41. Sigma Xi: The Scientific Research Society: Nobel Laureates About Sigma Xi » Overview » nobel Laureates 1956 John Bardeen 1956 Walter H. Brattain1956 william shockley 1957 Chen Ning Yang 1958 Igor Y. Tamm 1959 Owen http://www.sigmaxi.org/about/overview/nobel.shtml

Overview Leadership Organization News ... Contact Us About: Overview Leadership Organization News Support Sigma Xi ... Contact Us Search: Site Map Home Overview Physics 1907 Albert Michelson 1921 Albert Einstein 1923 Robert A. Millikan 1925 James Franck 1927 Arthur H. Compton 1936 Carl D. Anderson 1937 Clinton J. Davisson 1938 Enrico Fermi 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence 1943 Otto Stern 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi 1945 Wolfgang Pauli 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman 1952 Felix Bloch 1952 Edward M. Purcell 1955 Polykarp Kusch 1955 Willis E. Lamb, Jr. 1956 John Bardeen 1956 Walter H. Brattain 1956 William Shockley 1957 Chen Ning Yang 1958 Igor Y. Tamm 1959 Owen Chamberlain 1959 Emilio G. Segre 1960 Donald A. Glaser 1961 Robert Hofstadter 1963 Eugene P. Wigner

42. Shockley, William (1910-1989) : Joint Inventor Of The Transistor william shockley was one of the coinventors of the transistor, whichearned him the nobel prize in 1956. shockley had been interested http://www.connected-earth.com/Journeys/Frombuttonstobytes/Intothedigitalera/Ane

Into the digital era The computer age dawns An electronic future Pulse Code Modulation - PCM - patented ... Go back to story Shockley, William (1910-1989) : joint inventor of the transistor William Shockley was one of the co-inventors of the transistor, which earned him the Nobel prize in 1956. Shockley had been interested in physics since he was a boy, and studied it at college, successfully graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in 1936. He went straight to Bell Laboratories to develop electronic improvements to the telephone exchange and during the Second World War he helped refine radar. Shockley moved into radio development when the war ended, and joined forces with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain to develop the first transistor in 1947. This revolutionised the way radios worked, making them smaller, lighter and cheaper. In 1955, Shockley quit Bell Labs to act as a consultant and visiting professor, and also set up his own research centre. He thought a great deal about the teaching process and how scientific thought could be improved, but arrived at some very controversial right-wing opinions. His contribution to science is, however, undeniable.

43. Scientist/Inventors/Explorers nobel for invention of the transistor. Booklet, william shockley byShirley Thomas, about 8 x 6 , 35 pp, signed on front. $99.00. http://www.autosautos.com/prod051.htm

44. Scientists/Inventors In Electricity william (1) william shockley at PBS, (2) SolidState Physicist william shockleyfrom Time 100, (3) william Bradford shockley – Biography from nobel e-Museum http://eduscapes.com/42explore/electric2.htm

45. William Shockley trip to England and the family returned to California when william made his first In1956, shockley, Brattain and Bardeen were awarded the nobel Prize for http://www.digidome.nl/william_shockley.htm

basic Altair Konrad Zuse Alan Turing John Vincent Atanasoff History of Computing W.B.Shockley William Bradford Shockley was born in London in on February 13. His parents were both geologists, his father a mining engineer, while his mother was a mineral surveyor. They were both on a business trip to England and the family returned to California when William made his first steps. There was a major advantage in his early youth, his parents being both scientists, and the neighbor being a professor in physics at Stanford. The atmosphere in which he grew up was therefore most encouraging. He got his PhD from MIT in . In that early stage there was no sign of an immanent war threat, so most young engineers went working for private companies, and so did Shockley. He joined Bell Laboratories and worked on developing new technologies for telephone switch applications. His scientific work in the field of solid state physics proved to be an immense asset. When America became involved in WW II , Shockley worked on developing radar technology, but as soon as the war was over, he went back to his original field, doing research on solid state technology. With his colleagues Walter Brattain and John Bardeen , he succeeded in developing the first working amplifying semiconductor, which they called the transistor . It was , `the year Jack Tramiel

46. William Shockley They returned to California when william was a toddler. shockley, Bardeen, and Brattainwon the 1956 nobel Prize for the development of the transistor. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/shockley_william.html

William Shockley 13 February 1910 - 1989, London, England principal papers hardware software keywords see also related subjects Achievement Co invented the transistor with John Bardeen and Walter Brattain Biography William Shockley was born in London to American parents who were in England for several years on business. His father was a mining engineer and his mother a federal deputy surveyor of mineral lands. They returned to California when William was a toddler. His interest in science was encouraged from early on, through his parents' professions and by a neighbor who taught physics at Stanford. He graduated from Cal Tech in 1932 and then received his PhD from MIT in 1936. He began work immediately at Bell Labs. His research in solid state physics, especially vacuum tubes, made many theoretical advances in the company's goal to use electronic switches for telephone exchanges instead of the mechanical switches used up until then. During World War II, Shockley worked on military projects, particularly refining radar systems. As soon as the war ended, he was back doing solid-state research, now investigating semiconductors. One of his major contributions to the electronics industry was to apply quantum theory to the development of semiconductors. In 1947, with colleagues John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, he made the first successful amplifying semiconductor device. They called it a

47. Caltech Nobel Site william BRADFORD shockley (1910–1989) william B. shockley shared the 1956Nobel Prize in Physics with John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain for their http://pr.caltech.edu/events/caltech_nobel/

48. Veja On-line Translate this page Mas o nobel serviu-lhe de plataforma para uma carreira de conferencista, em que Ofísico americano william shockley levou a medalha em 1956 por inventar o http://veja.abril.com.br/131200/p_068.html

49. William Bradford Shockley william Bradford shockley, who was born on Feb. Bill shockley didn't remain at BellLabs As he and his colleagues were winning a nobel Prize for their discovery http://www.webstationone.com/fecha/shockley.htm

The First Electronic Church of America William Shockley Bill Shockley didn't remain at Bell Labs. As he and his colleagues were winning a Nobel Prize for their discovery (they shared the $38,633 prize money), Shockley went west, to set up a semi-conductor lab at Beckman Instruments, and, then, his own Shockley Transistor Co. He began lecturing at Stanford in 1958, and went on to do a great deal of original research in electronics and allied fields. He still holds some 90 patents. Then, in 1973, Shockley shifted gears. He entered the field of eugenics specifically the relationship between race and IQ. Blacks, he pointed out, consistently score 10 to 20 points lower on their IQ tests than whites do. Critics leaped to attack him. First, they said, IQ tests are "culturally loaded." Second, even in "culture-free" tests, the lower black scores are explainable in terms of the black environment. And third, dissemination of these notions give aid and comfort to bigots everywhere. The problems were not scientific, of course, but political. Shockley went beyond his scientific findings to suggest practical conclusions not directly deducible from his data. He said, for example, that society should sterilize those with low intelligence.

50. Physics Nobel Laureates 1950 - 1974 The first nobel prize in physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen in shockley, william,USA, Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc., Mountain View http://www1.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~gammel/matpack/html/Chronics/physics_laureate

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien Physics 1950 POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". Physics 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., + 1967; and WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles". Physics 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1905 (in Zürich, Switzerland), + 1983; and PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith". Physics 1953 ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope".

51. Ïóáëèêàöèè - Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter Brattain, And Dr. William Sh Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter Brattain, and Dr. william shockley discovered thetransistor effect and They were awarded the nobel Prize in physics in 1956. http://www.microelectronics.newmail.ru/publications/tranzistor.htm

The Invention Team Dr. John Bardeen, Dr. Walter Brattain, and Dr. William Shockley discovered the transistor effect and developed the first device in December, 1947, while the three were members of the technical staff at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1956. John Bardeen (1908-1987) A brilliant theorist, Dr. Bardeen brought his keen understanding to the transistor team by explaining effects found in early transistor experiments. Dr. Bardeen, born and raised in Madison, Wisconsin, obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics and physics from Princeton University in 1936. A staff member of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, from 1938 to 1941, he served as principal physicist at the US Naval Ordinance Laboratory in Washington, DC, during World War II, after which he joined Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. "My introduction to semiconductors came just after the war, in late 1945, when I joined the Bell Laboratories research group on solid-state physics, which was being formed under the leadership of Stanley Morgan and William Shockley," Dr. Bardeen once related. "Following a Ph.D. under Eugene Wigner at Princeton and post-doctoral years with John H. Van Vleck at Harvard, I had been interested in the theory of metals before the war and was anxious to go back to solid-state physics after five years at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington."

52. NOBEL Per La FISICA Translate this page nobel per la FISICA Solvay 1927 1901. Röentgen, Wilhelm C. (Germania). 1902. Kusch,Polykarp (USA). 1956. shockley, william B. (USA). Brattain, Walter H. (USA). http://digilander.libero.it/andreawentura/fisica/nobel.htm

53. Fire In The Valley By Freiberger And Swaine In fact, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and william shockley sharedthe 1956 nobel Prize in physics for their work on the innovation. http://www.fireinthevalley.com/fitv_book2.html

The following excerpts are from the new edition of Fire In The Valley EXCERPT ONE Development of the Microprocessor EXCERPT THREE DEC and Employee Desires EXCERPT FOUR The First Hobbyist Personal Computer EXCERPT FIVE Ed Roberts and the MITS Altair THE TRANSISTOR AND THE NOBEL PRIZE The transistor led to a Nobel Prize for its inventors: William Shockley The device that consigned the vacuum tube to the back-alley bin was the transistor, a tiny, seemingly inert slice of crystal with interesting electrical properties. The transistor was immediately recognized as a revolutionary development. In fact, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the innovation. The transistor was significant for more than merely making another bit of technology obsolete. Resulting from a series of experiments in the application of quantum physics, transistors changed the computer from a "giant electronic brain" that was the exclusive domain of engineers and scientists to a commodity that could be purchased like a television set. The transistor was the technological breakthrough that made both the minicomputers of the 1960s and the personal computer revolution of the 1970s possible. Bardeen and Brattain introduced "the major invention of the century" in 1947, two days before Christmas. To understand the real significance of the device that came into existence that winter day in Murray Hill, New Jersey, you have to look back to research done years before.

54. Semiconductor Hall Of Fame www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/schrodingerbio.html shockley, william, B., 1910 solidsand contribution to the invention of transistor; The nobel Prize in http://www.semiconductorhof.com/shof/

var PageHits="4082" ALFEROV , Zhores, I., 1930 (Vitebsk, Bielorussia, USSR) - Development of semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed and opto-electronic systems; The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000. See: http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/pti00002.html BARDEEN , John, 1908 (Madison, Wisconsin, USA)- 1991; Contribution to the understanding of electrical conductivity in semiconductors and metals and co-invention of the transistor; The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 (transistor) and 1972 (superconductors). See: http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1972/bardeen-bio.html BASOW , Nikolai, G., 1922 (Voronezh, USSR) - Contribution to the development of semiconductor laser; The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 . See: http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1964/basov-bio.html BOHR , Niels,H., 1885 (Copenhagen, Denmark) - 1962; Understanding of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them; The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922. See: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bohr_Niels.html BOLTZMAN , Ludwig, 1844 (Vienna, Austria) –1906; Fundamental contributions to theoretical physics which laid the foundation for the modern semiconductor physics (Maxwell – Boltzman distribution).

55. Nobel Prizes In Physics nobel Prizes in Physics. USA) 1956 John Bardeen (USA, 190805-23 - 1991-01-30) WalterH. Brattain (USA, 1902-02-10 - 1987-10-14) william shockley (USA, *1910-02 http://userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/diverse/bib/nobel_physik_e.html

Nobel Prizes in Physics Deutsche Version dieser Seite (Information not checked) (Germany, 1845-03-27 - 1923-02-10) Discovery of X rays Hendrik A. Lorentz (Netherlands, 1853-07-18 - 1929-02-04) Pieter Zeeman (Netherlands, 1865-05-25 - 1943-10-09) Henri A. Becquerel (France, 1852-12-15 - 1908-08-25) Marie Curie (France, Poland, 1867-11-07 - 1934-07-04) Pierre Curie (France, 1859-05-15 - 1906-04-19) Discovery of radioactivity Lord Rayleigh (United Kingdom) Philipp E. Lenard (Germany, 1862-06-07 - 1947-05-20) Joseph J. Thomson (United Kingdom, 1856-12-18 - 1940-04-30) Conduction of electricity in gases Albert A. Michelson (USA, 1852-12-19 - 1931-05-09) Measurement of the speed of light G. Lippmann (France) Karl Ferdinand Braun (Germany, 1850-06-06 - 1918-04-20) Guglielmo Marconi (Italy, 1874-04-25 - 1937-07-20) wireless telegraphy Johann D. van der Waals (Netherlands, 1837-11-23 - 1923-03-07) Molecular forces Wilhelm Wien (Germany, 1864-01-13 - 1928-08-30) Heat radiation (Sweden) H. Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands) Max von Laue (Germany, 1879-10-09 - 1960-04-24)

56. William Shockley shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain won the 1956 nobel Prize for the developmentof the transistor. william shockley died in 1989. Transistors http://www.aphs.nsw.edu.au/student_work/electronics9/shockley/shockley.htm

William Shockley William Shockley was born in London to American parents who were in England for several years on business. His father was a mining engineer and his mother a federal deputy surveyor of mineral lands. They returned to California when William was a toddler. His interest in science was encouraged from early on, through his parents' professions and by a neighbor who taught physics at Stanford. He graduated from Cal Tech in 1932 and then received his PhD from MIT in 1936. He began work immediately at Bell Labs. His research in solid state physics, especially vacuum tubes, made many theoretical advances in the company's goal to use electronic switches for telephone exchanges instead of the mechanical switches used up until then. During World War II, Shockley worked on military projects, particularly refining radar systems. As soon as the war ended, he was back doing solid-state research, now investigating semiconductors. One of his major contributions to the electronics industry was to apply quantum theory to the development of semiconductors. In 1947, with colleagues John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, he made the first successful amplifying semiconductor device. They called it a transistor (from transfer and resistor). Shockley made improvements to it in 1950 which made it easier to manufacture. His original idea eventually led to the development of the silicon chip. Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain won the 1956 Nobel Prize for the development of the transistor. It allowed electronic devices to be built smaller and lighter and even cheaper.

57. The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-1998) is to watch the nobel Foundation web site at http//www.nobel.se. 1947 PolykarpKusch Electron magnetic moment 1956 1948 william shockley Transistors John http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Administrivia/nobel.html

[Physics FAQ] Updated October 1998 by Nathan Urban. Updated 1997,96 by PEG. Updated 1994 by SIC. Original by Scott I. Chase. The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1998) The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The date in brackets is the approximate date of the work. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation. The Physics prize is announced near the beginning of October each year. One of the quickest ways to get the announcement is to watch the Nobel Foundation web site at http://www.nobel.se

58. Premio Nobel De Fiziko - Vikipedio La Premio nobel de Fiziko estas disdonata ekde 1901. Tiuj personoj gajnisgin 1956 John BARDEEN, Walter Houser BRATTAIN kaj william shockley. http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Fiziko

Vikipedio Ĉefpaĝo Enkonduko Helpo ... Ensalutu La Libera Enciklopedio Aliaj lingvoj: Dansk English Nederlands Presebla versio Premio Nobel de Fiziko El Vikipedio, la libera enciklopedio. Fiziko Premio Nobel La Premio Nobel de Fiziko estas disdonata ekde 1901. Tiuj personoj gajnis ĝin: Wilhelm Conrad R–NTGEN Hendrik Antoon LORENTZ kaj Pieter ZEEMAN Antoine Henri BECQUEREL Marie CURIE kaj Pierre CURIE John William Strutt RAYLEIGH Philipp LENARD Joseph John THOMSON ... Guglielmo MARCONI kaj Ferdinand BRAUN Johannes Diderik VAN DER WAALS Wilhelm WIEN Gustaf DALɎ ... William Henry BRAGG kaj William Lawrence BRAGG Charles Glover BARKLA Max PLANCK Johannes STARK ... James FRANCK kaj Gustav HERTZ Jean Baptiste PERRIN Arthur Holly COMPTON kaj Charles Thomson Rees WILSON Owen Willans RICHARDSON Louis DE BROGLIE Chandrasekhara Venkata RAMAN ... Paul Adrien Maurice DIRAC kaj Erwin SCHRքINGER James CHADWICK Carl David ANDERSON kaj Victor Franz HESS Clinton Joseph DAVISSON kaj George Paget THOMSON Enrico FERMI Ernest Orlando LAWRENCE Otto STERN ... John Douglas COCKCROFT kaj Ernest WALTON Felix BLOCH kaj Edward Mills PURCELL Frits ZERNIKE Max BORN kaj Walther BOTHE Willis Eugene LAMB kaj Polykarp KUSCH John BARDEEN Walter Houser BRATTAIN kaj William SHOCKLEY LEE Tsung Dao kaj YANG Chen Ning Pavel Alekseeviĉ ĈERENKOV Ilja MiÄ¥ailoviĉ FRANK kaj Igor Evgeneviĉ TAMM 1959 [[Emilio Gino SEGRɝ] kaj Owen CHAMBERLAIN Donald Arthur GLASER Robert HOFSTADTER kaj Rudolf Ludwig M֓SBAUER Lev Davidoviĉ LANDAU Maria GOEPPERT-MAYER Eugene Paul WIGNER kaj Hans Daniel JENSEN Nikolaj Gennadieviĉ BASOV Charles Hard TOWNES kaj

59. The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of nobel Prize awards, from fine structure PolykarpKusch Electron magnetic moment 1956 william shockley Transistors John http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/faq/nobel.html

[Physics FAQ] updated 9-OCT-1996 by PEG updated 12-OCT-1994 by SIC original by Scott I. Chase The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation.

60. The Nobel Prize For Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of nobel Prize awards, from the first award in1901. 1956, william shockley John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain, Transistors. http://physics.hallym.ac.kr/education/faq/nobel_html.html

The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1996) The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first award in 1901. Prizes were not awarded in every year. The description following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation. Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen X-rays Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Pieter Zeeman Magnetism in radiation phenomena Antoine Henri Bequerel Pierre Curie Marie Sklodowska-Curie Spontaneous radioactivity Lord Rayleigh (a.k.a. John William Strutt) Density of gases and discovery of argon Pilipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Cathode rays Joseph John Thomson Conduction of electricity by gases Albert Abraham Michelson Precision meteorological investigations Gabriel Lippman Reproducing colors photographically based on the phenomenon of interference Guglielmo Marconi Carl Ferdinand Braun Wireless telegraphy Johannes Diderik van der Waals Equation of state of fluids Wilhelm Wien Laws of radiation of heat Nils Gustaf Dalen Automatic gas flow regulators Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Matter at low temperature Max von Laue Crystal diffraction of X-rays William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X-ray analysis of crystal structure no award Charles Glover Barkla Characteristic X-ray spectra of elements Max Planck Energy quanta Johannes Stark Splitting of spectral lines in E fields Charles-Edouard Guillaume Anomalies in nickel steel alloys Albert Einstein Photoelectric Effect Niels Bohr Structure of atoms Robert Andrew Millikan Elementary charge of electricity Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn

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