21. Nobel Prize In Chemistry - Wikipedia http//www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/index.html. Hinshelwood, Nikolay NikolaevichSemenov 1957 Lord Alexander R. Todd 1958 frederick sanger 1959 Jaroslav http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize/Chemistry

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help Other languages: Dansk Italiano Nederlands Deutsch ... Polski Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Redirected from Nobel Prize/Chemistry Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , listed by year of award in ascending order. Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff Hermann Emil Fischer Svante August Arrhenius Sir William Ramsay ... Richard Adolf Zsigmondy The (Theodor) Svedberg Heinrich Otto Wieland Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Arthur Harden Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin ... Robert Curl , Sir Harold Kroto Richard Smalley Paul D. Boyer John E. Walker ... Koichi Tanaka Source: http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/index.html Edit this page Discuss this page Page history ... Related changes Other languages: Dansk Italiano Nederlands Deutsch ... Recent changes It was last modified 18:30 Mar 13, 2003. All text is available under the terms of the

22. FREDERICK SANGER improvement . The nobel prize is usually a once in a lifetime award butfour people have received it twice one of whom is frederick sanger. http://users.aber.ac.uk/ats1/sanger essay page.htm

FREDERICK SANGER Many people have contributed immensely to the work that scientists are able to do today, through their research, discoveries and determination the world of science and medicine has been able to advance tremendously. Every year someone is awarded the prestigious honour of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the "most improved chemical discovery or improvement". The Nobel prize is usually a once in a lifetime award but four people have received it twice one of whom is Frederick Sanger. Born on August 13, 1918 in Gloucestershire, he was the second son of Frederick Sanger, a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. As well as being influenced by his father's profession, Frederick Sanger is said to have been influenced more so by his brother Theadore who was interested in biology. He was educated at Bryanston School and then went to St. John,s College, Cambridge. Initially he intended to study medicine but graduated in 1939 with a degree in natural sciences. Sanger searched for a broader knowledge of science and wanted to "understand living matter to develop a more scientific basis to many medical problems (Sanger's autobiography). Sanger was also a family man who married Margaret Joan Howe in 1946 and had three children. Sanger's work has also been acknowledged by many other societies. Just to name a few they are: the Corday-Morgan Medal and Prize of the chemical Society in 1951. In 1954 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Fellow of King's College London. Our understanding of proteins and nucleic acids has been greatly enhanced by people like Frederick Sanger, allowing other scientists to make some amazing progress and discoveries for today and for the future.

23. Storia Della Chimica. Frederick Sanger E La Struttura Dell'insulina (I) Translate this page frederick sanger ne ha fatto abbondante uso (per se stesso) e dono (ai suoi collaboratori),giungendo ad un risultato accademico ineguagliato due premi nobel http://www.minerva.unito.it/Storia/ChimicaClassica/Cromatografia/CROM5.htm

Frederick Sanger e la struttura dell'insulina (I) Fra gli scienziati l'ironia è una dote rara, rarissima nella versione dell'autoironia. Lungo i quaranta anni dedicati alla biochimica Frederick Sanger ne ha fatto abbondante uso (per se stesso) e dono (ai suoi collaboratori), giungendo ad un risultato accademico ineguagliato: due premi Nobel per la chimica, nel 1958 e nel 1980. L'incontro di Sanger con le proteine avvenne durante le ricerche per il PhD, condotte fra il 1940 e il 1943 nel Dipartimento di Biochimica di Cambridge. Secondo quanto ha scritto lo stesso Sanger, molto probabilmente non avrebbe mai potuto studiare in quella prestigiosa università se i suoi genitori "non fossero stati discretamente ricchi", perché il giovane non era "accademicamente brillante". In realtà gli mancava semplicemente ciò che noi chiamiamo 'parlantina', dato che i suoi insegnanti al termine di un anno supplementare di studi in biochimica gli diedero un first grade degree . Subito dopo (1940) Sanger fece due mosse fondamentali: si sposò - a ventidue anni - e fu accettato come allievo per il dottorato, aiutato in questo dalla duplice fortunata circostanza di essere esentato dagli obblighi militari in quanto obbiettore di coscienza, e di non aver bisogno di un aiuto finanziario in quanto benestante. Il lavoro per la tesi di dottorato, sul metabolismo della lisina, lo familiarizzò con la chimica degli amminoacidi, così che al momento dell'arrivo del nuovo direttore del Dipartimento Sanger potè inserisi nel filone di ricerca principale. Infatti A.C. Chibnall, il nuovo direttore e successore del grande Hopkins (premio Nobel per la scoperta delle vitamine), aveva portato con sé dall'Imperial College numerosi collaboratori ed una solida ricerca sull'insulina.

24. Storia Della Chimica. Frederick Sanger E La Struttura Dell'insulina (II) Translate this page frederick sanger e la struttura dell'insulina (II). Fui piuttosto scioccato - scrivesanger - perché in volontà' di Tiselius, che ebbe il premio nobel l'anno http://www.minerva.unito.it/Storia/ChimicaClassica/Cromatografia/CROM6.htm

Frederick Sanger e la struttura dell'insulina (II) Tornato in Inghilterra Sanger si ritrovò al punto di partenza e si risolse a separare le due catene con i metodi collaudati della precipitazione frazionata. La frazione A, corrispondente al 'terminale' glicina risultò contenere circa 20 amminoacidi, mentre la frazione B, corrispondente all'altro 'terminale' fenilalaninico, ne conteneva circa 30. Contrariamente alle aspettative la catena B risultò di più facile soluzione, mediante l'uso abile della idrolisi acida e dell'FDNB. In effetti Sanger e i suoi inventarono e risolsero un geniale puzzle , basato sull'isolamento, l'analisi e la 'connessione' dei tanti frammenti ottenuti: venivano eseguiti dei frazionamenti preliminari (ionoforesi, cromatografia per scambio ionico, adsorbimento su carbone), poi le frazioni contenenti da 5 a 20 peptidi venivano sottoposte a cromatografia su carta bidimensionale. Le 'macchie' venivano ritagliate, il materiale eluito, sottoposto a idrolisi completa e analizzato negli aminoacidi costituenti. Vorrei fare un esempio semplice delle mosse tipiche di questo 'gioco'. In una certa frazione particolarmente acida erano presenti solo sei peptidi diversi, ciascuno dei quali conteneva acido cisteico; poiché a sua volta la catena B aveva solo due residui cisteici tutte le sequenze si dovevano ridurre a due soltanto. Due peptidi davano indicazioni immediate: Val.CySO

25. Premi Nobel Per La Chimica nobel Alfred; nobel Alfred; SabatierPaul; sanger frederick; sanger frederick; Schrödinger Erwin; Seaborg Glenn; http://www.itchiavari.org/chimica/tabelle/biografie.html

Biografie di Chimici Alder Kurt Anfinsen Christian B Arrhenius Svante August Aston Francis William ... Home Page Istituto tecnico statale commerciale e per geometri di Chiavari (Genova - Italia)

26. GK- National Network Of Education Todd, Lord Alexander R. 1957. sanger, frederick, 1958. Heyrovsky, Jaroslav, 1959. Wittig,Georg, 1979. Brown, Herbert C. 1979. sanger, frederick, 1980. Berg, Paul, 1980. http://www.indiaeducation.info/infomine/nobel/nobelarchive.htm

Associated Agencies Booker Prize Winners International Awards World Nations: Famous Industrial Town ... Nobel Prize Winners Nobel Prize Winners Chemistry Literature Medicine Peace ... Economics Chemistry Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Van't Fischer, Hermann Emil Arrhenius, Svante August Ramsay, Sir William Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Von Moissan, Henri Buchner, Eduard Rutherford, Lord Ernest Ostwald, Wilhelm Wallach, Otto Curie, Marie Sabatier, Paul Grignard, Victor Werner, Alfred Richards, Theodore William

27. Frederick Sanger, Pioneer Of The Gene Research That Will Transform Medicine, Is house in a quiet Cambridgeshire village would lead you to guess that it belongsto Dr frederick sanger, one of only four people to have won two nobel prizes. http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/Chemistry/MedChem/MedChemInfo/info/Sanger.html

Frederick Sanger, pioneer of the gene research that will transform medicine, is afraid it will be exploited. Anjana Ahuja reports The double Nobel laureate who began the book of life There are no plaques or certificates on the walls, no citations on the mantelpiece and no medals lying around. Nothing in this simply furnished house in a quiet Cambridgeshire village would lead you to guess that it belongs to Dr Frederick Sanger, one of only four people to have won two Nobel prizes. The 81-year-old biochemist sees nothing odd about keeping his prizes, both for chemistry, in the attic. "You get a nice gold medal, which is in the bank," he smiles. "And you get a certificate, which is in the loft. I could put it on the wall, I suppose. I was lucky and happy to get it, but I'm more proud of the research I did. There are some people, you know, who are in science just to get prizes. But that's not what motivates me." It is this kind of modesty that has kept Sanger, a thin, serious man, from becoming a household name. For it is his work on which the most ambitious science project ever undertaken - the Human Genome Project - is predicated. Sanger's second Nobel prize in 1980 was awarded to him and three colleagues at Cambridge University for discovering a way of sequencing genes. Genes are long chains of DNA molecules; the chains have four types of chemical links, and the order of these links determines what the genes do. Gene sequencing simply means spelling out the order, or sequence, of the links.

28. 1Up Info > Sanger, Frederick (Chemistry, Biographies) - Encyclopedia sanger, fredericks ng´ r Pronunciation Key, 1918–, British biochemist,grad. He won the 1958 nobel Prize in Chemistry for his studies on insulin http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/S/Sanger-F.html

You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Chemistry, Biographies Sanger, Frederick ... News Search 1Up Info ENCYCLOPEDIA Chemistry, Biographies Sanger, Frederick Related Category: Chemistry, Biographies Sanger, Frederick [s r] Pronunciation Key Read more articles on Sanger, Frederick Click Here Related Resources and Utilities AMAZON All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones Computers Outlet Read articles on eLibrary: In the Spotlight Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Information Encyclopedia Topics History People Places Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

29. Nobel Prize In Chemistry Since 1901 Translate this page nobel Prize in Chemistry since 1901 Year, Winners. 1901, Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Van't. 1957,Todd, Lord Alexander R. 1958, sanger, frederick. 1959, Heyrovsky, Jaroslav. http://www.planet101.com/nobel_chemistry_hist.htm

Nobel Prize in Chemistry since 1901 Year Winners Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Van't Fischer, Hermann Emil Arrhenius, Svante August Ramsay, Sir William Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Von Moissan, Henri Buchner, Eduard Rutherford, Lord Ernest Ostwald, Wilhelm Wallach, Otto Curie, Marie Grignard, Victor; Sabatier, Paul Werner, Alfred Richards, Theodore William Willstatter, Richard Martin Haber, Fritz Nernst, Walther Hermann Soddy, Frederick Aston, Francis William Pregl, Fritz Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf Svedberg, The Wieland, Heinrich Otto Windaus, Adolf Otto Reinhold Euler-chelpin, Hans Karl August Von; Harden, Sir Arthur Fischer, Hans Bergius, Friedrich; Bosch, Carl Langmuir, Irving Urey, Harold Clayton Joliot, Frederic; Joliot-Curie, Irene Debye, Petrus Josephus Wilhelmus Haworth, Sir Walter Norman; Karrer, Paul Kuhn, Richard Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann; Ruzicka, Leopold De Hevesy, George Hahn, Otto Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Northrop, John Howard; Stanley, Wendell Meredith; Sumner, James Batcheller Robinson, Sir Robert Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Giauque, William Francis

30. Nobel Prizes In Molecular Biology Official nobel Website (San Diego Supercomputing Center mirror) Chemistry 1958. Theprize was awarded to sanger, frederick, Great Britain, Cambridge University http://www.sandiego.edu/~cloer/molecnobels.html

Selected Nobel Prizes in Molecular Biology Official Nobel Website (San Diego Supercomputing Center mirror) Chemistry 1958 The prize was awarded to: SANGER, FREDERICK, Great Britain, Cambridge University, b. 1918: "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". Nobel e-Museum Link Physiology or Medicine 1958 The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to: BEADLE, GEORGE WELLS, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, b. 1903, d. 1989; and TATUM, EDWARD LAWRIE, U.S.A., Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY, b. 1909, d. 1975: "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"; and the other half to: LEDERBERG, JOSHUA, U.S.A., Wisconsin University, Madison, WI, b. 1925: "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria". Nobel e-Museum Link Physiology or Medicine 1959 The prize was awarded jointly to: SEVERO OCHOA, U.S.A., New York University, New York; and ARTHUR KORNBERG, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA;

31. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - Chemistry - Chemists - Oth 12. sanger, frederick 1980 nobel Autobiography http//www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/1980/sanger-autobio .frederick sanger http://www.zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=554802

32. Nobel Laureates 1980, Dr frederick sanger, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Contributions concerningthe Visit The nobel Foundation for full citations list and biographies. http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/about/about-history/about-nobel_laureates.htm

33. PREMIOS NOBEL RELACIONADOS CON LA GENÉTICA Translate this page 1980, Walter Gilbert frederick sanger. nobel de Química Por sus contribucionesa la determinación de las secuencias de bases en los ácidos nucleícos. 1982, http://www.ucm.es/info/genetica/AVG/nobel/nobel.htm

Alfred Nobel La mayoría de los Premios Nobel que figuran en la siguiente lista son de Fisiología y Medicina, salvo algunos de Química y de la Paz que se indican de forma expresa en la tabla. Albrecht Kossel Por sus trabajos sobre las sustancias albuminoides, incluyendo las nucleínas, que han contribuido al conocimiento de la química de las células. Karl Landsteiner Por sus descubrimientos de los grupos sanguíneos de la especie humana. Thomas H. Morgan Por su descubrimiento sobre la función de los cromosomas como portadores de la herencia. Hermann J. Muller Por su descubrimiento de la inducción de mutaciones mediante radiación con rayos X. Linus Carl Pauling Por sus investigaciones sobre la naturaleza de los enlaces químicos y su aplicación en la elucidación de la estructura de las sustancias complejas. También recibió el Premio Nobel de la Paz en 1962 por su lucha contra el desarrollo de las armas nucleares. George W. Beadle Edward L. Tatum Por su descubrimiento de que los genes actúan regulando sucesos químicos definidos.

34. Sanger, Frederick sanger, frederick. English biochemist. He was awarded the nobel Prize for Chemistryin 1958 for determining the structure of insulin, and again in 1980 for work http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0012712.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Easter ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.HOME") REFERENCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Country Facts On This Day ... Wildlife TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: HUTCHINSON ENCYCLOPEDIA Sanger, Frederick English biochemist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1958 for determining the structure of insulin , and again in 1980 for work on the chemical structure of genes . He was the first person to be awarded the chemistry prize twice. Sanger's second Nobel Prize was shared with two US scientists, Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert , for establishing methods of determining the sequence of nucleotides strung together along strands of RNA and DNA. He also worked out the structures of various enzymes and other proteins. makeButtonNoSize("REFERENCE.HOME","R2") SITE MAP SERVICE STATUS HELP CONTACT US refreshads("REFERENCE.HOME",1); //refresh ads servePixl("REFERENCE.HOME"); //accipter 1x1 pixel

35. Nobel Prize Winning Chemists nobel Prize Winning Chemists. 1957 1959 frederick sanger. The nobelPrize In Chemistry 1958 1980. frederick sanger was born on http://www.sanbenito.k12.tx.us/district/webpages2002/judymedrano/Nobel Winners/f

Nobel Prize Winning Chemists Frederick Sanger Frederick Sanger was born on August 13, 1918, at Rendcombe in Gloucestershire, the second son of Frederick Sanger, M. D. , a medical practitioner and his wife Cicely. He was educated at Bryanston School and at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took his B. A. degree in natural sciences in 1939. Since 1940 he has carried out research in the Department of Biochemistry at Cambridge. From 1940 to 1943 he worked with Dr. A. Neuberger on the metabolism of the amino acid lysine and obtained a Ph. D. degree in 1943. Since 1943 his work has been concerned largely with problems related to the determination of the structure of proteins. These studies resulted in the determination of the structure of insulin. In 1940, he married Margaret Joan Howe; they have two sons and one daughter. Sanger was awarded the Corday-Morgan Medal. He was recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry 1958 "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin", he was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry together with Walter Gilbert "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids". Back To Main Page

36. Nobel Prizes In Chemistry A listing of nobel Prize winners in chemistry from 1901 to 1999.Category Science Chemistry History......Deutsche Version; nobel Prize for Chemistry (with pictures Kingdom, *190707-02) Studieson nucleotides and their coenzymes 1958 frederick sanger (United Kingdom http://userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/diverse/bib/nobel_chemie_e.html

Nobel Prizes in Chemistry Deutsche Version Nobel Prize for Chemistry (with pictures) Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (Netherlands, 1852-08-30 - 1911-03-01) Discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and of the osmotic pressure in solutions Emil H. Fischer (Germany, 1852-10-09 - 1919-07-15) Synthetic studies in the area of sugar and purine groups Svante A. Arrhenius (Sweden, 1859-02-19 - 1927-10-02) Theory of electrolytic dissociation Sir William Ramsay (United Kingdom, 1852-10-02 - 1916-07-23) Discovery of the indifferent gaseous elements in air (noble gases) Adolf von Baeyer (Germany, 1835-10-31 - 1917-08-20) Organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds Henri Moissan (France, 1852-09-28 - 1907-02-20) Investigation and isolation of the element fluorine Eduard Buchner (Germany, 1860-05-20 - 1917-08-13) Biochemical studies, discovery of fermentation without cells Sir Ernest Rutherford (United Kingdom, 1871-08-30 - 1937-10-19) Decay of the elements, chemistry of radioactive substances Wilhelm Ostwald (Germany, 1853-09-02 - 1932-04-04) Catalysis, chemical equilibria and reaction rates

37. Nobel Prize Winners In Chemistry Since1901 George Wittig. frederick sanger. VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD. Kary Mullis. Gertrude B. Elion,Marie Curie. Dorothy C. Hodgkin. nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 19011999. http://iweb.tntech.edu/chem491-dc/prizewinners.htm

Excluded Subjects for Fall 2000 ROBERT S. MULLIKEN Sidney Altman Ernest Rutherford Sherwood Roland Willard Frank Libby George Wittig Frederick Sanger VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD Kary Mullis William Ramsay Alexander Todd Irving Langmuir Hermann Staudinger Vlademir Prelog Jerome Karle Adolf Butenandts Theodore William Richards Melvin Calvin Gertrude B. Elion Marie Curie Dorothy C. Hodgkin Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 1901-1999 1999 - The prize was awarded for studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectrscopy. AHMED ZEWAIL - The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. - The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to:

38. Pictures Of Nobel Laureates - Chemistry is an index of photographs of the winners of the nobel Prize in 1956 Nikolai N.Semenov; 1957 - Sir Alexander R. Todd; 1958 - frederick sanger; 1959 - Jaroslav http://chemistry.about.com/library/blchemists.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Chemistry Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Chemistry with Anne Marie Helmenstine Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Periodic Table of the Elements Chemistry How-To Guide Chemical Structures Archive ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Index of Pictures - Nobel Laureates in Chemistry This is an index of photographs of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 1901 - Jacobus H. van't Hoff 1902 - Hermann Emil Fischer 1903 - Svante A. Arrhenius 1904 - Sir William Ramsay ... 1915 - Richard M. Willstätter 1916 - No Prize Awarded 1917 - No Prize Awarded 1918 - Fritz Haber 1919 - No Prize Awarded 1920 - Walther H. Nernst 1921 - Frederick Soddy 1922 - Francis W. Aston 1923 - Fritz Pregl 1924 - No Prize Awarded 1925 - Richard A. Zsigmondy 1926 - Theodor Svedberg 1927 - Heinrich O. Wieland 1928 - Adolf O. R. Windaus ... 1932 - Irving Langmuir 1933 - No Prize Awarded 1934 - Harold C. Urey

39. The Sanger Institute : Information: Introduction To The Sanger Institute About frederick sanger. Fred sanger and his colleagues developed many of the techniquesstill used in In 1958 he was awarded the nobel Prize for his work in http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Intro/sanger.shtml

Sanger Home Acedb YourGenome Ensembl ... Highly Cited Papers Introduction Sanger Institute Major Publications Highly Cited Publications What we do ... John Sulston Campus Sanger Scenes South Field Extension Sequencing Centre Search ... Printable version About Frederick Sanger Fred Sanger and his colleagues developed many of the techniques still used in genomic biology to this day. The fundamental method of 'reading' DNA using special bases called chain terminators, the use of very thin gel systems, the adaptation of efficient cloning methods to produce both DNA strands and the whole-genome shotgun were all developed by Fred and his group during the 1970s. Fred's group produced the first DNA whole genome sequence (for a virus called phiX174 that grows in bacteria) of just over 5000 base-pairs. They went on to sequence the first human genome (albeit that of the DNA in mitochondria - small energy factories in all our cells that have their own genome of about 16,000 base-pairs) and the genome of an important virus for molecular biology, bacteriophage lambda, in 1982. To sequence this virus genome - about 48,000 base-pairs - Fred developed the whole-genome shotgun method. The sequence of lambda was the first whole-genome shotgun. Fred was born towards the end of the First World War in Gloucestershire, UK. His father was a GP from whom he gained an interest in biology. Fred was took his first degree at

40. The Sanger Institute : Press George W Beadle Medal; 2000 Sir frederick Gowland Hopkins former Director of theWellcome Trust sanger Institute, are The nobel web site, the BBC report from http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Info/Press/2002/021007.shtml

Sanger Home Acedb YourGenome Ensembl ... Highly Cited Papers Press Releases Latest Release Apr 14 Feb 21 Press Archive Search FTP Site Sitemap Printable version Press Releases: 7th October 2002 Sir John Sulston awarded the 2002 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Sir John Sulston, former Director of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute said: "It's tremendously exciting for me because once again it reinforces the power of fundamental research. Our work on C. elegans at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology emphasized the benefits of sharing large amounts of information. We took a global approach to discover the mechanisms that led to the development of the worm. "The same is true for genomics. When results are shared freely amongst the biological community, as has been done for the worm and the Human Genome Projects , specialist scientists can move much more rapidly towards their goals. This flow of information, which builds in strength as it circulates, benefits medicine. Remember, this only the start and we need dedicated people to translate the fundamental knowledge into real healthcare benefits. "This is founded in Sydney Brenner 's vision, in setting up the worm project an entirely new system for developmental biology. My contribution to this was learning to watch the cells dividing, and sometimes dying, under the microscope. We could actually see programmed cell death in action, so beautiful, so clear and so reproducible. These qualities meant we could predict the moment of death, and begin the search for mutants to understand how this happened.

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