1. Martin L. Perl - Autobiography martin L. perl – Autobiography. By the time my sister, Lila perl, and I were bornin the 1920's, my They thought if Einstein, why not martin; I could not quit http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1995/perl-autobio.html

2. Physics 1995 The nobel Prize in Physics 1995. for pioneering experimental contributionsto lepton physics . martin L. perl, Frederick Reines. http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1995/

3. Martin Perl Wins Nobel Prize martin perl Wins nobel Prize in Physics. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center martin perl, a professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator http://www.slac.stanford.edu/slac/hottopic/mperl95/mperl95.html

Martin Perl Wins Nobel Prize in Physics Stanford Linear Accelerator Center - Martin Perl, a professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), has been awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics . He will be presented the award in Stockholm, Sweden this December for his 1975 discovery of a new elementary particle known as the tau lepton Perl, 68, received the news of his selection at home in San Francisco when he received a call from the Associated Press. "I still can't believe it," said Perl. "At first I thought that someone had made a mistake." "All of us at Stanford are elated at the news, said Burton Richter, recipient of the 1976 Nobel Prize for physics and director of SLAC. "Perl's discovery came as a complete surprise to the physics world. This is a well-deserved award." Related Links Announcement from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Home Page Award Shared by Martin Perl and Frederick Reines Nobel Prize Internet Archive ... The Scientific Background to the Discovery of the Tau Lepton The tau lepton is a superheavy cousin of the electron the carrier of electrical current in household appliances. The two particles are identical in all respects except that the tau is more than 3,500 times heavier than the electron and survives less than a trillionth of a second, whereas the electron is stable. In the mid-1970s, working on the Stanford Positron-Electron Asymmetric Ring (SPEAR) with a collaboration of 30 other physicsts from

4. Martin L. Perl Winner Of The 1995 Nobel Prize In Physics martin L. perl, a nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, at the nobel PrizeInternet Archive. martin L. perl. 1995 nobel Laureate in Physics http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1995a.html

M ARTIN L P ERL 1995 Nobel Laureate in Physics for the discovery of the tau lepton. Background Born: 1927 Residence: U.S.A. Affiliation: Stanford University, Stanford, CA Featured Internet Links An excellent site that describes his work and contains many relevant links Scientific background to his discovery of the tau lepton Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors A picture of Perl addressin members of the press and SLAC employees (submitted by Dean Swither) HUGE Photo Martin Perl's visit to SUNY Albany (submitted by Nikolai N. Kostyukovich (submitted by Nikolai N. Kostyukovich (submitted by Nikolai N. Kostyukovich Martin L. Perl – Autobiography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

5. Index Of Nobel Laureates In Physics ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF nobel PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSICS. Name, Year Awarded.Alferov, Zhores I. 2000. Penzias, Arno A. 1978. perl, martin L. 1995. http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/alpha.html

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSICS Name Year Awarded Alferov, Zhores I. Alfven, Hannes Alvarez, Luis W. Anderson, Carl David ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

6. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Perl, Martin L. (1995) (M-Z) Policy. HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Biography Biographies by Profession nobel Prize Winners Physics MZ perl, martin L. (1995). http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Bio

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Perl, Martin L. (1995) document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); World Book Online Article on PERL, MARTIN LEWIS Autobiography (Nobel site) Perl, Martin (1995) Privacy Policy ... Contact Us

7. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: M-Z (Physics) MOSSBAUER, RUDOLF LUDWIG; Biography; Biography (nobel site); Mossbauer'sCareer in Physics perl, martin L. (1995); World Book Online http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Bio

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 M-Z document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); MAYER, MARIA GOEPPERT (1963) World Book Online Article on MAYER, MARIA GOEPPERT Biography (Nobel Site) Biography (Women's Hall of Fame) ... Contact Us

8. Biblioteca De Ciències. Guies: Premis Nobel De Ciències 1995 nobel.se. Física. Per les contribucions experimentals a la física dels leptonsi les partícules subatòmiques, s'ha concedit conjuntament a martin L. perl ( http://www.bib.uab.es/ciencies/nobel1995.htm

Fons desembre de 1995 La trobareu a The Nobel website, de la http://www.nobel.se Martin L. Perl Frederick Reines Martin L. Perl tau . Aquest descobriment va ser la primera evidència de l'existència d'una tercera "família" de partícules: anys després va descobrir-se el bottom quark top quark Frederick Reines Bibliografia Martin L. Perl: Martin L. Perl, William T. Kirk, "Heavy leptons", Scientific American (March 1978) Martin L. Perl, "Leptons, what are they?", New Scientist , (22 febrer 1979) Martin L. Perl, "Tau physics at future facilities", Nuclear Physics B. Proceedings and Supplements F. Reynes: F. Reynes, C.L. Cowan, Jr. "The neutrino", Nature , (1956, setembre 1). F. Reynes, C.L. Cowan, Jr. "Neutrino physics", Physics Today (1957 agost). F. Reynes, "40 years of neutrino physics", Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics , vol. 32 (1994), p. 1-12. Paul J. Crutzen Mario Molina Frank Sherwood Rowland (Delaware, Ohio, 1927), de la University of California at Irvine. Paul Crutzen El 1974, Rowland i Molina publiquen a

9. Network Physics FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE DR. martin L. perl, nobel PRIZE WINNER IN PHYSICS,JOINS NETWORK PHYSICS ADVISORY BOARD Mountain View, Calif. http://www.networkphysics.com/press/press-12032001.shtml

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE DR. MARTIN L. PERL, NOBEL PRIZE WINNER IN PHYSICS, JOINS NETWORK PHYSICS ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Perl's 1975 discovery of a new elementary particle known as the tau lepton, a super-heavy cousin of the electron, not only gained him the Nobel Prize, but also the Wolf Prize in 1982. Dr. Perl is the author of numerous scientific articles and research studies published worldwide, and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS). He received his Ph.D from Columbia University, where he studied under Professor I. I. Rabi, winner of the 1944 Nobel Prize in physics. Dr. Perl is currently a professor at Stanford University's Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), where he has served on the faculty since 1963. "Learning how to control chaotic phenomena is of both practical and intellectual importance to me and my research group in our search for fractional-charge elementary particles," said Dr. Perl. "So I am excited about my new association with Network Physics where the control of chaotic phenomena is being studied and applied, and I look forward to working with Dr. Minh Duong-van, the pioneer of this field."

10. Network Physics Dr. martin L. perl is the corecipient of the 1995 nobel Prize in Physicsfor pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics. http://www.networkphysics.com/company/advisoryboard.shtml

company management advisory board investors and board members ... FAQ advisory board Network Physics has recruited the world's leading thinkers in complexity and the control of chaotic systems, as well as notable experts in the management of scientific research. Dr. Murray Gell-Mann is the recipient of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the quark and is the founder of the Santa Fe Institute. He is a leading thinker in the fields of complexity and chaos. Dr. Martin L. Perl is the co-recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics. Dr. Perl was also awarded the Wolf Prize in 1982 for his 1975 discovery of the tau lepton. He has been on the faculty at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) since 1963. Dr. Ilya Prigogine

11. The Scientist - Nobel Citation Classic Tribute LOOKING FOR LEPTONS Stanford physicist martin L. perl is a corecipientof the 1995 nobel Prize in physics. By 1975, we were sufficiently http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1995/nov/hot1_951113.html

The Scientist 9[22]:, Nov. 13, 1995 Hot Papers Nobel Citation Classic Tribute By None Editor's Note: In honor of last month's announcement of the 1995 winners of the Nobel Prizes, The Scientist here reprints essays written by two of this year's laureates: Martin Perl, a co-winner in physics, and F. Sherwood Rowland, a corecipient of the chemistry prize. These articles discuss the situation surrounding the research, writing, and submission of the extraordinarily highly cited (and, now, Nobel Prize-winning) research papers describing their investigations. These two pieces were first published in the mid-1980s as "Citation Classic" essays in Current Contents, published by the Philadelphia-based Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Perl's essay describes the discovery of electron-positron annihilations, which led to his team's discovery of a new atomic particle, the tau lepton. Rowland's essay discusses the first detailed report on the chemical reactions affecting chlorofluoromethanes after their release into the environment. The essays are reprinted here with the permission of ISI. Physical Review Letters :1489-92, 1975. (Cited in more than 500 publications through August 1995)

12. The Scientist - Meaningful Mutations with the physics prize were martin L. perl, 68 for their discovery of subatomic particles,perl for the The Norwegian nobel Committee named both Joseph Rotblat http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1995/nov/nobel_951113.html

The Scientist 9[22]:, Nov. 13, 1995 News Meaningful Mutations By Karen Young Kreeger Peace Prizes Author: Karen Young Kreeger Sidebar: 1995 Scientific Laureates Last month's announcements of the 1995 Nobel Prize recipients in the sciences were greeted with hearty approval by scientists from various sectors of the research community. Many of these investigators felt a sense of validation for their fields in the selection committees' choices. In physiology or medicine, the burgeoning discipline of developmental biology was recognized, and the subdiscipline of atmospheric chemistry was honored for the first time. Meanwhile, in physics, two discoverers of subatomic particles were named as laureates, an accolade that some physicists say was long overdue. This year, as well, the influence of researchers extended beyond the laboratory, as a scientist and a scientist- initiated group were named as the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize. The last scientist recognized in this way received the honor 20 years ago. Another Nobel milestone was reached as the 10th woman scientist in the history of the prizes was named a laureate. "I was pleased to see that a woman was included," says Harriet Zuckerman, vice president of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in New York and author of Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States (2d ed., New Brunswick, N.J., Transaction Press, 1996) "The number of women that have received Nobel Prizes is very small. It was good to see someone who is youngish and in the full force of her career be honored."

13. 1995 Nobel Prize In Physics nobel Prizes 1995 nobel Prize in Physics. The prize was awarded jointly to perl,martin L., USA, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/nobel/1995nobel.html

1995 Nobel Prize in Physics The prize was awarded jointly to: Perl, Martin L. , U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center , Stanford University, Stanford, CA "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, specifically for the discovery of the tau lepton"; and Reines , Frederick , U.S.A., University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics, specifically for the detection of the neutrino". Tau: The 3rd Electron-like Particle In 1975, Martin Perl (SLAC) scanned the 1973-1974 SPEAR experimental data, searching for a particularly unusual type of event . What if, he supposed, sometimes an electron and positron annihilate, and the detector records only one electron-type track, and one muon-type track? These theoretically-predicted events were found, and at rates that could only be explained by postulating another new particle type, one just like the electron but 3,000 times more massive. (The muon, too, is just like the electron, but 200 times more massive and no one yet understands why there are three electron-like particles.) Martin Perl Receives The Nobel Prize (photo by Joseph Perl) When a pair of taus, one tau plus and one tau minus, is produced, each

14. Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates - Physics Yes. No. Jewish Laureates of nobel Prize in Physics. Year, nobel Laureate, Countryof birth. 1995, perl, martin L. for the discovery of the tau lepton , Russia. http://www.science.co.il/Nobel-Physics.asp

Israel Science and Technology Homepage HOME Search About Contact Nobel Prize Subject Biomedical Chemistry Economics Physics ... Literature Sort options Country Name Year Order A - Z Z - A Show citation Yes No Jewish Laureates of Nobel Prize in Physics Year Nobel Laureate Country of birth Alferov, Zhores I. "for basic work on information and communication technology" Russia Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" Algeria Lee, David M. "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" USA Osheroff, Douglas D. "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3" USA Perl, Martin L. "for the discovery of the tau lepton " Russia Reines, Frederick "for the detection of the neutrino" USA Charpak, Georges "for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber" Poland Friedman, Jerome I. "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics" USA Lederman, Leon M.

15. SLAC Library Conferences Experiments Institutions perl, martin L. (SLAC) PAPERS EXPTS STUDENTS Update your Undergrad Brooklyn,Polytechnic U. martin@slac.stanford physics/laureates/1995/perlautobio.html http://usparc.ihep.su/spires/find/hepnames/www?note=nobel prize&sequence=note(d)

16. NOBEL LAUREATES WARN AGAINST MISSILE DEFENSE DEPLOYMENT Douglas D. Osheroff STANFORD UNIVERSITY 1996 nobel Prize in physics Arno A. PenziasBELL LABS 1978 nobel Prize in physics martin L. perl STANFORD UNIVERSITY http://www.fas.org/press/000706-letter.htm

July 6, 2000 President William Jefferson Clinton The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20502 Dear Mr. President: We urge you not to make the decision to deploy an anti-ballistic missile system during the remaining months of your administration. The system would offer little protection and would do grave harm to this nation's core security interests. We and other independent scientists have long argued that anti-ballistic missile systems, particularly those attempting to intercept reentry vehicles in space, will inevitably lose in an arms race of improvements to offensive missiles. North Korea has taken dramatic steps toward reconciliation with South Korea. Other dangerous states will arise. But what would such a state gain by attacking the United States except its own destruction? While the benefits of the proposed anti-ballistic missile system are dubious, the dangers created by a decision to deploy are clear. It would be difficult to persuade Russia or China that the United States is wasting tens of billions of dollars on an ineffective missile system against small states that are unlikely to launch a missile attack on the U.S. The Russians and Chinese must therefore conclude that the presently planned system is a stage in developing a bigger system directed against them. They may respond by restarting an arms race in ballistic missiles and having missiles in a dangerous "launch-on-warning" mode.

17. '55 Grad Wins Physics Prize, Recalls I.I. Rabi martin L. perl, a 1955 Columbia Ph.D. has won the nobel Prize for Physics. Hebecomes the 55th nobel Laureate who has taught or studied at Columbia. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss7/record2107.14.html

'55 Grad Wins Physics Prize, Recalls I.I. Rabi Photograph : Martin L. Perl. Photo Credit: Stanford University. Martin L. Perl, a 1955 Columbia Ph.D. has won the Nobel Prize for Physics. He becomes the 55th Nobel Laureate who has taught or studied at Columbia. He was cited for his 1975 discovery of one of the smallest constituents of the universe, a subatomic particle known as the tau lepton. Perl, 68, was a student of I.I. Rabi, the famed Columbia physicist who won the Nobel in 1944 for measuring the radio-frequency spectra of atomic nuclei. "I learned so much from him," Perl said in a telephone interview from Stanford, where he is a professor, soon after learning of his award last Thursday. "The first thing he taught me was, don't do what other people do. The other crucial thing about him was that he was never very good in math, but he was able to do great research. That gave me the courage, if you will, that I could do similar things. "Finally, he taught me that it was good to be first, but better to be right. We never published anything without checking it carefully." The son of immigrant parents, Perl was born in Brooklyn in 1927. He earned a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, now Polytechnic University, and then worked as an engineer for General Electric from 1948 to 1950. With only one year of undergraduate physics, he was admitted to Columbia's graduate physics program. "It was amazing that Columbia accepted me," Perl said. "That kind of confidence was one of the great things about Columbia."

18. Martin L Perl Translate this page martin L. perl (nascido em 1927) Físico norte-americano nascido em New York City,professor na Stanford University, Stanford, CA, Prêmio nobel de Física http://www.sobiografias.hpg.ig.com.br/MartLPer.html

Martin L. Perl (nascido em 1927) Tau e do Neutrino Frederick Reines Oscar Perl e Fay Rosenthal Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn , hoje Polytechnic University high school college Vladimir Rojansky I. I. Rabi Physics Departments da University of Michigan, pesquisando com Donald Glaser Lawrence W. Jones , e escreveram para Washington pedindo dinheiro para seus projetos. Esse foi o ponto de partida que terminou com o Nobel pela descoberta do tau lepton Foto copiada do site NOBEL e-MUSEUM: http://www.nobel.se/ Nova B U S C A :

19. The Nobel Prize In Physics 1995 reading Additional background material on the nobel Prize for Physics 1995, TheRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Heavy Leptons, martin L.perl and William T http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/nobel/95/announcement95-physics.html

Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Origin The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics with one half to Martin L. Perl , Stanford University, Stanford, Kalifornien, USA for the discovery of the tau lepton and with one half to Frederick Reines , University of California, Irvine, Kalifornien, USA for the detection of the neutrino. Additional background material on the Nobel Prize for Physics 1995 Discoveries of two of nature's sub-atomic particles rewarded Mankind seeks his place in nature. He endeavours to find answers to philosophical and physical questions alike. The home of mankind, the Universe, was created in a Big Bang. "What does this Universe consist of?" - "What are the smallest constituents of the Universe and what are their properties?" - "What can they tell us of the history of the Universe and of its future?" etc. This year's laureates have in this search made lasting contributions: They have discovered two of nature's most remarkable subatomic particles. Martin L. Perl

20. The Nobel Prize In Physics 1995, Background Material award the 1995 nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental contributions tolepton physics with one half to Professor martin L. perl, Stanford University http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/nobel/95/fy2.html

Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics with one half to Professor Martin L. Perl , Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA for the discovery of the tau lepton and with one half to Professor Frederick Reines , University of California, Irvine, California, USA for the detection of the neutrino This additional background material gives a short account of the two discoveries and their importance and is written mainly for physicists. 1. Two breakthroughs in lepton physics The pioneering work performed by Frederick Reines and Clyde L. Cowan, Jr., (deceased 1974) at nuclear reactors in Hanford and the Savannah River Plant during the 1950's not only led to the first experimental observation of a neutrino, but also helped to break the ground for the modern generation of low energy neutrino experiments previously considered impossible. Several of these experiments aim to detect neutrinos emanating from the sun or from supernovas. Due to the extremely small cross sections for neutrino interactions with atomic electrons and atomic nuclei a large amount of detector material is needed. Reines and Cowan performed their experiment with about half a cubic meter of fluid (mainly water with some suitable impurity) in their detector, which was considered to be a very big one at that time. Some detectors of today use several tens of thousands cubic metres of detector fluid.

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