| ad1781 [United Kingdom] Planet Uranus; discovery by William Herschel. (see uranium) 1789 [Germany] Element Uranium discovered by Martin Heinrich Klaproth.(Utilized as a glass-coloring agent.) 1828 [Sweden] Element Thorium discovered by Jons Jakob Berzlius.@Named from Norse god of thunder, "Thor". Utilized as a mantle for gas lights. 1846.6 [France] Planet Neptune discovered by J.Galle. (see neptunium) 1873 [United Kingdom] "Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism "published by James Clerk Maxwell, of Cavendish Laboratory. 1885 [Switzerland] Balmer series in@spectrum of the hydrogen atom@and the Balmer equation on spectrum series by Johann Jakob Balmer. 1890 [Sweden] Rydberg equation by Johannes Robert Rydberg. (Rydberg@constant used in spectroscopy) 1895.11.8 [Germany] X-ray discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. (Received 1901 Nobel prize.) 1896.3.1 [France] Radioactivity discovered by Henri Becquerel due to darkening of a photographic dry plate by a uranium compound. Named "radioactivity"by Marie Curie. (Received 1903 Nobel prize.) 1897 [Netherlands] Zeeman effect discovered by Pieter Zeeman. Separation of spectral lines in magnetic field. (Received 1902 Nobel prize.) 1897 [United Kingdom] Electron's existence verified by Joseph John Thomson at Cavendish laboratory. (Received 1906 Nobel prize.) 1898 [Canada] Alpha-ray and beta-ray discovered by Ernest Rutherford(Lord Nelson). They were distinguished by different transmissibility. 1898.12.26 [France] Radium and polonium discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie. Purified from uranium ore, named for Poland. (Received 1903 Nobel prize.) Used prize money to found the Radium Research Laboratory. 1900.10.19 [Germany] Quantum theory of radiation presented by Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. 1900 [France] Gamma-ray discovered by P.V.Villard. 1900 [France] Beta-ray is cathode ray, proved by Henri Becquerel. 1900 [Canada] Radioactive gas (called emanation) from thorium discovered by Ernest Rutherford. 1900 [France] Radioactive gas from radium discovered by Marie Curie. 1900 [France] Radioactive gas from actinium. 1903 [Canada] Theory of atomic decay and radioactivity presented by Ernest Rutherford and Frederic Soddy. Transition of thorium to radon gas. Half life of radioactivity. (Received 1908 Nobel prize.) 1903 [Japan] Saturn model of atom presented by Hantarou Nagaoka. It does not solve the problem of the stability of electron orbit. Nagaoka met with Rutherford in 1911 but failed to get any his comments about the issue. 1903.12.17 [U.S.A.] The first engine-powered airplane flown by Wright brothers in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 1905 [Germany] Special theory of relativity presented by Albert Einstein. Quantum mechanism of photoelectric effect and photon. mass energy,d2. (Received 1921 Nobel prize.) 1905 [Canada] Uniformity of alpha-ray mass discovered by Otto Hahn, a student of Rutherford at McGill University, Montreal 1906 [Canada] Scattering of alpha-ray;discovery by Ernest Rutherford. Refraction of alpha-ray by mica indicating the existence of high electric field within atom. (McGill University) 1908 [United Kingdom] Geiger Counter; developed by Hans Geiger. Device for detecting radioactivity. Geiger was a student of Rutherford at Manchester University. 1908 [United Kingdom] Alpha-ray shown to be equivalent to helium nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in the commemorative lecture of Nobel prize. 1909 [United Kingdom] Detection of alpha-ray scattering by Ernest Marsden, a student of Rutherford. Reflection of alpha-particle by 90 degree during passage through gold foil. 1911.3.7 [United Kingdom] Atomic nucleus proposed by Ernest Rutherford, not referring to the Saturn model of Hantaro Nagaoka. 1911.10.30 The First Solvay Meeting with Einstein,Plank,Lorenz,Poincare,Curie,Langevin,Rutherford. On radioactivity and quantum theory. 1911 [United Kingdom] Cloud chamber developed by Charles Thompson Rees Wilson. Detection of flight course of ionic nucleus by cloud developed in supersaturated mixed gas of argon and ethanol. At Cavendish Laboratory.(Received 1927 Nobel prize.) 1911 [Austria] Cosmic rays verified by Victor Francis Hess measuring in a balloon 5 km high. (Received 1936 Nobel prize) 1912 [United Kingdom] Radiothorium purified from barium compound by Otto Hahn. Later identified as isotope of thorium. 1912.11 [Germany] Diffraction of X rays found by Max Theodore Felixvon Laue. Irradiation of crystallized zinc sulphate proving that x ray is an electromagnetic wave. (Received 1914 Nobel prize.) 1913.3.6 [Denmark] Planetary model of atomic structure presented by Niels Hendrik David Bohr. Developed out of quantum theory. (Received 1922Nobel prize.) 1913 [United Kingdom] Isotope concept presented by Frederick Soddy, a student of Rutherford. (Received 1922 Nobel prize.) 1913 [United Kingdom] Separation of neon isotope by Francis Aston utilizing a gaseous diffusion method by repeating diffusion through china clay partition thousands times. 1913 [United Kingdom] The theory of X ray diffraction presented by William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg, father and son. (Received 1915 Nobel prize.) 1913.11 [United Kingdom] Correspondence of x-ray spectrum and atomic number discovered by Henry Gwgn Jeffreys Moseley. Died 1915 in battle in Turkey. 1914.6.28 The First World War triggered by assassination of Austrian Crown Prince by a Serbian youth in Sarajevo. 1915.11.25 [Germany] General theory of relativity presented by Albert Einstein, explaining shift of orbit of the Mercury and predicting the refraction of star light by mass of the sun. 1917.5.25 [Germany] Bombing of Forkston, the first strategic bombing. 1917 [United Kingdom] Emergence of isotope of oxygen atom and hydrogen nucleus by alpha-ray irradiation of nitrogen atom, by E.Rutherford. 1917.11.7 [Russia] October Revolution. 1918 [United Kingdom] Mass spectroscopy developed by Francis William Aston, making it possible to detect all isotopes. (Received 1922 Nobel prize.) 1918.10 [Hungary] Revolution. 1919.5.29 [United Kingdom] Detection of refraction of light of stars due to mass of the sun by Arthur Stanley Eddington at a total eclipse of the sun in west Africa. 1920 [United Kingdom] Proton proposed by E.Rutherford. 1920.6.3 [United Kingdom] Isotope of hydrogen and neutron, a possible intrusion of neutron into nucleus, proposed by E.Rutherford. 1922.12 [Denmark] Hafnium, the 72nd element, discovered by Georgede Hevesy and D.Coster. (CHAFNIA is Copenhagen in ancient Romanian regime.)Its existence was predicted from the periodic table. 1923 [U.S.A.] Compton effect, or Compton scattering, discovered by Arthur Compton. Longer wave length of X-ray scattered by graphite, detected by a spectrometer. A proof of particle nature of light. (Received 1927Nobel prize.) 1923.11.8 [Germany] Adolf Hitler is sent to Landesberg prison for treason. There, he dictates his autobiography Mein Kampf. 1924 [France] Wave nature of electron proposed by Louis de Broglie.(Received 1929 Nobel prize.) 1925 [Germany] Theory of quantum mechanics founded by Werner Karl Heizenberg at the N.Bohr Institute, in Copenhagen, Denmark. (Received 1932Nobel prize.) 1926 [Austria] Theory of wave mechanics developed by Erwin Schroedinger.(Received 1933 Nobel prize.) 1927. 2 [Germany] Uncertainty principle proposed by E. Heisenberg. The idea that light is not only wave but also particle emerged during a walk in a park under a starlit sky . 1927 [United Kingdom, U.S.A.] Wave nature of electron;Confirmation by George Paget Thomson and Clinton Joseph Davisson. (Received 1937 Nobel prize.) 1928 [U.S.A.]Positron; Prediction by Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac. Incorporation of relativity to Schroedinger equation (spin of electron). (Received 1933Nobel prize.) 1929. 4 [U.S.A.] Idea of Cyclotron for accelerating sub-atomic particles occurred to Ernest Orlando Lawrence and M.S.Livingston. 1930. 3 [U.S.A.] Pluto discovered by C.W.Tombaugh. (see plutonium) 1930 [Germany] Discovery of radiation which penetrates a leadblock by Walter Bethe. (Received 1954 Nobel prize.) 1932. 1.18 [France] Proton emission from beryllium irradiated by alpha-ray, discovered by Frederick Joliot and Irene Curie. 1932. 2.27 [England] Neutron discovered by James Chadwick, verifying@Rutherford's Baker Lecture. (Received 1935 Nobel prize.) 1932. 2 [U.S.A.] Cyclotron developed by Ernest Orlando Lawrence and@M.S.Livingston of California University, 27.5 inch size developing one@million electron volts. (Received 1939 Nobel prize) 1932. 4 [England] Conversion of element by John Douglas Cockcroftand Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton. Emergence of helium by irradiating highspeed proton to lithium, based on Gamow's tunnel effect. (Received 1951Nobel prize) 1932. 8. 2 [U.S.A.] Positron discovered by Carl David Anderson, detecting a cosmic-ray shower using a cloud chamber. (Received 1936 Nobel prize) 1932 [U.S.A.] Deuterium discovered by Harold Clayton Urey. (Received1934 Nobel prize) 1932.12 Albert Einstein seeks refuge in Belgium. 1933. 1.30 [Germany] Adolf Hitler becomes the Fuehrer of the Third Reich. 1933. 3.30 Leo Szilard escapes from Berlin to Vienna. 1933. 4. 7 [Germany] Promulgation of anti-Judish law by Nazi government. 1933.5 L. Szilard moves to England. 1933. 9. 9 A. Einstein moves to England. 1933. 9.12 [England] Idea of chain reaction via neutron by L.Szilard.He took a hint on the Times' report of Rutherford's lecture about atomic@transition. The idea of atomic bomb was patented in 1934. The patent was@transferred in secret to England's navy, 1936.2. 1933.10. 7 Albert Einstein moves to U.S.A. 1933.10 The 7th Solvay meeting. M. Curie, E. Rutherford, N. Bohr,L. Meitner, W. Heisenberg, W. Pauli, E. Fermi, J. Chadwick, G. Gamow, F.and I. Curie, P.M.S. Blackett, R.E. Peierls. In Brussels. On the structure@of proton. 1933.10 G. Gamow escapes from Soviet Union, seeks refuge in U.S.A.@after the Solvay meeting. 1933.12 [Italy] Weak interaction and beta-decay theory by Enrico@Fermi. (Received 1938 Nobel prize.) 1933 Rudolf Ernst Peierls seeks refuge in England. 1933 [Germany] Project of rocket development; by v.Brown. 1934. 1.15 [France] Artificial radioactivity. F. and I. Curie detected@radioactive phosphorus and positron by means of a Geiger counter after irradiating aluminum with alpha-rays from polonium. Blessed by M.Curie who was suffering from leucaemia caused by irradiation. (Recieved 1935Nobel prize) 1934. 5.10 [Italy] Transuranic elements assumed by E.Fermi based on@experimental results of irradiation of proton from radon and beryllium@to uranium 1934. 9 [Germany] Possibility of nuclear fission proposed by Ida@Noddack, a feminine scientist, not attracting attention. 1934.10.22 [Italy] Radioactivity induced by slow neutrons discovered@by E.Fermi. 1934 [United Kingdom] Hydrogen fusion reaction discovered by Marcus Oliphant and Paul Harteck, Cavendish Laboratory. Bombarding hydrogen2-deutreum, in the form of concentrated heavy water- with deuterium-accelerated nuclei. 1934 [U.S.S.R.] A small cyclotron was built by Abram I. Alikhanov and Igor Kurchatov. The first cyclotron operating outside U.S.A. 1935. 2 Hans Albrecht Bethe seeks refuge in U.S.A. 1935. 8 Edward Teller seeks refuge in U.S.A. 1935 Eugene Paul Wigner and Johann Ludwig von Neumann seek refuge@in U.S.A. 1935 [Japan] Meson predicted by Hideki Yukawa. Pi meson is a hadron@involved in alpha-decay and nuclear force. (Received 1949 Nobel prize.) 1936. 1.27 [Denmark] Liquid-drop model of atomic nucleus proposed by@Niels Bohr. 1936 [England] Energy production by conversion of hydrogen to@helium proposed in a lecture by Francis William Aston. d2. A glass of water is enough for a full speed cruise of the Queen Mary in Atlantic Ocean. 1937. 4.26 [Germany][SPAIN] Guernica. Indiscriminate bombing by German@air force assisting Franco army. Protested by P. Picasso in famous painting. 1937 [U.S.A.] Cyclotron with 60 inches diameter and 220 tons magnet; Planed by E.Lawrence as a medical appliance, depending on private contribution. 1938. 3.13 [Germany] Austria annexed. 1938. 7.14 [Italy] Jews banned from public office. 1938. 7.17 L.Meitner with a help by N.Bohr escapes carrying an expired@passport from Germany to Stockholm via Copenhagen. 1938. 8 Emilio Gino Segre seeks refuge in U.S.A. 1938. 9 [France] Radioactivity with a half life of 3.5 hr produced@by neutron irradiation of uranium is from lanthanum, reported by Curie and Savitch. 1938 [U.S.A.] Uranium 235 and uranium238(ratio@of 1:139 in natural uranium), analyzed by Alfred Nier by means of Dempster's@mass spectrometer. 1938 [Germany] Isotope-separating device developed by Klaus Cladius@and G.Dicker employing a gas thermal diffusion method. 1938.12.19 [Germany] Uranium nuclear fission: Barium is detected@by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann after irradiation by neutron of uranium@at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. They asked L.Meitner's comments by a letter.@Beginning of the Barium Fantasy. (Received 1944 Nobel prize.) 1939. 1. 2 E.Fermi travels to U.S.A. Awarded Nobel prize and seeks refuge@in U.S.A with a help of N. Bohr. Fermi's wife is a Jew. 1939. 1. 6 [Denmark] A theoretical explanation of nuclear fission of@uranium written by L.Meitner and Otto Frisch employing a liquid drop model and theory of relativity. Next day N.Bohr brought a copy of the paper to@U.S.A. Conversion of one fifth of the mass of a proton to energy is plausible. 1939. 1.13 [Denmark] Detection of uranium nuclear fission by a cloud@chamber by Otto Frisch. Later nuclear fission of thorium was verified.@Thorium nuclear fission is triggered with fast neutron. 1939. 1.14 [Denmark] Nuclear Fission named by Otto Frisch, an analogy@of bacterial cell division called binary fission, suggested by William Arnold, an American Biologist. 1939. 1.16 [U.S.A.] N.Bohr travels to New York. Bohr did not wish to make the nuclear fission story public, but John Feurer@announced the news at a meeting at Princeton University. 1939. 1.17 [Denmark] Otto Frisch submits a@paper of the theory and experiments@on nuclear fission of uranium. 1939. 1.25 [U.S.A.] Verification of the uranium nuclear fission by means@of an oscilloscope by Herbert Anderson, a student of Fermi. Emission of neutron by irradiating hydrogen with deuteron accelerated by means of cyclotron@at Columbia University. Failure in previous experiment by Fermi in Rome@was due to an obstruction by aluminum foils. 1939. 1.26 [France] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by J. and@I. Curie. They failed to detect neutron emission. 1939. 1.26 [U.S.A.] The fifth Washington meeting sponsored by American@Physics Society. N. Bohr, E. Fermi, Otto Stern, H.C. Urey, Gregory Bright,@Issidor Isaac Rabi, G. Gamow, E. Teller, Merle Tuve. Lectures by N.Bohrand E.Fermi on the uranium nuclear fission called "splitters." 1939. 1.28 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by Richard@Roberts and Robert Meyer. Emission of neutron on irradiating lithium with@deutron accelerated by a van de Graaff accelerator, was employed for irradiation@of uranium. Demonstration to members in the Washington Conference. Delayed@neutron was detected in later experiments, a discovery suggesting a possibility@of reactor control. 1939. 1.30 [U.S.A.] Verification of uranium nuclear fission by Phillip@Abelson. Luis Walter Alvarez transferred the news of nuclear fission of@uranium to Abelson. They found tellurium-52 and zirconium-40 as the fission@products. J.R.Oppenheimer, as noted by Alvarez, predicted neutron emission@and possibility of developing atomic bomb. 1939. 2.7 [U.S.A.] Nuclear fission of 235uranium is caused@by slow neutron, a theory proposed by N.Bohr and John Archibald Wheeler. 1939. 3.17 [U.S.A.] The first meeting on nuclear energy for military@purposes. The first proposal by scientists (G.P. Pegram and E.Fermi) of@the development of atomic bomb to Navy. E. Fermi talked on the controlled@reaction by slow neutron, explosion by fast neutron and reaction in the@supernova. 1939. 3 [France] More than one neutron emitted with nuclear fission@of uranium observed by J. Curie, Hans Halban and Lew Kowarski. 1939. 3 [U.S.A.] About two neutrons emitted with nuclear fission@of uranium verified independently by L.Szilard and Walter Zinn. 1939. 4.22 [France] Number of neutrons emitted with nuclear fission@of 235uranium is 3.5 /fission. Later corrected to 2.6/fission.By F.J.Curie, H.Halban and L.Kowarski. 1939. 4.29 [Germany] A secret conference about a research program on the nuclear bomb in Berlin. A trade embargo on uranium and radium. Letter of Paul Harteck. 1939. 4 [U.S.A.] John Dunning's request to Alfred Nier to separate235uranium. 1939. 5 N. Bohr returns to Copenhagen in order to support refugee@scientists. 1939. 7.3 [U.S.A.] Idea of nuclear reactor (pile) by E.Fermi and L.Szilard.Natural uranium as fuel and graphite as moderator of neutron energy. 1939. 8. 2 [U.S.A.] A letter of A.Einstein to President Roosevelt.L. Szilard, E. Teller and E. Wigner persuaded Einstein to warn President@Roosevelt of German menace. The letter suggested the possibility of uranium@bomb. 1939 Otto Frisch seeks refuge in England. 1939. 9. 1 World War II begins with the German invasion@of Poland. Blitzkrieg by tanks. 1939. 9. 3 England and France go to war against Germany. 1939. 9.16 [Germany] A secret conference in Berlin on Bohr's paper about@nuclear fission. 1939. 9.26 [Germany] The second Berlin meeting. Start of German nuclear@bomb project: Kurt Diepner, Erich Bagge , W. Heisenberg and Paul Harteck. 1939.10.11 [U.S.A.] Einstein's letter to President Roosevelt, presented@by Alexander Sachs. 1939.10.21 [U.S.A.] The 1st uranium | |
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