1. Hideki Shirakawa - Other Resources Other Resources. hideki shirakawa Autobiography nobel Lecture Interviewnobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources. 1999, 2001. http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/2000/shirakawa-or.html

Links to other sites Home Page of the Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Prize Announcement Press Release ... Other Resources The 2000 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: Last modified February 8, 2002 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

2. Hideki Shirakawa - Nobel Lecture hideki shirakawa – nobel Lecture. hideki shirakawa Autobiography nobel LectureInterview nobel Diploma Prize Award Photo Other Resources. 1999, 2001. http://www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/2000/shirakawa-lecture.html

Video "The Discovery of Polyacetylene Film - The Dawning of an Era of Conducting Polymers," December 8, 2000, at Aula Magna, Stockholm University. (45 min.) In order to see the video you need Real Player The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 Prize Announcement Press Release ... Other Resources The 2000 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: Last modified September 19, 2002 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

3. Hideki Shirakawa Winner Of The 2000 Nobel Prize In Chemistry hideki shirakawa – nobel Lecture (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar); To the youthof the World who aspire to a career in chemistry Prof hideki shirakawa http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/2000c.html

H IDEKI S HIRAKAWA 2000 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. Background Born: 1936 Education: Ph.D. at Tokyo Institute of Technology 1966 Residence: Ibaraki, Japan Affiliation: Institute of Materials Science at University of Tsukuba Address: Institute of Materials Sciences University of Tsukuba Sakura-mura, Ibaraki 305, Japan E-mail: hideki@ims.tsukuba.ac.jp Book Store Books about conducting polymers Featured Internet Links Prize co-recipient: Alan J. Heeger Prize co-recipient: Alan G. MacDiarmid Webpage at University of Tsukuba (in Japanese) The accidental discovery that polymers may conduct electricity The birth of plastic electronics 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry announcement and background Further information ... Suggested reading Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors The Chemistry Prize committee missed an earlier paper reporting a high-conductivity state of a polyacetylene derivative involving an active electronic device. (submitted by Peter H. Proctor, PhD, MD

4. Index Of Nobel Laureates In Chemistry ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF nobel PRIZE LAUREATES IN CHEMISTRY. Name, Year Awarded.Alder, Kurt, 1950. Sharpless, K. Barry, 2001. shirakawa, hideki, 2000. http://almaz.com/nobel/chemistry/alpha.html

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN CHEMISTRY Name Year Awarded Alder, Kurt Altman, Sidney Anfinsen, Christian B. Arrhenius, Svante August ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

5. Nobel Prize 2000 Professor hideki shirakawa is awarded the nobel Prize in chemistry, 2000. Prof.shirakawa, at the Press Conference at the University Hall(Oct. 13, 2000). http://www.ims.tsukuba.ac.jp/Eng/Nobel.htm

Professor HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA is awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry, 2000. Prof. Shirakawa, at the Press Conference at the University Hall(Oct. 13, 2000) The Royal Swedish Academy of Science has announced that the Nobel Prize in chemistry, 2000, was awarded to Professor (Emeritus) Hideki Shirakawa (Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan), who jointly shared with Professor Alan J. Heeger (University of California at Santa Barbara, USA) and Professor Alan G. MacDiarmid (University of Pennsylvania, USA) for the discovery and development of conductive polymers on Oct.10, 2000. Professor Shirakawa has been a faculty member of Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba for more than 20 years and has dedicated his life to both his research and education. He explored a unprecedented new area of polymer science by leading insulating polyacetylene to electrically conducting one. This achievement was often said to be triggered by an accidental mistake a thousand fold too much catalyst was added during synthesis of polymer resulting in a beautiful silvery film which possess many superior properties to metals when he was a research associate of Chemical Resources Laboratory at Tokyo Institute of Technology. When Professor Alan MacDiarmid heard about the film synthesized by Dr. Shirakawa, he invited him to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia as a post-doctral fellow. They worked together with Dr. Alan Heeger in order to understand the mechanisms of the appearance of conductivity in insulating polymers and finally came to a conclusion that it is possible to introduce carriers in polymers by doping: modifying polyacetylene by oxidation with halogen vapor.

6. Professor HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA Is Awarded The Nobel Prize In Chemistry Professor hideki shirakawa is awarded the nobel Prize in chemistry, 2000.Professor (Emeritus) hideki shirakawa (Institute of Materials http://www.ims.tsukuba.ac.jp/Eng/Nobel2000.htm

Professor HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA is awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry, 2000. Professor (Emeritus) Hideki Shirakawa (Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Japan) was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry, 2000 from the Royal Swedish Academy of Science together with Professor Alan J. Heeger (University of California at Santa Barbara, USA) and Professor Alan G. MacDiarmid (University of Pennsylvania, USA) for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. Press release from The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Official web site of the Nobel foundation For more information, click here Jan. 2001 HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA is elected as a member to the counsil for Science and Technology policy , Japanese Cabinet Office

7. Hideki Shirakawa, Research Engineer And Nobel Peace Prize Winner hideki shirakawa Research Engineer - nobel Prize Winner. Topic - for the discovery and development of conductive polymers For http://www.engology.com/eng5shirakawa.htm

Hideki Shirakawa - Research Engineer - Nobel Prize Winner Topic - " for the discovery and development of conductive polymers " For the ten years from the third grade of elementary school to the end of high school, I lived in the small city of Takayama, a town of less than sixty thousand, located in the middle of Honshu, Japan. Even though it was far away from Japan's principal cities, Takayama has been called a "little Kyoto" because of the similarity of its landform to Kyoto, the city sits in a basin surrounded by mountains with a river flowing through it, and because of its long-established cultural heritage and tradition. In this small town, rich in natural beauty, I spent my days enthusiastically collecting insects and plants, and making radios. My affinity for science was awakened and grew during in these ten years. Long after I became a polymer scientist, I occasionally remembered a short composition I had written during my last year in junior high school. At that time students compiled a commemorative collection of compositions describing our future dreams. As I recalled, I wrote something about my wish to be a scientist in the future and to conduct research on plastics useful for ordinary people. I cannot be sure what I wrote exactly because I lost the book of essays during repeated moves afterwards. I had long regretted this loss because I wanted to know more about why and how a junior high school boy decided on a future research career in plastics.

8. Trends In Japan NINTH JAPANESE LAUREATE hideki shirakawa Wins nobel Prize in ChemistryJanuary 19, 2001, hideki shirakawa and two others won a nobel http://www.jinjapan.org/trends00/honbun/tj010120.html

Top Picks Back Numbers Search NINTH JAPANESE LAUREATE: Hideki Shirakawa Wins Nobel Prize in Chemistry January 19, 2001 Hideki Shirakawa and two others won a Nobel Prize for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. (PANA) Hideki Shirakawa, a 64-year-old professor emeritus at the University of Tsukuba , has been named the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000 . The prize was presented jointly to Shirakawa and two U.S. scientistsAlan Heeger, 64, of the University of California at Santa Barbara and Alan MacDiarmid, 73, of the University of Pennsylvaniafor their discovery and development of conductive polymers, or plastics that can transmit electric current. The three plan to split the award money totaling 9.0 million Swedish kronor (957,447 U.S. dollars at 9.4 krona to the dollar) among them equally. Shirakawa is the ninth Japanese to become a Nobel laureate and the first since Kenzaburo Oe, who won the prize for literature in 1994. He is the second Japanese to receive the chemistry award. The first was the late Ken'ichi Fukui, who won it in 1981. A Groundbreaking Discovery Most plastics are polymers, substances whose molecules repeat their structure regularly. They were once believed to be high-quality insulators that, unlike metals, do not conduct electricity. Shirakawa and his colleagues discovered, however, that by changing their molecular structure plastics could be made electrically conductive. At the end of the 1970s, they succeeded in chemically treating a plastic film called polyacetylene and making it conductive. Following this, the field of conductive plastics evolved into an important research field among physicists as well as chemists.

9. Shirakawa, Hideki shirakawa, hideki. lost was printed in every japanese newspaper the day after theRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced its award of the nobel Prize in http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/shirakawa/shir

Shirakawa, Hideki For the ten years from the third grade of elementary school to the end of high school, I lived in the small city of Takayama, a town of less than sixty thousand, located in the middle of Honshu, Japan. Even though it was far away from Japan's principal cities, Takayama has been called a "little Kyoto" because of the similarity of its landform to Kyoto, the city sits in a basin surrounded by mountains with a river flowing through it, and because of its long-established cultural heritage and tradition. In this small town, rich in natural beauty, I spent my days enthusiastically collecting insects and plants, and making radios. My affinity for science was awakened and grew during in these ten years. Long after I became a polymer scientist, I occasionally remembered a short composition I had written during my last year in junior high school. At that time students compiled a commemorative collection of compositions describing our future dreams. As I recalled, I wrote something about my wish to be a scientist in the future and to conduct research on plastics useful for ordinary people. I cannot be sure what I wrote exactly because I lost the book of essays during repeated moves afterwards. I had long regretted this loss because I wanted to know more about why and how a junior high school boy decided on a future research career in plastics.

10. Nobel Laureates In Chemistry By Alphabetical Order Themes Science Chemistry About Chemistry Generalities nobel Laureates inChemistry by Alphabetical order. Name, shirakawa, hideki, 2000. Skou, Jens C. 1997. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/Aboutchemistry/AlphaNobel

11. Shirakawa conducting polymer. hideki shirakawa shared a nobel Prize 2000 inChemistry with Alan J. Heeger and Alan G. MacDiarmid. The Royal http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/shirakawa.htm

HTTP 200 Document follows Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 14:57:09 GMT Server: NCSA/1.5.2 Last-modified: Fri, 14 Dec 2001 20:04:32 GMT Content-type: text/html Content-length: 13134 Hideki Shirakawa b. August 20, 1936, Tokyo, Japan Hideki Shirakawa, co-discoverer of the field of conducting polymers, more commonly known as "synthetic metals," was the chemist responsible in 1977 for the chemical and electrochemical doping of polyacetylene, (CH) x , the "prototype" conducting polymer. Hideki Shirakawa shared a Nobel Prize 2000 in Chemistry with Alan J. Heeger and Alan G. MacDiarmid. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded the prize to the three for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. Hideki Shirakawa was born in Tokyo on August 20, 1936. After graduating from the Tokyo Institute of Technology with a degree in chemical engineering in 1961, he enrolled in the graduate program there and received his doctorate in engineering in 1966. He subsequently worked as an assistant at the Chemical Resources Laboratory at his alma mater until 1976, when he went to the University of Pennsylvania in the United States as a researcher. Three years later he returned to Japan, joining the faculty of the University of Tsukuba as an associate professor. In 1982 he became a professor, and in April 2000 he was appointed professor emeritus. In 1983 he received the Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan, for his research into polyacetylene. Hideki Shirakawa, a 64-year-old professor emeritus at the University of Tsukuba, has been named the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000. The prize was presented jointly to Shirakawa and two U.S. scientists - Alan Heeger, 64, of the University of California at Santa Barbara and Alan MacDiarmid, 73, of the University of Pennsylvania - for their discovery and development of conductive polymers, or plastics that can transmit electric current. Shirakawa is the ninth Japanese to become a Nobel laureate and the first since Kenzaburo Oe, who won the prize for literature in 1994. He is the second Japanese to receive the chemistry award. The first was the late Ken'ichi Fukui, who won it in 1981.

12. Scientists Born 1901-1950 hideki shirakawa (born 1936) won the nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 forthe discovery and development of conductive polymers . Leland http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/electrochemists5.htm

HTTP 200 Document follows Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2003 14:57:14 GMT Server: NCSA/1.5.2 Last-modified: Sat, 19 Apr 2003 11:05:50 GMT Content-type: text/html Content-length: 17998 Famous Scientists greatly contributed to "electro" science: electricity, electromagnetism, electrical technology, electronics, electrical telegraphy, radio, electrochemistry, electromedicine, etc. Scientists born after 1901 Allen Balcom Du Mont invented first commercial TV by perfecting cathode ray tube; made radar possible by devising the first TV guidance system for missiles Sigurd F. Varian co-inventor of the klystron tube and co-founder of Varian Associates Company together with his brother Russell Varian Robert Jemison Van de Graaff inventor of the Van de Graaff electrostatic generator that serves as a type of particle accelerator Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Swedish biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1948 for his work on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis Walter Houser Brattain scientist who, along with John Bardeen and William B. Shockley, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956 for his investigation resulting in the developent of transistors Wiktor Kemula famous Polish chemist, electrochemist, polarographist, greatly contributed to the development of electroanalytical chemistry, particularly polarography, developed a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE)

13. Hideki Shirakawa hideki shirakawa University of Tsukuba, Japan. Professor Emeirtus shirakawa, whoretired from the univeristy this spring, has won the nobel Prize in Chemistry http://www.punjabilok.com/science/shirakawa.htm

Garma Garam Saddi Dharti Sadde Log The land of five rivers Punjabi Millennium Sabhyachaar Books Literature Fiction Humor ... Poetry Faith and Religion Sikhism Sufi and Bhakti Tradition Arya Samaj Hinduism ... Islam Rasoi Punjabi Delicacies Exotic Recipes Education Institutions Studying Abroad Career... Tourism Destination Punjab Links Media Newspapers Magazines Television Online ... Radio More Health InfoTech Science Environment ... Fashion At Your Service Weather Matrimonials Free e-mail Free Web Pages ... Home Science Hideki Shirakawa University of Tsukuba, Japan Professor Emeirtus SHIRAKAWA, who retired from the univeristy this spring, has won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000, with Dr. Heeger (Prof. of physics at the Univ. of California, Santa Barbara) and Dr. MacDiarmid (Prof. of chemistry at the Univ. of Pennsylvania) for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. Web pages for further information: The Nobel Prize winners related to the university (only in Japanese at present). The Institute of Material Science. The Nobel Foundation. Dr. SHIRAKAWA will also be awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese Government in November.

14. The Nobel Prize In Chemistry 2000 Academy of Sciences has decided to award the nobel Prize in Alan G. MacDiarmid Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, hideki shirakawa University of http://www.punjabilok.com/science/press_chnoble.htm

Garma Garam Saddi Dharti Sadde Log The land of five rivers Punjabi Millennium Sabhyachaar Books Literature Fiction Humor ... Poetry Faith and Religion Sikhism Sufi and Bhakti Tradition Arya Samaj Hinduism ... Islam Rasoi Punjabi Delicacies Exotic Recipes Education Institutions Studying Abroad Career... Tourism Destination Punjab Links Media Newspapers Magazines Television Online ... Radio More Health InfoTech Science Environment ... Fashion At Your Service Weather Matrimonials Free e-mail Free Web Pages ... Home Science The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2000 jointly to Alan J. Heeger University of California at Santa Barbara, USA, Alan G. MacDiarmid University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA, Hideki Shirakawa University of Tsukuba, Japan "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers" Plastic that conducts electricity We have been taught that plastics, unlike metals, do not conduct electricity. In fact plastic is used as insulation round the copper wires in ordinary electric cables.Yet this year's Nobel Laureates in Chemistry are being rewarded for their revolutionary discovery that plastic

15. Nobel Prizes shirakawa, hideki, Emeritus Professor nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000, for the discoveryand development of conductive polymers With Dr. Alan J. Heeger (Univ. http://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/aboutus/nobel/index-e.html

Concept and History Organizations Open Courses International Exchange ... Awarded Prizes Introduction to Nobel Prize Winners TOMONAGA, Shinichiro, Emeritus Professor (Tokyo Univ. of Education), former president of university Nobel Prize in Physics, 1965, for the development of quantum electrodynamics, especially for the super-many-time theory and renormalization theory With Dr. J. Schwinger (Harvard Univ., USA) and Dr. R. P. Feynman (California Institute of Technology USA) ESAKI, Leo, Emeritus Professor, former president of university Nobel Prize in Physics, 1973, for the experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively With Dr. I. Giaever (General Electric Company, U.S.A.) and Dr. B. D. Josephson (Cambridge University, U.K.) SHIRAKAWA, Hideki, Emeritus Professor Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000, for the discovery and development of conductive polymers With Dr. Alan J. Heeger (Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, USA) and Dr. Alan G. MacDiarmid (Univ. of Pennsylvania, USA). Professor Emeritus SHIRAKAWA, who retired from the univeristy this spring, has won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2000, with Dr. Heeger (Prof. of physics at the Univ. of California, Santa Barbara) and Dr. MacDiarmid (Prof. of chemistry at the Univ. of Pennsylvania) for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. Web pages for further information:

16. Zientzia Eta Teknologiaren Ataria hideki shirakawa. 2000ko Kimika nobel saridunaren biografia. Tokyon jaiozen 1936an. Tokyo-ko Teknologia Institutuan egin zuen doktoretza http://www.zientzia.net/artikulua.asp?Artik_kod=26

17. Jepang Dewasa Ini hideki shirakawa, profesor emiritus yang berusia 64 tahun di Universitas Tsukuba,telah terpilih sebagai penerima Hadiah nobel di bidang Kimia untuk tahun 2000 http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/288hal13.html

Jepang Dewasa Ini HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA Orang Jepang Ke-9 Penerima Hadiah Nobel Hideki Shirakawa, profesor emiritus yang berusia 64 tahun di Universitas Tsukuba, telah terpilih sebagai penerima Hadiah Nobel di bidang Kimia untuk tahun 2000. Hadiah tersebut diterima Shirakawa bersama 2 orang ilmuwan Amerika - Alan Heeger, 64 tahun dari Universitas California di Santa Barbara dan Alan MacDiarmid, 73 tahun, dari Universitas Pennsylivania, atas penemuan dan pengembangan conductive polymers yang mereka lakukan. Conductive polymers adalah plastik yang dapat menghantar arus listrik. Ketiganya merencanakan akan membagi rata bertiga hadiah uang yang berjumiah 9 juta kronor Sweden (atau sekitar 927,835 dollar, dgn. kurs 1 dollar sebesar 9,7 kronor) . Shirakawa adalah orang Jepang ke-9 yang menjadi pemenang Hadiah Nobel. Terakhir Kenzaburo Oe, seorang sastrawan Jepang, memenangkan hadiah untuk sastra pada tahun 1994. Shirakawa adalah orang Jepang ke-2 yang menerima hadiah untuk bidang kimia, sedangkan yang pertama adalah (sekarang aimarhum) Ken'ichi Fukui, yang memperoleh Hadiah Nobel pada tahun 1981.

18. The Industrial Instruments Of Scientific Success Examples include the research of shirakawa hideki, who won the nobel Prize in Chemistryin 2000, and that of Noyori Ryoji, who won the same prize the following http://www.lookjapan.com/LBecobiz/03AprEF.htm

THIS MONTH'S ISSUE ABOUT US LINKS ASK THE EDITOR ... HOME Cover Story (Nov. 1996-) (Jan. 1997-) (Apr. 1998-) (Dec. 1996-) Opinion (Mar. 1998-) Advanced Se arch JAPANESE April 2003 Economy Feature The Industrial Instruments of Scientific Success Mikami Yoshiki Shimadzu Corporation Tanaka Koichi, who won the 2002 Nobel Prize for Chemistry, joined Shimadzu Corporation in 1983, 108 years after Genzou founded the company. Shimadzu Corporation is known among university students for its liberal research and corporate culture. It is therefore very popular among students seeking positions as researchers and engineers. Hamamatsu Photonics The city of Hamamatsu is located between Tokyo and Kyoto in Shizuoka-ken. It was the home of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who established the Edo Shogunate 400 years ago. The city is the birthplace of such well-known manufacturers as Honda, Yamaha and Suzuki. It is also home to Hamamatsu Photonics, with 2,100 employees the pioneer of a unique technology called the photomultiplier. The company was founded in 1953 by Hiruma Teruo, who remains president today. Hamamatsu Photonics is the manufacturer of the 1,100 photomultipliers attached to the gigantic observation equipment Kamiokande (Kamioka Nucleon Decay Experiment) of Professor Koshiba Masatoshi, who won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics.

19. Online NewsHour: Nobel Prize In Chemistry -- October 10, 2000 Americans Alan Heeger and Alan MacDiarmid and Japan's hideki shirakawa won the2000 nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering that plastic can be made to http://www.pbs.org/newshour/nobel2000/chemistry.html

NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY October 10, 2000 Alan J. Heeger , American, 64, University of California, Santa Barbara Alan G. MacDiarmid , New Zealand-born American, 73, University of Pennsylvania Hideki Shirakawa , Japanese, 64, University of Tsukuba Alan MacDiarmid and physics winner Herbert Kroemer discuss their research. Online Special: 2000 Nobel Prizes October 13, A background report and discussion on peace prize winner Kim Dae Jung October 10, Nobel Prize winners MacDiarmid and Kroemer talk about their research. October 9, A discussion with Nobel Prize winner Paul Greengard An Online Special on the 1999 Nobel Prizes Browse the NewsHour's coverage of Science and Health The Nobel Foundation University of California, Santa Barbara University of Pennsylvania ... University of Tsukuba Americans Alan Heeger and Alan MacDiarmid and Japan's Hideki Shirakawa won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering that plastic can be made to conduct electricity. Plastics, generally thought to be incapable of conducting electricity, are polymers, molecules whose structure is repeated in long chains. Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa showed that polymers can conduct electricity if they are "doped" by removing or introducing electrons and if they consist alternately of single and double bonds between carbon atoms.

20. Online NewsHour -- Nobel Prize Winners - 2000 Alan G. MacDiarmid and hideki shirakawa are honored for discovering that plasticcan be made to conduct electricity. (10/10). Physics The 2000 nobel Prize in http://www.pbs.org/newshour/nobel2000/nobel2000.html

Peace President Kim Dae Jung of South Korea wins the 2000 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts towards reconciliation with North Korea. (10/13) Literature Self-exiled author Gao Xingjian receives the literature prize, becoming the first Chinese to win the award. (10/12) Economics James J. Heckman and Daniel L. McFadden win the economics prize for their work in the statistical analysis of individual and household behavior. (10/11) Chemistry Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa are honored for discovering that plastic can be made to conduct electricity. (10/10) Physics The 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics went to Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer for their work on semiconductors and to Jack S. Kilby for developing the integrated circuit. (10/10) Physiology or Medicine Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research on how messages are transmitted between brain cells. (10/9) home newshour index search forum ... pbs online The NewsHour is funded, in part, by:

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