1. Hamilton O. Smith Winner Of The 1978 Nobel Prize In Medicine hamilton O. smith, a nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology and Medicine, at the nobelPrize Internet Archive. hamilton O. smith. 1978 nobel Laureate in Medicine http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1978c.html

H AMILTON O S MITH 1978 Nobel Laureate in Medicine for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics. Background Born: 1931 Residence: U.S.A. Affiliation: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD Featured Internet Links Prize co-recipient: Werner Arber Prize co-recipient: Daniel Nathans Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace Chemistry ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

2. Hamilton O. Smith - Autobiography hamilton O. smith – Autobiography. To my knowledge, two nobel Laureates arecounted among UniHigh's graduates, as well as numerous successful http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1978/smith-autobio.html

My mother and father each came from simple country backgrounds, but both showed an early inclination for scholarly pursuits. They eventually met as school teachers in a local Panama City, Florida high school and were married in 1929. The following year, my father was appointed Assistant Professor of Education at the University of Florida at Gainesville, and in that year my brother was born. In 1931, my father went on leave to Columbia Universtity in New York City to complete his doctoral work in education. I was born there on August 23, 1931 while he was a graduate student. Though the family commuted annually between New York City and Gainesville over the next five years, I retain the strongest memories of our life in the city. In particular are recollections of life in a small, intimate apartment, walks in the city parks, and quiet evenings spent with my mother and father who entertained us with arithmetic problems and a small Gilbert chemistry set. In 1937, our family moved to Champaign-Urbana, Illinois. My father had joined the faculty of the Department of Education at the

3. Hamilton O. Smith - Nobel Lecture hamilton O. smith – nobel Lecture. Nucleotide Stamps. hamilton O. smithAutobiography nobel Lecture Interview Swedish nobel Stamps. 1977, 1979. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1978/smith-lecture.html

Nucleotide sequence specificity of restriction endonucleases Nobel Lecture December 8, 1978 From Nobel Lectures The Lecture in pdf-format Download Adobe Acrobat Reader is free software that lets you view and print Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 Press Release Presentation Speech Werner Arber ... Swedish Nobel Stamps The 1978 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: Last modified August 31, 2001 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

4. Smith, Hamilton O Raju, TN (1999). The nobel chronicles. 1978 Werner Arber (b 1929); HamiltonO smith (b 1931); Daniel Nathans (b 1928). Lancet 354(9189) 1567. http://www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu/biblio/Smith, Hamilton O..htm

Hamilton O. Smith (August 23, 1931-) Anon (1978). "Molecular genetics takes Nobel Prize." JAMA 240(20): 2137-2138. Anon (1978). "The Nobel prizewinners 1978: medicine. From modest beginnings. . ." Nature 275(5682): 689-690. Anon (1982). "Are there research awards after Nobel awards?" Medical World News(May 10): 133-143. Berg, K. (1978). "The Nobel prize in physiology and medicine 1978. Nobel prize to a controversial research field." Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 98(34-36): 1741-1742. Lagerkvist, U. (1978). "To split a gene." Lakartidningen 75(43): 3892-3894. Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1978: Werner Arber (b 1929); Hamilton O Smith (b 1931); Daniel Nathans (b 1928)." Lancet 354(9189): 1567. Shampo, M. A. and R. A. Kyle (1995). "Hamilton SmithNobel Prize winner in medicine or physiology." Mayo Clin Proc 70(6): 540. Smith, H. O. and K. W. Wilcox (1992). "A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae. I. Purification and general properties. 1970." Biotechnology 24: 38-50.

5. The Future Of Life: Hamilton O. Smith hamilton smith nobel Laureate Scientific Director, Institute for Biological EnergyAlternatives (IBEA) hamilton smith shared a nobel Prize in 1978 for the http://www.thefutureoflife.com/speakers/smith.htm

Hamilton Smith Scientific Director, Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA) Hamilton Smith shared a Nobel Prize in 1978 for the discovery of restriction enzymes, a kind of molecular scissors used by bacteria to cut up threatening viruses and by biologists as an essential tool for manipulating DNA. In his current position, he is working to design and use microbes for carbon sequestration, clean energy production, and other applications. Dr. Smith was recruited to Johns Hopkins University in 1967, where he remained for thirty years. He was named the American Cancer Society Distinguished Research Professor Emeritus of Molecular Biology and Genetics in 1998. In 1968, Dr. Smith began using the bacterium, Haemophilus influenzae Rd as a model system for the study of genetic recombination. Soon he was able to purify the restriction enzyme and determined that it cleaved a specific sequence of six bases in DNA. The work from his and colleague Daniel Nathan's labs led in the early 1970's to the recombinant DNA and cloning era. For 20 years, Dr. Smith's laboratory continued to study H. influenzae and discovered more than a dozen DNA transformation genes in the bacterium. They cloned the first restriction system genes. In 1993, Dr. Smith joined the scientific advisory council of the Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR). There he and Craig Venter were the first to decode the genome of a bacterium, proving the feasibility of rapidly determining the sequence of many organisms. As senior director of DNA resources at the biotech company Celera Genomics, Dr. Smith helped lead an effort to sequence the human genome, which was completed in 2000.

6. The Future Of Life: Speakers (A) (S), hamilton O. smith, hamilton smith nobel Laureate ScientificDirector, Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA) (A) (S). http://www.thefutureoflife.com/speaker_list.htm

This list includes members of the Advisory Board (A) and Speakers (S). More speakers will be added during the coming months. Editors from TIME Magazine (T) will be attending the conference. Click on photos for bios, and visit our bookstore to find books by these speakers. James Watson Nobel Laureate, Harbor Laboratory (A) (S) Muin J. Khoury Director, Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (S) David W. Beier Partner, Michael Kinsley Writer, Founding Editor, Slate (S) Stewart Brand Co-founder, All Species Inventory Co-founder, Global Business Network (S) Jeffrey Kluger Senior Writer, TIME Magazine (T) Donald M. Bruce Director, The Society, Religion and Technology Project, Church of Scotland (A) (S) Bartha M. Knoppers Professor of Law, University of Montreal (A) (S) G. Steven Burrill Chief Executive Officer, Burrill and Company (S) Robert Krulwich Network Correspondent, ABC News (S) Daniel Callahan Director of International Programs, The Hastings Center (S) Raymond C. Kurzweil Chairman and CEO, Kurzweil Technologies, Inc.

7. The New York Review Of Books: AN OPEN LETTER TO GENERAL JARUZELSKI 1978). hamilton O. smith, nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1978).Howard Temin, nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975). http://www.nybooks.com/articles/5411

@import "/css/default.css"; Home Your account Current issue Archives ... NYR Books The New York Review of Books June 27, 1985 Letter AN OPEN LETTER TO GENERAL JARUZELSKI By Arno Penzias Czeslaw Milosz Daniel Nathans David H. Hubel ... William A. Fowler As members of the international community of intellectuals and scholars we are shocked by the recent indictment and the imminent trial of three dissident leaders, Adam Michnik, Bogdan Lis, and Wladyslaw Frasyniuk. These actions indicate that our hopes for a more tolerant attitude toward free speech in Poland have been unfounded. These leaders, already imprisoned for two months, have been charged with inciting public unrest for merely discussing the possibility of calling a fifteen-minute general strike to protest food price increases. The strike, as you know, never even occurred. Among those jailed is the historian Adam Michnik. A noted author and theorist of democracy, Michnik has devoted a lifetime to nonviolent protest on behalf of economic, cultural, and political freedom. He has already spent several years in prison in Poland. His release last summer was interpreted by some as a harbinger of liberalization. Mr. Michnik's reimprisonment, so suddenly, obviously belies this view. We strongly protest the imprisonment of Mr. Michnik and his colleagues. Any government which responds to the peaceful dissent of intellectuals through forceful detainment violates international standards of human rights and in so doing alienates itself from individuals and institutions in the world for whom such rights are sacrosanct. We demand that the Polish government adopt a genuine program of liberalization and begin by releasing Mr. Michnik and his colleagues.

8. Genome News Network - Timeline: 1970 hamilton O. smith Courtesy Marty Katz. For his discovery hamilton smith sharedthe nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1978, with Werner Arber http://gnn.tigr.org/timeline/1970_Smith.shtml

GNN Home About GNN Subscribe Contact Us ... Introduction Hamilton O. Smith Courtesy Marty Katz Once inside bacteria, bacteriophages consist of nothing but naked DNA. A "restriction" enzyme that degraded phages implied that it recognized a specific series of nucleotides, and cut the DNA apart at that point. At the same time, another "modification" enzyme protected the same sequence of DNA where it appeared in the host. Most notable were the specificity of such reactions, and biochemists were excited by the potential value of restriction enzymes if they could be characterized and purified. While Arber worked with E. coli , other researchers demonstrated the same phenomenon in other species of bacteria. Hopes dimmed for a time in the late 1960s, after the first restriction enzymes to be purified would cleave stretches of DNA randomly, not at specific base sequences. In a series of landmark papers, beginning in 1970, Hamilton Smith, a molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, outlined the results of work with

9. Untitled nobel laureate hamilton O. smith, Class of 1948, returned to his alma mater onJune 5 to receive this year’s Max Beberman Distinguished Alumni Award. http://www.uni.uiuc.edu/Alumni/alumni bios/1940/1948/smith.html

Hamilton O. Smith, M.D ., who won the Nobel Prize in 1978, was featured in an article titled "Hamilton Smith’s Second Chance" that appeared in the October issue of Reader’s Digest. The profile originally appeared earlier in the year in The Baltimore Sun. In the meantime, Celera Genomics Corporation, for which Smith serves as senior director of DNA resources, announced Jan. 10 that the company has DNA sequences in the Celera database that covers 90 percent of the human genome. As a result of the extensive sequence coverage of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes and based on statistical analysis, Celera spokesmen said they believe that more than 97 percent of all human genes are now represented in its database. Fall/Winter 1999-2000 Nobel laureate Hamilton O. Smith "This is no ordinary high school," Smith told the members of the Class of 1999 and their guests. "There have been little more than 3,000 graduates in its 78-year history, but they have done so many great things." University of Illinois Provost Richard Herman presented Smith with the Beberman Award, which was established in honor of the late Max Beberman, whose tenure as a math educator at Uni High from 1950 to 1971 brought him international renown as a founder of the "new math."

10. History Of Uni-Alumni: Who's Who of counting three nobel Prize laureates among its graduates Philip W. Anderson,class of 1940, won the prize for physics in 1977. hamilton O. smith, class of http://www.uni.uiuc.edu/about_uni/HistoryofUni/alumni.htm

home admissions calendar athletics ... jobs Abridged History Alumni: Uni's Who's Who Uni's some 3,000 graduates and attendees since 1922 can be found pursuing an array of interesting vocations and avocations. Some have joined the ranks of the professions and trades, while others have become educators, scientists, businessmen, administrators and artists. Uni has the distinction of counting three Nobel Prize laureates among its graduates: Philip W. Anderson, class of 1940, won the prize for physics in 1977. Hamilton O. Smith, class of 1948 received the award for medicine in 1978. And James Tobin, class of 1935 won the 1981 prize for economics. Nobel Prize Winners (from left): Smith, Anderson, and Tobin Uni also counts Pulitzer Prize-winning writer George Will, class of 1958, among its alumni. His conservative views appear via a column syndicated by the Washington Post Writers Group in newspapers across the nation, not to mention Newsweek magazine. Award-winning playwright Tina Howe was a member of the Uni class of 1955. Her works include The Art of Dining, Painting Churches, Museum, Coastal Disturbances, One Shoe Off

11. International: Italiano: Salute: Medicina: Medici_e_Ricercatori: Smith,_Hamilton Translate this page hamilton O. smith è stato insignito del premio nobel per la medicina, per la scopertadegli enzimi di restrizione e della loro applicazione ai problemi della http://open-site.org/International/Italiano/Salute/Medicina/Medici_e_Ricercatori

Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project Pagina Principale Aggiungi Contenuti Diventa Editore In tutta la Directory Solo in Medici_e_Ricercatori/Smith,_Hamilton Top International Italiano Salute ... Medici e Ricercatori : Smith, Hamilton Vedi anche: International: Italiano: Societ : Strutture Sociali: Persone: Biografie: Premio Nobel Hamilton O. Smith ¨ stato insignito del premio Nobel per la medicina, per la scoperta degli enzimi di restrizione e della loro applicazione ai problemi della genetica molecolare , nell'anno 1978. Hamilton O. Smith Data di nascita : 23 agosto 1931 Genere Attivit  principale presso: Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine - Baltimora, USA Opere importanti : A restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae: Purification and general properties; Base sequence of the recognition site.(1970); The DNA methylases of Hemophilus influenzae: Purification and properties; Partial recognition site base sequences (1973) Luogo di nascita : New York City Nazionalit  : Statunitense Questa Categoria ha bisogno di un Editore - Richiedila Open Site Code 0.4.1

12. Nobel Laureates - 7. Lectures And Nobel Laureates - NIH 1998 Almanac Content nobel Laureates. hamilton O. smith, USA (shared with D. Nathans, USA, andW. Arber, Switzerland), Physiology or medicine, 1978, NIGMS, NIAID. http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/1998/lectures/nobel.html

NIH 1998 Almanac Lectures and Nobel Laureates Nobel Laureates Laureate Field Year Supporting Institute(s) Paul D. Boyer, U.S.A. (shared with J.C. Skou) Chemistry NIGMS, NIDDK Jens C. Skou, Denmark (shared with P.D. Boyer) ......do NINDS Stanley B. Prusiner, U.S.A. Phyisology or medicine NINDS, NIA, NCRR, NIGMS Edward B. Lewis, U.S.A. (shared with C. Nusslein-Volhard, Germany, and E.F. Wieschaus, U.S.A.) Physiology or medicine NICHD, NIGMS Eric F. Wieschaus, U.S.A. (shared with E.B. Lewis, U.S.A., and C. Nusslein-Volhard, Germany) ......do NICHD Alfred G. Gilman, U.S.A. (shared with M. Rodbell, U.S.A.) .....do NIGMS, NINDS Martin Rodbell, U.S.A. (shared with A.G. Gilman, U.S.A.) ......do NIEHS, NIDDK George A. Olah, U.S.A. Chemistry NCI, NIGMS Phillip A. Sharp, U.S.A. (shared with R. Roberts, U.K.) Physiology or medicine NIGMS, NCI, NIAID, DRS, NCRR Richard Roberts, U.K. (shared with P.A. Sharp, U.S.A.) ......do NCRR, NLM, NCHGR, NCI, NIGMS Kary B. Mullis, U.S.A. (shared with M. Smith, Canada) Chemistry NHLBI, NIAID, NIGMS

13. NIH Almanac (1997) nobel Laureates. hamilton O. smith, USA (shared with D. Nathans, USA, andW. Arber, Switzerland), Physiology or medicine, 1978, NIGMS, NIAID. http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac97/chapt7/nobel.htm

NIH Nobel Prize Winners 1968Dr. Marshall W. Nirenberg, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the key to deciphering the genetic code. Dr. Nirenberg and two other researchers, working independently, with whom he shared the prize, made major advances in understanding the chemical mechanisms by which genetic language or information is translated into various proteins that determine the nature and characteristics of all living things. Dr. Nirenberg was the first NIH Nobelist and also the first Federal employee to receive a Nobel Prize. 1970Dr. Julius Axelrod, National Institute of Mental Healthshared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two scientists from England and Swedenfor independent research into the chemistry of nerve transmission. The three were cited for their “discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation.” Specifically, Dr. Axelrod found an enzyme that terminates the action of the nerve transmitter, noradrenaline. He also demonstrated that some antidepressant drugs act by preventing the reuptake of noradrenaline and thus prolong its action in the brain. 1972Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen

14. WU Libraries: Washington University's Nobel Prize Winners 1978 hamilton O. smith, Washington University Medical Another nobel Prize winnerconnected with Washington University is TS (Thomas Stearns) Eliot (18881965 http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/archives/facts/nobelprizes.html

Washington University in St. Louis Nobel Prize Winners Physics *Arthur H. Compton (1892-1962), Faculty of Arts and Sciences 1920-1923 and 1945-1962, Chancellor 1945-1953 Chemistry Luis F. Leloir, Faculty of Medicine 1944 Paul Berg, Faculty of Medicine 1954-1959 Economic Science *Douglass C. North, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, 1983- Physiology or Medicine Edward A. Doisy (1893-1986), Faculty of Medicine, 1919-1923 *Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965), Chairman, Department of Physiology 1910-1946 *Herbert Gasser (1888-1963), Faculty of Medicine, 1916-1931 *Carl F. Cori (1896-1984), Faculty of Medicine 1931-1984 *Gerty T. Cori (1896-1957), Faculty of Medicine 1931-1957 *Arthur Kornberg, Chairman, Department of Microbiology, 1952-1959 Severo Ochoa, Faculty of Medicine 1940-1942 Alfred Hershey (1908-1997), Faculty of Medicine 1934-1950 Earl Sutherland (1915-1974), M.D. 42, Resident in Internal Medicine 1943-1945, Faculty of Medicine, 1945-1953 Christian de Duve, Faculty of Medicine 1946-1947 Daniel Nathans (1928-1999), M.D. 54

15. Premios Nobel De Medicina Premios nobel de Medicina. Año, Tema, Ganador. 1978, Arber, Werner; Nathans,Daniel; smith, hamilton O. 1979, Cormack, Alan M.; Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey N. http://fai.unne.edu.ar/biologia/nobeles/nobelmed.htm

Premios Nobel de Medicina Tema Ganador Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard Dam, Henrik Carl Peter; Doisy, Edward Adelbert Erlanger, Joseph; Gasser, Herbert Spencer

16. ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE; ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF nobel PRIZE LAUREATESIN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, Name, Year Awarded. smith, hamilton O. 1978. http://www.bioscience.org/urllists/nobelm.htm

FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE; ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Name Year Awarded Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas Arber, Werner Axelrod, Julius Baltimore, David ... Zinkernagel, Rolf M.

17. ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN CHEMISTRY Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf, 1925. ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF nobel PRIZE LAUREATESIN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. smith, hamilton O. 1978. Snell, George D. 1980. http://www.bioscience.org/urllists/nobelc.htm

FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE; ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN CHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN CHEMISTRY Name Year Awarded Alder, Kurt Altman, Sidney Anfinsen, Christian B. Arrhenius, Svante August ... Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Name Year Awarded Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas Arber, Werner Axelrod, Julius Baltimore, David ... Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Source: The Nobel Prize Internet Archive

18. Projetos - (Biologia/Biologia Molecular/De Mendel Até Hoje) Translate this page recebem o prêmio nobel por suas descobertas a respeito do controle genético deembriões em desenvolvimento. (Craig Venter e hamilton smith) anunciam a http://www.rainhadapaz.g12.br/projetos/biologia/genoma/50anos/linhadotempo.htm

INTRODUÇO LINHA DO TEMPO CONCLUSO LINHA DO TEMPO (Gregor Mendel) : leis básicas da hereditariedade. Friedrich Miescher) : identificou pela primeira vez ,no núcleo, uma substância (DNA) que contém fósforo e a separou em partes ácida e básica. (Walther Fleming) : o primeiro a observar linhas minúsculas no núcleo da célula (cromossomos). Thomas Hunt) : determinação dos cromossomos como estrutura hereditária, traços geneticamente determinados estão ligados ao sexo. (Hermann Muller) : descobre que os raios X causam mutações genéticas. (Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod e Maclyn McCarty) : provaram que o ‘’principio da transformação’’, isto é, o material genético é o DNA. Douglas Beavis) : amniosintese pode ser usada para testar a incompatibilidade do fator RH fetal. (Erwin Chargaff) : descobriu que não importa qual tecido de um animal seja observado, pois, o índice da porcentagem de cada um dos quatro nucleotídeos era o mesmo, insinuando que a estrutura do DNA era especifica e conservada em cada organismo. (Alfred Hershey e Martha Chase) : experimento que mostrou definitivamente, ser o DNA, o material genético, através da infecção de uma bactéria pôr bacteriófago.

19. CellNEWS_Minimalistic ‘artificial’ Life efficient biological energy sources. nobel Laureate hamilton O. smith,MD, has joined IBEA as scientific director. With fossil fuel http://www.geocities.com/giantfideli/CellNEWS_Scientists_to_Create_A_New_Form_of

Source: CellNEWS Sunday, 24 November, 2002, 07:00 PM GMT ARTICLE Venter attempt at the minimalistic approach of creating ‘artificially-made’ life Scientists Hope to Create A New Form of Life FIGURE 1. M. genitalium : Living Organism With the Smallest Genome FROM IBEA's PRESS RELEASE: FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE November 21, 2002 IBEA Receives $3 Million Dept. of Energy Grant for Synthetic Genome Development Hamilton Smith, M.D., Nobel Laureate, Named Scientific Director of IBEA ROCKVILLE, MD — The Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA) has been awarded a three-year, $3 million grant from the Office of Science, Department of Energy. The grant will be used for research to develop a synthetic chromosome which is a first step in the Institute's work toward developing cost-effective and efficient biological energy sources. Nobel Laureate Hamilton O. Smith, M.D., has joined IBEA as scientific director. "With fossil fuel consumption continuing to rise and with it serious environmental damage to our planet, it is imperative that we explore alternative ideas to abate this situation," said J. Craig Venter

20. Dr.Tarek Said's Homepage-Nobel Prize Winners nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 ALAN M. CORMACK SIR GODFREY N. HOUNSFIELD1978 WERNER ARBER , DANIEL NATHANS hamilton O. smith 1977 ROGER http://www.geocities.com/tsaid3/nobel.html

Nobel Prize Winners Literature Peace Physics Medicine ... Nationalities Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 Sir V.S. Naipaul 2000 Gao Xingjian 1997 Dario Fo 1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA 1995 SEAMUS HEANEY 1994 KENZABURO OE 1993 TONI MORRISON 1992 DEREK WALCOTT 1991 NADINE GORDIMER 1990 OCTAVIO PAZ 1989 CAMILO JOSE CELA NAGUIB MAHFOUZ 1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY 1986 WOLE SOYINKA 1985 CLAUDE SIMON 1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT 1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING 1982 GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ 1981 ELIAS CANETTI 1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ 1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS ( ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS ) 1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER 1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE 1976 SAUL BELLOW 1975 EUGENIO MONTALE 1973 PATRICK WHITE 1972 HEINRICH BALL 1971 PABLO NERUDA 1970 ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN 1969 SAMUEL BECKETT 1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA 1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS 1965 MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV 1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE 1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS ( GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ) 1962 JOHN STEINBECK 1961 IVO ANDRIAC 1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE ( ALEXIS LEGER ) 1959 SALVATORE QUASIMODO 1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK 1957 ALBERT CAMUS 1956 JUAN RAMON JIMENEZ 1955 HALLDER KILJAN LAXNESS 1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY 1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL 1951 PER FABIAN LAGERKVIST 1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL 1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER 1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT 1947 ANDRE PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE 1946 HERMANN HESSE 1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL ( LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA ) 1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN 1943-1940 Main Fund and Special Fund of this prize section.

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