars". Although Houssay's major interest was in the endocrine glands and the pituitary, his research produced significant results on the physiology of circulation and respiration, the process of immunity, the nervous system, digestion, and snake and spider venoms. He was also recognized as an activist leader in the promotion of democracy, education, and scientific research in Argentina. Luis Federico Leloir (1906- ), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1970. Luis Leloir was awarded the Nobel Prize for "his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates". Leloir, working in simple circumstances, isolated uridine diphosphate glucose and showed that it was incorporated into glycogen in the presence of a liver enzyme. He also worked out the mechanism of synthesis of starch. Leloir's discoveriesthat the sugar nucleotides are principal actors in interconversion of sugars and polysaccharide formationled to additional research in carbohydrate metabolism and on the medical implications of the discoveries. Cesar Milstein (1927- ), Argentina. Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1980. Cisar Milstein shared the Nobel Prize for "pioneering contributions to the theory and techniques of immunology, which were said to lay the basis for advances in medical areas such as cancer treatment and the detection of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In work with his colaureate Georges J. F. Koehler, Milstein developed the techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies, antibodies with a specific affinity for certain sites in the body that might find diseased cells but leave healthy cells intact. Santiago Ramon y Cajal , (1852-1934), Spain, Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, 1906. Santiago Ramsn y Cajal was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on the structure of the nervous system. His major contributions were in adapting Golgi's silver nitrate staining techniques to thick sections of embryonic material, in formulating theories of nervous system structure and nerve impulse transmission, and in explaining the areas of traumatic degeneration and regeneration of nervous structures. He was also a notable author and Spanish statesman, always concerned about the status of Spain and the Spanish language. Severo Ochoa de Albornoz Severo Ochoa, (1905-1993), SPAIN Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology, 1959. Severo Ochoa shared the Nobel Prize for "his contributions to the discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid". His research on high-energy phosphates and their role in the body's energy processes resulted in the discovery and application of the enzyme polynucleotyde phosphorilase, which catalizes the synthesis of RNA. Baruj Benacerraf (1920- ), Venezuela, Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology, 1980 Benacerraf gained the Nobel Prize, along with his colleagues Dausset and Snell "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. They have been responsible for turning what at first appeared as an esoteric area of basic research on inbred mice into a major biological system of the greatest significance for the understanding of cell recognition, immune responses and graft rejection."

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