41. An Inspired Journey - Einstien - 2 Birla. nobel Laureate Prof. lord george porter delivering the BM.BirlaMemorial Lecture, 1993. BM Birla Memorial Lecture Series. Two http://www.indiacultureheritage.com/Einsti~1.htm

Seminars and Lecture Series The principles of interactiveness and participation have not been limited to the level of children only. The finest minds of our time from all over the world have been invited to deliver lectures through seminars and conferences. A list of important events organised over the years: The All India Seminar on Haley's Comet. The All India Seminar on Ancient Indian Astronomy. Open discussion on Science Awareness and Astronomy Education through Planetaria. Panel discussion on '30 Years in Space-Was it Necessary'? International Seminar on Ancient Astronomies. International Symposium on 'Survival 2000'. National Symposium on 'Science and Technology in Ancient India'. International Seminar on 'Ancient Indian Chronology'. Seminar on 'Mass Psychology, Myth and the Collective Unconscious' in collaboration with the Swiss Government. An International Conference on 'Differential Equations-Theory, Methods and Applications'.

42. Harapan's Bookshelf: Nobel Prize In Chemistry Link Official Website of nobel Foundation Chemistry MANFRED EIGEN ; RONALD georgeWREYFORD NORRISH and lord george porter for their studies of extremely fast http://www.harapan.co.jp/english/e_books/E_B_nobel_che_e.htm

Search Now: Search: English Books Japanese Books Both Keywords: Japanese Amazon.com customer service Amazon.com Shipping Information Are you in Japan? Are you interested in Japan? English Books in Japan Books in Japanese Nobel Prize in Chemistry last updated on Link: Official Website of Nobel Foundation: Chemistry Chemistry : Alan J. Heeger Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" Professor Ahmed H. Zewail California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA@for showing that it is possible with rapid laser technique to see how atoms in a molecule move during a chemical reaction. PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ; JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase. ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY

43. Anniversary Address 2002 george porter lord porter of Luddenham - died this summer as Director of the RoyalInstitution, george was a As a founder of the nobel Prize factory known as http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/royalsoc/AnniversaryAddress2002/AA2002page9.htm

page 9 Preface How to choose tomorrow, rather than letting it just happen, as scientific understanding advances Better public understanding of science leads to more, not fewer, questions Science at the frontier is not the certainties seen in TV quizzes Science as a way of knowing Principles for science advice in policy making and public decisions Difficulties with such principles in practice The Enlightenment and the many faces of Fundamentalism Citizen Scientists Coda Notes and references Archive 1998 - 2001 Coda previous page notes page 1 page 2 ... page 9

44. Imperial College Chemistry Department Video-clip Library Professor David Phillips A little light relief , 9 Mbytes, 2.5 Mbytes, 5 Mbytes.lord george porter, nobel Laureate Photochemistry , 15 Mbytes, 8 Mbytes, 9 Mbytes. http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/

Imperial College Chemistry Department Video-clip Library College and Departmental Overviews A Focus on Excellence: The Research School 14.1 Mbytes A Focus on Excellence: Teaching 23 short clips (approx 0.3 Mbytes each) The History and Tradition of Imperial College 6.5 Mbytes London and South Kensington 5.2 Mbyte Local Speakers Quicktime RealPlayer MediaPlayer Professor Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson, Nobel Laureate: "Organometallic chemistry" 1.5 Mbytes 0.5 Mbytes 1.5 Mbytes Professor Sir Derek Barton, Nobel Laureate: "Conformational Analysis" 6 Mbytes 2.1 Mbytes 2.9 Mbytes Professor David Phillips : "A little light relief" 9 Mbytes 2.5 Mbytes 5 Mbytes Lord George Porter, Nobel Laureate: "Photochemistry" 15 Mbytes 8 Mbytes 9 Mbytes Professor Tony Barrett FRS: " Novel Polymers, Novel Linkers and Novel Transformations in Parallel Synthesis 26 Mbytes 8 Mbytes ... 7 Mbytes Professor Charles Rees FRS: " New Frontiers in Heterocyclic chemistry 18 Mbytes 6 Mbytes 5 Mbytes External Visitors Professor Ian Fleming (Cambridge): " Stereo Control in Organic Synthesis using Silicon Compounds 19 Mbytes 7 Mbytes ... 8 Mbytes Historic Talks Professor Robert B. Woodward,

45. Nobel Prize In Chemistry Winners nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners. being awarded to MANFRED EIGEN and the other halfjointly to RONALD george WREYFORD NORRISH and lord george porter for their http://chez.com/pielaurent/nobel2.htm

Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winners AHMED ZEWAIL for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy. The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and with one half to: JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase. The prize was awarded jointly to: ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for their discovery of fullerenes. The prize was awarded jointly to: PAUL CRUTZEN , MARIO MOLINA , and F. SHERWOOD ROWLAND for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.

46. Result Of Desired Function nobel Laureats in Chemistry. nobel Foundation. Year. Name. Motivation. 1901. 1967.EIGEN, MANFRED NORRISH, RONALD george REYFORD porter, lord (george). http://chemistry.sogang.ac.kr/ChemInfo/Nobeleng.html

Nobel Laureats in Chemistry Nobel Foundation Year Name Motivation VAN'T HOFF, JACOBUS HENRICUS "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" FISCHER, HERMANN EMIL "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses" ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUST "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation" RAMSAY, Sir WILLIAM "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" VON BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" MOISSAN, HENRI

47. RSLP Projects : The Papers Of Twentieth Century British Scientists for Cambridge University Library; lord porter (nobel Prize, Chemistry awarded the1977 Physics nobel Prize) is george porter (b.1920) developed the technique of http://www.rslp.ac.uk/projects/research/17.htm

The papers of twentieth century British scientists The National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists (NCUACS) at the University of Bath is a specialised unit for locating, cataloguing and finding permanent places of deposit for the archives of distinguished contemporary British scientists and engineers. Since 1973 it has worked in collaboration with 46 national and university libraries and archives to preserve and make accessible for research 225 archives of British scientists including 155 Fellows of the Royal Society and 22 Nobel Laureates. The present RSLP-funded project is founded on the cataloguing of the archives of five British scientists of exceptional distinction and importance including three Nobel Laureates. The five scientists are Professor R.V. Jones for the Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge; Dame Kathleen Lonsdale for the Library, University College London; Sir Nevill Mott (Nobel Prize, Physics, 1977) for Cambridge University Library; Lord Porter (Nobel Prize, Chemistry, 1967) for the Royal Institution, London and Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (Nobel Prize, Chemistry, 1973) for the Archives of Imperial College London. R.V. Jones (1911-1997)

48. RTD Info 26 - Scientists Give Their Verdict understand the importance of synergies between the research carried out at universitiesand industrial applications,' adds lord george porter (nobel Prize in http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/rtdinfo/en/26/recherche2.html

IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE - The information on this site is subject to a and a Public research Scientists give their verdict Nearly 30 scientists, winners of the most prestigious international awards, have given their verdict on the strengths and weaknesses of European research. At an informal meeting in Lisbon in March, they told European research ministers what they expect from Community policy. Here is what they had to say. An urgent need Interview of Philippe Busquin, member of the European Comision, responsible for Research Scientists give their verdict The European scientific landscape Accelerating into the future 'I nsistence on the pursuit of useful and profitable goals ignores the essential fact that the applications of fundamental research are usually unknown and cannot therefore be planned in advance,' points out Christian de Duve (winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1974). 'This does not mean that applied research must be neglected. But researchers should be alerted to the possible applications of their work and encouraged to participate in their development.' No innovation without upstream commitment Although unanimity is rare, this is one point on which the scientists interviewed most certainly agreed - and sent out an SOS. Fundamental research requires a long-term vision and needs support - the investment made is rarely lost. Just take a look across the Atlantic. The importance attached to 'generic research' and the scope available to scientists to move from ideas to innovation means that the Americans 'perform better and react more rapidly,' as Heinrich Rohrer (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1986) puts it.

49. RTD Info 26 - Un Certain état Des Lieux lord george porter, prix nobel de chimie, 1967). http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/rtdinfo/fr/26/recherche2.html

AVIS JURIDIQUE IMPORTANT - Les informations qui figurent sur ce site sont soumises à une clause de non-responsabilité et sont protégées par un Un certain état des lieux Près d'une trentaine de scientifiques, lauréats des plus hautes récompenses internationales, se sont prononcés sur les forces et les faiblesses de la recherche européenne. Invités à une réunion informelle des ministres européens de la recherche, en mars dernier à Lisbonne, ils ont souligné devant ces derniers ce qu'ils attendaient d'une politique communautaire dans ce domaine. Echos. Un certain état des lieux Le paysage scientifique européen Le futur accéléré "L a poursuite incessante d'objectifs utilitaires et rentables néglige un fait essentiel : les applications de la recherche fondamentale sont le plus souvent inconnues et il est impossible d'en planifier le résultat", remarque Christian de Duve (prix Nobel de médecine, 1974). "Ce qui ne signifie pas que la recherche appliquée doive être négligée... Mais les chercheurs devraient être avertis des applications potentielles de leurs travaux et encouragés à participer à leur développement." Sans amont, pas

50. Nature Publishing Group award of a share in the 1967 nobel Prize in george porter was a powerful advocateof preserving a strong and after his creation as lord porter of Luddenham in http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v419/n6907/full/

51. Nobel Prize In Chemistry - Wikipedia Theodore Seaborg 1952 Archer John porter Martin, Richard Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov1957 lord Alexander R 1967 Manfred Eigen, Ronald george Wreyford Norrish http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize/Chemistry

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Dansk Italiano Nederlands Deutsch ... Polski Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Redirected from Nobel Prize/Chemistry Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , listed by year of award in ascending order. Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff Hermann Emil Fischer Svante August Arrhenius Sir William Ramsay ... Richard Adolf Zsigmondy The (Theodor) Svedberg Heinrich Otto Wieland Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Arthur Harden Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin ... Robert Curl , Sir Harold Kroto Richard Smalley Paul D. Boyer John E. Walker ... Koichi Tanaka Source: http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/index.html Edit this page Discuss this page Page history ... Related changes Other languages: Dansk Italiano Nederlands Deutsch ... Recent changes It was last modified 18:30 Mar 13, 2003. All text is available under the terms of the

52. Nobel Prize In Chemistry - Wikipedia Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov 1957 lord Alexander R Ronald george WreyfordNorrish, george porter 1968 Lars Mullis, Michael Smith 1994 george A. Olah http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_chemistry

53. Imperial College London - Imperial-News 43 lord george porter obituary nobel prizewinning chemist george porter, who helpedto found the Centre for Photomolecular Sciences at Imperial College, has http://www.ic.ac.uk/P3637.htm

Quick Navigation Imperial home page A-Z of Departments Courses Research Alumni Faculty of Life Sciences Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Physical Sciences Spectrum People finder Help Your browser does not support javascript or you have javascript turned off. Although this will not affect your accessibility to the content of this site, some of the advanced navigation features may not be available to you. Note: Some of the graphical elements of this site are only visible to browsers that support accepted web standards . The content of this site is, however, accessible to any browser or Internet device. Imperial-News 43 Imperial College News - 9 September 2002 In this edition: neurofeedback trial for ADHD children to start at Imperial, and a positive report on artificial heart pumps. Judith H Moore Know someone who would like to keep track of what's happening at IC? They can subscribe by filling in our form at: www.ic.ac.uk/default.asp?P=2291 Sir Magdi Yacoub, professor of cardiac surgery at Imperial College London, told the European Society of Cardiology annual meeting last week that ten patients with end-stage heart failure had been fitted with artificial heart pumps which helped their own hearts recover or kept them alive until they had a transplant. He said: "This is the most exciting thing I've seen in my career. You have someone so sick that he is emaciated, and then you have him running around a park or playing football." www.newsday.com/news

54. Imperial College London - Nobel Laureates 1937, THOMSON, Sir george Paget FRS (18921975), (Joint 1948, BLACKETT, lord PatrickMaynard Stuart FRS (1897-1974 1967, porter, Sir george FRS (1920-2002 ), (Joint http://www.ic.ac.uk/P606.htm

Quick Navigation Imperial home page A-Z of Departments Courses Research Alumni Faculty of Life Sciences Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Physical Sciences Spectrum People finder Help Your browser does not support javascript or you have javascript turned off. Although this will not affect your accessibility to the content of this site, some of the advanced navigation features may not be available to you. Note: Some of the graphical elements of this site are only visible to browsers that support accepted web standards . The content of this site is, however, accessible to any browser or Internet device. Nobel Laureates Award and Date # - Still at Imperial College P - Archives have photo Physics THOMSON , Sir George Paget FRS (1892-1975) (Joint award) for his contribution to experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals P Professor of Physics 1930-1952 Fellow of Imperial College, 1955 BLACKETT , Lord Patrick Maynard Stuart FRS (1897-1974) For his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation P Professor of Physics 1953-65 Fellow of Imperial College, 1967

55. Technical Information Center A Century of nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry. 1967, Manfred Eigen, Ronald georgeWreyford Norrish lord george porter extremely fast chemical reactions http://www.accustandard.com/asi/tech_info_center.php3

if(document.all) document.write(''); else document.write(''); Information Center Useful Conversions A Century of Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry Abbreviations and Acronyms solid liquid T H E P E R I O D I C T A B L E gas synth Discoverer H AtomicWeight He Li Be Shell Isotopes B C N O ... Mg Orbital SpecificGrav Al Si P S ... Uuo lanthanons Ce Pr Nd Pm ... Lu actinons Th Pa U Np ... Lr Useful Conversions Mass To Multiply By Liquid Volume To Multiply By Ounces Grams Ounces Milliliters Pounds Kilograms Pints Liters Grams Ounces Quarts Liters Kilograms Pounds Gallons Liters Milliliters Ounces Temperature To Liters Pints Degrees Fahrenheit Degrees C subtract 32 then 5/9 Liters Quarts Degrees Celsius Degrees F 9/5 then add 32 Liters Gallons Abbreviations and Acronyms AA Atomic Absorption ACS American Chemical Society ANSI American National Standards Institute AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists APHA American Public Health Association ASTM American Society for Testing Materials BSI British Standards Institute CAS Chemical Abstracts Service

56. Nobel Laureates Of Cambridge University on any of the Laureates, see the nobel Archive. lord Adrian, Trinity, Med, 1932,The function of neurons. george porter, Emmanuel, Che, 1967, Study of fast chemical http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/smb1001/camnobel.htm

Nobel Laureates of Cambridge University Here are the 80 Nobel Prizewinners who attended Cambridge University that I have found during my research. Please mail me if you know any more or have any comments. For more information on any of the Laureates, see the Nobel Archive Laureate College Prize Year Reason for Prize Lord Rayleigh Trinity Phy Discovered Argon JJ Thomson Trinity Phy Investigated the electrical conductivity of gases Ernest Rutherford Trinity Che Atomic structure and radioactivity William Bragg Trinity Phy Analysed crystal structure using X-rays Lawrence Bragg Trinity Phy Analysed crystal structure using X-rays Charles Barkla Trinity Phy Discovered the characteristics of X-radiation Niels Bohr Trinity Phy Investigated atomic structure and radiation Francis Aston Trinity Che Work on mass spectroscopy and the `whole number rule' Archibald Hill Trinity Med Heat production in the muscles Austen Chamberlain Trinity Pea Work on the Locarno Pact, 1925 Charles Wilson Sidney Sussex Phy Invented the cloud chamber Arthur Holly Compton Phy Discovered wavelength change in diffused X-rays Owen Richardson Trinity Phy Richardson's Law of electron emission of hot metals Frederick Hopkins Trinity/ Emmanuel Med Discovered growth stimulating vitamins Lord Adrian Trinity Med The function of neurons Charles Sherrington Caius Med The function of neurons Paul Dirac St John's Phy Quantum mechanics James Chadwick Caius Phy Discovered the neutron Henry Dale Trinity Med The chemical transmission of nerve impulses George Thomson Trinity Phy Interference in crystals irradiated by electrons

57. Cbcca Home Shop · Help · Contact · Search We look at the career of nobel Laureate lord george porter who inventedflash photolysis, a method of examining chemical reactions. Quiz. http://www.radio.cbc.ca/programs/quirks/archives/96-97/oct2696.htm

home shop help contact ... search Darwinian Medicine Why do we get sick? Dr Randolph Nesse , professor of Psychiatry at the University of Michigan Medical school and author of Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine , published by Random House, says that sometimes medicine mistakes effect for cause. Our bodies are adapted to resist illness in certain ways, which can be mistaken for sickness. This evolutionary perspective is bringing new insight into medicine. Dr. Sam Wasser of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Washington has been studying the evolutionary link between stress and infertility and how it might lead us to rethink the way we treat infertility. Dr Scott Forbes , a biologist at the University of Winnipeg says there may be an evolutionary answer for the higher rate of birth defects in older mothers. Dr Paul Ewald , a professor of biology at Amherst College in Massachusetts, says we may also be able to use an evolutionary perspective to manipulate disease into becoming less harmful. The Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search George Woltman , a programmer from Orlando Florida, has begun a cooperative project to find special kinds of large prime numbers. He's inviting people to participate by downloading software from his

58. Laureatii Premiilor Nobel 1972, Gerald Maurice Edelman Rodney Robert porter, Statele Unite W. Black GertrudeB. Elion george H. Hitchings, 1989, lord Edgar Douglas Adrian Bishop J. Michael http://www.rotravel.com/medicine/nobel/r_laur.htm

ANUL NUMELE LAUREATULUI ÞARA Emil Adolf von Behring Germania Sir Ronald Ross Marea Britanie Niels Ryberg Finsen Danemarca Ivan Petrovici Pavlov Rusia Robert Koch Germania Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Italia Spania Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran Franþa Paul Ehrlich Ilia Ilici Mecinikov Germania Rusia Emil Theodor Kocher Elveþia Albrecht Kossel Germania Allvar Gulistrand Suedia Alexis Carrel Statele Unite ale Americii Charles Robert Richet Franþa Robert Báráni Ungaria - Austria neacordat neacordat neacordat neacordat Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet Belgia Schack August Steenberg Krogh Danemarca neacordat Sir Archibald Vician Hill Otto Fritz Meyerhof Marea Britanie Germania Sir Frederick Grant Banting John James Richard MacLeod Canada Canada Willem Einthaven Olanda neacordat Johannes Andreas Grib Fibinger Danemarca Julius Wagner - Jauregg Austria Charles Jules Henri Nicolle Franþa Christiaen Eijkman Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Olanda Marea Britanie Karl Landsteiner Austria Otto Heinrich Warburg Germania Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian Marea Britanie Marea Britanie Thomas Hunt Morgan Statele Unite ale Americii George Hoyt Whipple George Richards Minot

59. The Laureates Of The Nobel Prize For Medicine And Physiology 1972, Gerald Maurice Edelman Rodney Robert porter, United States W. Black GertrudeB. Elion george H. Hitchings, 1989, lord Edgar Douglas Adrian Bishop J. Michael http://www.rotravel.com/medicine/nobel/e_laur.htm

YEAR LAUREATE'S NAME COUNTRY Emil Adolf von Behring Germany Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain Niels Ryberg Finsen Denmark Ivan Petrovici Pavlov Russia Robert Koch Germany Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Italy Spain Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran France Paul Ehrlich Ilia Ilici Mecinikov Germany Russia Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland Albrecht Kossel Germany Allvar Gulistrand Sweden Alexis Carrel United States of America Charles Robert Richet France Robert Báráni Hungary - Austria no prize awarded no prize awarded no prize awarded no prize awarded Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet Belgium Schack August Steenberg Krogh Denmark no prize awarded Sir Archibald Vician Hill Otto Fritz Meyerhof Great Britain Germany Sir Frederick Grant Banting John James Richard MacLeod Canada Canada Willem Einthaven Holland no prize awarded Johannes Andreas Grib Fibinger Denmark Julius Wagner - Jauregg Austria Charles Jules Henri Nicolle France Christiaen Eijkman Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Holland Great Britain Karl Landsteiner Austria Otto Heinrich Warburg Germany Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian Great Britain Great Britain Thomas Hunt Morgan

60. Scientists Give Their Verdict understand the importance of synergies between the research carried out at universitiesand industrial applications, » adds lord george porter (nobel Prize in http://www.farmacia.us.es/decanato/Eurofarma/EPFN N°26 (October 2000)/Verdict

Scientists give their verdict Nearly 30 scientists, winners of the most prestigious international awards, have given their verdict on the strengths and weaknesses of European research. At an informal meeting in Lisbon in March, they told European research ministers what they expect from Community policy. Here is what they had to say. « Insistence on the pursuit of useful and profitable goals ignores the essential fact that the applications of fundamental research are usually unknown and cannot therefore be planned in advance » points out Christian de Duve (winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, 1974). « This does not mean that applied research must be neglected. But researchers should be alerted to the possible applications of their work and encouraged to participate in their development ». No innovation without upstream commitment Although unanimity is rare, this is one point on which the scientists interviewed most certainly agreed - and sent out an SOS. Fundamental research requires a long-term vision and needs support - the investment made is rarely lost. Just take a look across the Atlantic. The importance attached to « generic research » and the scope available to scientists to move from ideas to innovation means that the Americans « perform better and react more rapidly, » as Heinrich Rohrer (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1986) puts it. Upstream commitment brings results. Many scientists call for the development of the kind of entrepreneurial scientific culture that is found in the United States with its many start-up and spin-off firms. « Most inventions and progress come from small start-up firms, » believes Ivar Giaever (Nobel Prize in Physics, 1973).

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