61. February 25 - Today In Science History george richards minot. (source), Died 25 Feb 1950 (born 2 Dec 1885) American physicianwho received (with george Whipple and William Murphy) the nobel Prize for http://www.todayinsci.com/2/2_25.htm

FEBRUARY 25 - BIRTHS Hugh Esmor Huxley (source) Born 25 Feb 1924 English molecular biologist whose study (with Jean Hanson) of muscle ultrastructure using the techniques of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy led him to propose the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction. An explanation for the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy on the molecular level, the theory states that two intertwined muscle proteins, actin and myosin, arranged in partially overlapping filaments, slide past each other through the activity of the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (atp), during muscle contraction. Lev Artsimovich Tokamak T-3 (source) Born 25 Feb 1909; died 1 Mar 1973. Russian physicist who provided the basis of the Tokamak a device capable of confining ultra-high temperature plasma suitable for research into controlled nuclear fusion. After WW II, he began with the task of isotope separation for nuclear bomb fuel, and from there turned to work on a goal of controlled nuclear fusion. John J. Bittner

62. The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners: Physiology Or Medicine 1934, george R. minot William P. Murphy GH Whipple, United States United StatesUnited States. 1956, André F. Cournand Dickinson W. richards, Jr. http://history1900s.about.com/library/misc/blnobelmed.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Nobel Prize Winners for Physiology or Medicine Chemistry Physics Literature Peace ... Economics Emil A. von Behring Germany Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain Niels R. Finsen Denmark Ivan P. Pavlov Russia Robert Koch Germany Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Italy Spain Charles L. A. Laveran France Paul Ehrlich Elie Metchnikoff Germany France Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland Albrecht Kossel Germany Allvar Gullstrand Sweden Alexis Carrel France Charles R. Richet France Robert Barany Austria Jules Bordet Belgium Schack A. S. Krogh

63. James B. Murphy Papers, Ca.1918-1950 correspondence with Simon Flexner, Herbert S. Gasser (nobel laureate, 1944 MemorialHospital for the Treatment of Cancer; minot, george richards, 18851950; http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/m/murphyjb.htm

64. Géniesenherbe.org - Prix Nobel De Physiologie Et Médecine Translate this page 1934, george Hoyt Whipple, William Parry Murphy et george Richard minot (États-Unis 1956,André Frédéric Cournand (États-Unis), Dickinson richards Jr http://www.geniesenherbe.org/theorie/prix/nobmed.html

Lauréats du prix Nobel de physiologie et médecine Le prix Nobel de physiologie et médecine est attribué par l' Assemblée Nobel de l'Institut Karolinska , à Stockholm. Année Récipiendaire Emil Adolf von Berhing (Allemagne) sir Ronald Ross (Grande-Bretagne) Niels Ryberg Finsen (Danemark) Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov (Russie) Robert Koch (Allemagne) Camilio Golgi (Italie) et Santiago Ramon y Cajal (Espagne) Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (France) Paul Ehrlich (Allemagne) et Elie Metchnikov (Russie) Theodor Emil Kocher (Suisse) Albericht Kossel (Allemagne) Alivar Gullstrand (Suède) Alexis Carrel (France) Charles Robert Richet (France) Robert Bárány (Autriche-Hongrie) NON ATTRIBUÉ NON ATTRIBUÉ NON ATTRIBUÉ NON ATTRIBUÉ Jules Bordet (Belgique) Schack August Steenberg Kroch (Danemark) NON ATTRIBUÉ sir Archibald Vivian Hill (Grande-Bretagne) et Otto F. Meyerhof (Allemagne) sir Frederic Grant Banting (Canada) et John James Richard Macleod (Canada) Willem Einthoven (Pays-Bas) NON ATTRIBUÉ Johannes Anreas Grib Fibiger (Danemark) Julius Wagner von Jauregg (Autriche) Charles Jules Henri Nicolle (France), pour ses travaux sur le typhus.

65. EXPLORIT Science Center 1833, Bert, Paul. 1833, nobel, Alfred Bernhard. 1834, Mendeleeff, Dmitri Ivanovich. 1885,Hazen, Elizabeth Lee. 1885, minot, george richards. 1886, Heilbron, Ian Morris. http://www.explorit.org/book/BOSDscientists.html

The Book Of Science Days Buy this interesting, useful resource today Scientists featured in the daily entries Birth Year Last Name Other names 15th Century da Vinci Leonardo Copernicus Nicolas 16th Century Fuchs Leonhart Mercator Gerardus Vesalius Andreas Gilbert William Brahe Tycho Bacon Francis Galilei Galileo Kepler Johannes Harvey William 17th Century Fermat Pierre de Torricelli Evangelista Grimaldi Francesco Maria Picard Jean Pascal Blaise Sydenham Thomas Boyle Robert Malpighi Marcello Ray John Huygens Christiaan Leeuwenhoek Antony van Wren Christopher Hooke Robert Steno Nicolaus Newton Isaac Flamsteed John Papin Denis Lancisi Giovanni Maria Halley Edmund Newcomen Thomas Hales Stephen Reaumur Rene Antoine Ferchault de Taylor Brook Fahrenheit Gabriel Maupertius Pierre Louis Moreau de Bernoulli Daniel 18th Century Celsius Anders Artedi Petrus Chatelet Emilie du Franklin Benjamin Euler Leonhard Linnaeus Carl Vaucanson Jacques de D'Alembert Jean le Rond Agnesi Maria Gaetana Macquer Pierre Joseph Hutton James Boulton Matthew Spallanzani Lazarro Wedgewood Josiah Cavendish Henry Darwin Erasmus Arkwright Richad Wilcke Johan Carl Priestley Joseph Bergman Torbern Olaf Watt James Galvani Luigi Herschel William Withering William Young Arthur Scheele Carl Wilhelm Cartwright Edmund Klaproth Martin Heinrich Lavoisier Antoine Laurent Lamarck Jean Baptiste Montgolfier Jacques-Etienne Volta Alessandro Charles Jacques Alexandre Cesar Curtis William Monge Gaspard Delambre Jean Baptiste Joseph Jenner Edward Herschel Caroline Fourcroy Antoine Francoise de Chaptal Jean Antoine Claude Telford Thomas Whitney Eli Dalton John Malthus Thomas Robert Cuvier George Leopold

66. Ir Al Home Page Home Page Translate this page 1934, george R. minot William P. Murphy george H. Whipple, 1956, Werber ForssmannDickinson richards André F. Coumand, RFA Estados Unidos Estados Unidos, http://www.neuroc.sld.cu/nobel.htm

@import url(maintext.css); Home Page Premios Nobel de Fisiología y Medicin a Año Premiado Pais Campo de Estudio Emil von Behring Alemania Investigaciones en sueroterapia. Sir Ronald Ross Reino Unido Descubrimiento de la forma de transmisión del paludismo. Niels R. Finsen Dinamarca Tratamiento de las enfermedades de la piel con radiación luminosa. Iván Pávlov Rusia Investigaciones sobre fisiología de la digestión. Robert Koch Alemania Investigación de la tuberculosis. Camillo Golgi S. Ramón y Cajal Italia España Trabajos sobre la estructura del sistema nervioso. Alphonse Laveran Francia Investigación de las enfermedades protozoarias. Paul Ehrlich Elie Méchnikov Alemania Rusia Trabajos sobre inmunidad. Emil Kocher Suiza Fisiología, patología y cirugía de la glándula tiroides. Albrecht Kossel Alemania Investigaciones en química celular. Allvar Gullstrand Suecia Estudio de la dióptrica del ojo. Alexis Carrel Francia Investigaciones sobre suturas vasculares; trasplante de órganos. Charles Richet Francia Estudios sobre anafilaxia.

67. Wikipedia: 1934 Translate this page Premi nobel. per la Pace Arthur Henderson? per la Letteratura Luigi Pirandello?per la Medicina george richards minot?, William Parry Murphy http://it.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?1934

68. Nobel Prize For Medicine george H. Whipple, george R. minot, and William P Dickinson W. richards, Jr., AndréF. Cournand (both US), and Werner Forssmann (Germany), for new techniques http://homepages.shu.ac.uk/~acsdry/quizes/medicine.htm

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine For years not listed, no award was made. Emil A. von Behring (Germany), for work on serum therapy against diphtheria Sir Ronald Ross (U.K.), for work on malaria Niels R. Finsen (Denmark), for his treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light rays Ivan P. Pavlov (U.S.S.R.), for work on the physiology of digestion Robert Koch (Germany), for work on tuberculosis Charles L. A. Laveran (France), for work with protozoa in the generation of disease Paul Ehrlich (Germany) and Elie Metchnikoff (U.S.S.R.), for work on immunity Theodor Kocher (Switzerland), for work on the thyroid gland Albrecht Kossel (Germany), for achievements in the chemistry of the cell Allvar Gullstrand (Sweden), for work on the dioptrics of the eye Alexis Carrel (France), for work on vascular ligature and grafting of blood vessels and organs Charles Richet (France), for work on anaphylaxy Jules Bordet (Belgium), for discoveries in connection with immunity August Krogh (Denmark), for discovery of regulation of capillaries' motor mechanism In1923, the1922 prize was shared by Archibald V. Hill (U.K.), for discovery relating to heat-production in muscles; and Otto Meyerhof (Germany), for correlation between consumption of oxygen and production of lactic acid in muscles

69. Winners Of The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine The nobel Prize Internet Archive. george HOYT WHIPPLE , george richards minot andWILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases http://home.uchicago.edu/~llcai/indexpic/NOBEL-Prizes/medicine.html

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Winners 1997-1901 also available in alphabetical arrangement brought to you by The Nobel Prize Internet Archive S TANLEY B ... RUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection The prize was awarded jointly to: P ETER C D ... OHERTY and R OLF M Z ... INKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence. The prize was awarded jointly to: E DWARD B L ... OLHARD and E RIC F W ... IESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development. The prize was awarded jointly to: A LFRED G G ... ILMAN and M ARTIN R ODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells. The prize was awarded jointly to: R ICHARD J R ... OBERTS and P HILLIP A S ... HARP for their independent discoveries of split genes. The prize was awarded jointly to: E DMOND H F ... ISCHER and E DWIN G K ... REBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism. The prize was awarded jointly to: E RWIN N EHER and B ERT S AKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells.

70. Henry Drysdale Dakin (www.whonamedit.com) research effort and a collaboration with the surgeon and nobel Laureate of 1912 factorin liver, which had been demonstrated by george richards minot (18851950 http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/446.html

Home List categories Eponyms A-Z Biographies by country ... Contact Henry Drysdale Dakin American chemist, born March 12, 1880, London; died 1952. Associated eponyms: Carrel-Dakin treatment Method of wound irrigation in which the wound is intermittently irrigated with Dakin’s solution. Dakin's oxidation theory Dakin's solution Highly diluted, neutral antiseptic solution for cleansing wounds. Biography: Henry Drysdale Dakin ”Dale and I proved that a hen is not a duck” Born in London, Dakin was the son of a Leeds iron and steel merchant and was brought up in Leeds. He studied organic chemistry at the Victoria University, which was later renamed the University of Leeds. After graduating Dakin went to London in 1901 and worked at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, then the Jenner Institute. It was here that he first became interested in enzymes and studied the mode of action of lipase. He went to Heidelberg to collaborate with the chemist Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (1853-1927), who became the 1910 Nobel Laureate in physiology or medicine ”in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances.”

71. Winners Of The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine The nobel Prize Internet Archive george HOYT WHIPPLE , george richards minot andWILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases http://phyux2.ks.ac.kr/khs/index/b/project/chap. 4/ë ¸ë²¨ë°ë ¸ë²�

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Winners 2000-1901 The Nobel Prize Internet Archive The prize was awarded jointly to: A RVID C ARLSSON ... REENGARD and E RIC K ANDEL for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. The prize was awarded to: G B LOBEL , for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell. The prize was awarded jointly to: R OBERT F F ... GNARRO and F ERID M URAD for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system. S TANLEY B P ... RUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection The prize was awarded jointly to: P ETER C D ... OHERTY and R OLF M Z ... INKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence. The prize was awarded jointly to: E DWARD B L ... OLHARD and E RIC F W ... IESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development. The prize was awarded jointly to: A LFRED G G ... ILMAN and M ARTIN R ODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.

72. Award Winning Ideas In Science Translate this page 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. 27, 28, 29, 30, nobel Prize, Turing Award, Field`s Medal. 1934,Harold Clayton Urey, george Hoyt Whipple george richards minot William Parry Murphy, http://vis.csit.fsu.edu/awis/index.php?sort=1

73. Contenido Home For these new discoveries Warburg could have received a second nobel Prize but beingJewish, was prevented from accepting 1892 1987 george richards minot.USA http://www.antioxidants.com.ar/12/Art065.htm

Editorial comments History of the Nobel Prize 1931-1940 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg. Germany. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie Berlin-Dahlem, Germany. 1883-1970. for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme Warburg's research began when he was investigating the process by which oxygen is consumed in the cells, he introduced the use of manometry (the measurement of changes in gas pressure) for studying the rates at which slices of living tissue take up oxygen. His search for the active cell constituents led to identification of the role of the cytochromes, a family of enzymes in which the iron containing heme group binds molecular oxygen. He received the Nobel award for this discovery. By 1932, Warburg isolated the flavoproteins, another family of enzymes which participate in dehydrogenation reactions in cells, and he also identified the flavin adenine nucleotide, a coenzyme that participates in these reactions. For these new discoveries Warburg could have received a second Nobel Prize but being Jewish, was prevented from accepting the prize by the Hitler regime, which nonetheless dared not imprison him because of his international prestige. 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington.

74. Premios Nobel Translate this page 1934- george R. minot- William P. Murphy 1956- Werber Forssmann (RFA)- Dickinson richards(EUA)- André F 1982-george Stigler (EUA) consecuencias económicas de http://bib0.unsl.edu.ar/bibls/nobel.html

75. George Richards Minot george richards minot was born on December 2, 1885, at impressed by the work of georgeHoyt Whipple on Subsequently, minot, in collaboration with Edwin J. Cohn http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~nnnotables/zgrm.html

The New Netherland Ancestors of GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT Nobel Prize Winner (Physiology and Medicine) George Richards Minot James Jackson Minot Jonathan Jackson Edward Jackson Mary Salter Jonathan Jackson Edmund Quincy Edmund Quincy Elizabeth Gookin Dorothy Quincy Josiah Flynt Dorothy Flynt Thomas Willet Esther Willet Mary Brown Patrick Tracy Jackson Captain Patrick Tracy Hannah Tracy Harriet Jackson Andrew Cabot Lydia Cabot Lydia Dodge GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT Elizabeth Frances Whitney Look at the code for this diagram. (warning: this opens a new window) Biography of GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT George Richards Minot was born on December 2, 1885, at Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. His ancestor, George Minot, had migrated to America in 1630, from Saffron Walden, England. His father, James Jackson Minot, was a physician, and his mother was Elizabeth Whitney. In his youth Minot was interested in butterflies and moths, and he published two articles on butterflies. He went to Harvard University and there took his A.B. degree in 1908, his M.D. in 1912, and gained an honorary degree of Sc.D. in 1928. He did his hospital training at the Massachusetts General Hospital and then worked at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Medical School, under W. S. Thayer and W. H. Howell.

76. George Richards Minot: Awards Won By George Richards Minot Awards of george richards minot. http://www.123awards.com/artist/1368.asp

hardwork is paid in form of awards Awards of George Richards Minot OTHER-NOBEL MEDICINE Enter Artist/Album Partner Sites Stardose.com RealLyrics.com OnlyHitLyrics.com Biography Search Engine ... privacy

77. The Nobel Prize ?(Hans Spemann) 1934 (george Hoyt Whipple), (georgeRichards minot), ? (William Parry Murphy) 1933 ? http://home.megapass.co.kr/~jayleen/medicine/medi-index.htm

ij·Ñ¶óÀÎÀÇÇבּ¸¼ÒÀÇ »ý¸®ÇÐ ÀÇÇлó ¸Þ´Þ¿¡´Â ÀÇÇÐÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ ¹«¸­ À§¿¡ ¥À» Æîijõ°í ¼Ò³à ȯÀÚÀÇ °¥ÁõÀ» ´Þ·¡ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ±×¸©¿¡´Ù ¹ÙÀ§¿¡¼­ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â ¹°À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀÌ »õ°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖÀ§¿¡´Â º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½ºÀÇ '¾ÆÀ̳׾ƽº'¿¡¼­ Àοë¶õ ¶óƾ¾î ±¸Àý 'Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes'°¡ »õ°ÜÁ® Àִµ¥ '±×¸®°í »õ·Î ¹ß°ßÇÑ Áö¹è·Î Áö»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ »îÀ» ´õ ³´°Ô ¸¸µç ±×µé'À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. Leland H. Hartwell), Ƽ¸ð½ ÇåÆ®(Timothy Hunt), Æú ³Ê½º(Sir Paul M. Nurse) Arvid Carlsson), Æú ±×¸°°¡µå(Paul Greengard), ¿¡¸¯ Ä˵é(Eric R. Kandel) Robert F. Furchgott), ·çÀ̽º À̱׳ª·Î(Louis J. Ignarro), Æ丮µå ¹Â¶óµå(Ferid Murad) Stanley B. Prusiner) Peter C. Doherty), ·ÑÇÁ ĪĿ³ª°Ö(Rolf M. Zinkernagel) Alfred G. Gilman), ¸¶Æ¾ ·Îµåº§(Martin Rodbell) Richard J. Roberts), Çʸ³ »þÇÁ(Phillip A. Sharp) Edmond H. Fischer), ¿¡µåÀ© Å©·¹ºê½º(Edwin G. Krebs) Erwin Neher), º£¸£Æ® ÀÚÅ©¸¸(Bert Sakmann) Joseph E. Murray), µµ³Î Åä¸Ó½º(E. Donnall Thomas) J. Michael Bishop), ÇØ·Ñµå ¹Ù¸Ó½º(Harold E. Varmus) Sir James W. Black), °ÅÅõ¸£µå ¿¤¸®¿Â(Gertrude B. Elion),Á¶Áö È÷Ī½º( George H. Hitchings) Susumu Tonegawa) Stanley Cohen), ¸®Å¸ ·¹ºñ ¸óÅ»¸®Ä¡(Rita Levi-Montalcini)

78. Contenido Home Translate this page 1892 - 1987 george richards minot.USA. De estos tres laureados con el PremioNobel, fue Whipple quien inició este tipo de investigaciones. http://www.antioxidantes.com.ar/12/Art066.htm

Comentario editorial Historia del Premio Nobel 1931 Otto Heinrich Warburg. Alemania. Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (Actualmente Max-Planck-Institut) für Biologie Berlin-Dahlem, Alemania. 1883-1970. Por su descubrimiento sobre la naturaleza y mecanismo de acción de la enzima respiratoria Warburg comenzó investigando el proceso mediante el cual las células consumen oxígeno. Introdujo el uso de la manometría para estudiar la velocidad de captación de oxígeno por un tejido. De esta manera identificó la función de los citocromos, una familia de enzimas en las cuales el hierro contenido en los grupos hemo se une con el oxígeno molecular. Por este descubrimiento se le otorgó el Premio Nobel. En 1932, Warburg aisló las flavoproteínas, otra familia de enzimas que participan en las reacciones de dehydrogenación celular, así como la flavina adenina nucleótido, una coenzima que también participa en estas reacciones. Estos segundos descubrimientos lo hicieron merecedor de un segundo Premio Nobel que Warburg, siendo judío y bajo la amenaza del nazismo, rechazó. 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington.

79. Winners Of The Nobel Prize In Medicine Or Physiology Taken from The nobel Prize Internet Archive. 2000. george HOYT WHIPPLE , georgeRICHARDS minot and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning liver http://www.manbir-online.com/htm3/nobel-med-list.htm

Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology Taken from - The Nobel Prize Internet Archive The prize was awarded jointly to: A RVID C ARLSSON ... REENGARD and E RIC K ANDEL for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. The prize was awarded to: G ÜNTER B LOBEL , for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell. The prize was awarded jointly to: R OBERT F F ... GNARRO and F ERID M URAD for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system. S TANLEY B P ... RUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection The prize was awarded jointly to: P ETER C D ... OHERTY and R OLF M Z ... INKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence. The prize was awarded jointly to: E DWARD B L ... OLHARD and E RIC F W ... IESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development. The prize was awarded jointly to: A LFRED G G ... ILMAN and M ARTIN R ODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.

80. Home Page About Us Books Prints And Maps SciLinks E-texts nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Chronology. 1934 george HOYT WHIPPLE, georgeRICHARDS minot and WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY for their discoveries concerning http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chronmed.asp

Home Page About Us Books Prints and Maps ... SciImages Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Chronology STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence. EDWARD B. LEWIS, CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development. ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells. RICHARD J. ROBERTS and PHILLIP A. SHARP for their independent discoveries of split genes. EDMOND H. FISCHER and EDWIN G. KREBS for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism. ERWIN NEHER and BERT SAKMANN for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells. JOSEPH E. MURRAY and E. DONNALL THOMAS for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease. J. MICHAEL BISHOP and HAROLD E. VARMUS for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.

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