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         Steinberger Jack:     more detail
  1. Particles and Detectors: Festschrift for Jack Steinberger (Springer Tracts in Modern Physics)
  2. A Nuclear-weapon-free World: Desirable? Feasible? (A Pugwash monograph) by Joseph Rotblat, Jack Steinberger, et all 1995-12-18
  3. Learning About Particles - 50 Privileged Years by Jack Steinberger, 2010-11-30
  4. Hochschullehrer (New York): Peter Singer, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Marguerite Yourcenar, Karl Löwith, Tsung-Dao Lee, Jack Steinberger (German Edition)
  5. Swiss Physicists: Albert Einstein, Leonhard Euler, Wolfgang Pauli, Auguste Piccard, Martin Schadt, Georges-Louis le Sage, Jack Steinberger
  6. People From the District of Bad Kissingen: People From Bad Kissingen, Oskar Panizza, Jack Steinberger, Claus-Frenz Claussen, Julius Döpfner
  7. Ehrenbürger Von Bad Kissingen: Adolph Menzel, Jack Steinberger, Otto von Bismarck als Ehrenbürger, Liste der Ehrenbürger von Bad Kissingen (German Edition)
  8. A Nuclear-Weapon-Free World: Desirable? Feasible? --1993 publication. by Jack Steinberger, 1993-01-01
  9. A Nuclear-Weapon-Free World: Desirable? Feasible? by Joseph, Jack Steinberger and Bhalchandra Udgoankar (eds. Rotblat, 1993-01-01
  10. A Nuclear-Weapon-Free World.: An article from: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists by Mike Moore, 1993-12-01
  11. Superintendent-School Board Relations That Work.: An article from: School Administrator by Elizabeth Donohoe Steinberger, 1994-08-01

21. MIT Nobel Prize Winners
in 5 fields MIT news release, October 12, 2001; Theses of MIT Alumni nobel PrizeWinners jack steinberger, shared Physics, MIT Radiation Laboratory 1943-45.
http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/nobels.html

Special Reports
News Releases Search MIT News Office ... MIT
56 MIT-related Nobel Prize winners
include faculty, researchers, alumni and staff
UPDATED OCTOBER 7, 2002
Contact Information

Fifty-six current or former members of the MIT community have won the Nobel Prize . They include 22 professors, 23 alumni (including three of the professors), 13 researchers and one staff physician. Twenty-five of the Nobel Prizes are in physics, ten in chemistry, eleven in economics, eight in medicine/physiology, and two in peace. Eight Nobel prizes were won by researchers who helped develop radar at the MIT Radiation Laboratory. Nobelists who are current members of the MIT community are Drs. Horvitz (2002), Ketterle (2001), Molina (1995), Sharp (1993), Friedman (1990), Tonegawa (1987), Solow (1987), Modigliani (1985), Ting (1976) Samuelson (1970), and Khorana (1968). H. Robert Horvitz

22. Prémios Nobel
IL, * 1922; SCHWARTZ, MELVIN, USA, Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, CA, *1932; and steinberger, jack, USA, CERN Servidor da Fundação nobel, Suécia.
http://pintopc.home.cern.ch/pintopc/www/divers/Premio_nobel.html
* Physics 1976 - The prize was divided equally between: RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, * 1931;
TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (CERN - European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland), * 1936:
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". - The prize was awarded jointly to: RUBBIA, CARLO, Italy, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1934; and
VAN DER MEER, SIMON, the Netherlands, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1925:
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction". * Physics 1998 - The prize was awarded jointly to: LEDERMAN, LEON M., U.S.A., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, * 1922;
SCHWARTZ, MELVIN, U.S.A., Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, CA, * 1932; and
STEINBERGER, JACK, U.S.A., CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, FRG):
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino".

23. Nobel Physics Prize - Press Release 1988
This year's nobel Prize in Physics is awarded jointly to Leon Lederman, USA, MelvinSchwartz, USA and jack steinberger, Switzerland, for their neutrino beam
http://physics.uplb.edu.ph/laureates/1988/press.html

24. Physics 1988
nobel Prize in Physics 19012000 http//www.nobel.se, The nobel Prize in Physics1988. Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, jack steinberger. USA, USA, USA.
http://physics.uplb.edu.ph/laureates/1988/

25. Brookhaven Nobel Prizes
BNL's next nobel Prize was awarded in 1988, when a trio of researchers Leon Lederman,Melvin Schwartz and jack steinberger, at the time all of Columbia
http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/history/Nobel/Nobel_88.html
Environment Newsroom Administration Directory ... More Brookhaven history
Discovery of the Muon-Neutrino, 1988
BNL's next Nobel Prize was awarded in 1988, when a trio of researchers received the physics prize for their 1962 discovery of the muon-neutrino. Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, at the time all of Columbia University, made their discovery at the brand-new Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). At the time, only the electron-neutrino was known, and the scientists wondered if they could find more types of these ghostlike particles that pass through everything. The AGS, then the most powerful accelerator in the world, was capable of producing the beam needed.
Jack Steinberger, Melvin Schwartz and Leon Lederman The experiment used a beam of the AGS's energetic protons to produce a shower of pi mesons, which traveled 70 feet toward a 5,000-ton steel wall made of old battleship plates. On the way, they decayed into muons and neutrinos, but only the latter particles could pass through the wall into a neon-filled detector called a spark chamber. There, the impact of neutrinos on aluminum plates produced muon spark trails that could be detected and photographed proving the existence of muon-neutrinos. The experiment's use of the first-ever neutrino beam paved the way for scientists to use these particles in research at the AGS and around the world.

26. Untitled
to attend the meeting linked to the www.nobel.se webpage with Rudolf Osheroff, DouglasPhillips, William Richardson, Robert steinberger, jack Taylor, Richard
http://www.phys.vt.edu/~ucn/Lindau2001/laureate.html
List of Laureates to attend the meeting linked to the www.nobel.se webpage with info about each.
Alferov, Zhores

Chu, Steven

Esaki, Leo

Fischer, Ernst
...
Arber, Werner

27. Pictures Gallery Of The Nobel Prize Winners In Physics
Translate this page The nobel Prize in Physics. 1998. Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer DanielC. Tsui 1997. 1988. Leon M. Lederman Melvin Schwartz jack steinberger 1987.
http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physpicnobel.html
The Nobel Prize in Physics
Robert B. Laughlin
Daniel C. Tsui
Steven Chu
...
Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven

Louis Eugene Felix Neel
Murray Gell-Mann
Luis Walter Alvarez
Hans Albrecht Bethe
Alfred Kastler
Richard Phillips Feynman

Julian Seymour Schwinger

Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov
Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov

Charles Hard Townes
Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen

Maria Goeppert-Mayer
...
Sir Edward Victor Appleton
Percy Williams Bridgman
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Otto Stern
None
None
None
Ernest Orlando Lawrence
Enrico Fermi
Clinton Joseph Davisson

Sir George Paget Thomson
...
Sir James Chadwick
None
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Werner Karl Heisenberg
None
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
Sir Owen Willans Richardson
Arthur Holly Compton

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
Jean Baptiste Perrin
James Franck

Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn
Robert Andrews Millikan
...
Albert Einstein
Charles Eduard Guillaume
Johannes Stark
Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
Charles Glover Barkla
None
Sir William Henry Bragg
Sir William Lawrence Bragg
Max Theodor Felix von Laue
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
... Guglielmo Marconi
Gabriel Jonas Lippmann
Albert Abraham Michelson
Sir Joseph John Thomson
Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard
John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh)
...
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Donated by Christopher Walker, University of Ulster

28. Search-Info.Com - Directory Science Physics Quantum Mechanics People
jack steinberger An illustrated interview with jack steinberger, a nobel prizewinner of 1988. His autograph. url www.pvv.ntnu.no/~heidit/jack.html.
http://search-info.com/search/engine/index/Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics/Peo
Directory The Web Top Science Physics Quantum Mechanics : People Description Directory Search Categories: Bohr, Niels
Feynman, Richard

Heisenberg, Werner

Web Site Matches: Abdus Salam
An autobiography
url: www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1979/salam-bio.html David Bohm
Includes extracts from his biography, quotes, photo, and links to other sites.
url: www.muc.de/~heuvel/bohm/ Emmy Noether
The woman responsible for connecting symmetry with physical laws
url: www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematician.... Emmy Noether
A site dedicated to her work in physics and mathematics url: www.emmynoether.com/intro.htm Gerard 't Hooft Recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in physics for work in electroweak interactions url: www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/ Jack Steinberger An illustrated interview with Jack Steinberger, a nobel prize winner of 1988. His autograph. url: www.pvv.ntnu.no/~heidit/jack.html Julian Schwinger A biography from the Nobel prize museum url: www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1965/schwinger-bio..... Julian Schwinger A biography of one of the three men who created quantum electrodynamics url: www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematician....

29. Nobel-díjasok
USA); Fowler, William A. (1911, USA) Csandraszekar a nobel-díjat azoknak a Leon(1922-, USA); Schwartz, Melvin (1925-, USA); steinberger, jack (1921-, USA
http://www.szulocsatorna.hu/fizika/atom/nobel.htm
Nobel-díjasok az atomfizikában
Készítette : Porkoláb Tamás 1901 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845-1923, Német Birodalom): "a róla elnevezett sugarak fölfedezésével szerzett rendkívüli érdemeinek elismeréseként". 1903 Becquerel, Antoine Henri (1852-1908, Franciaország); Curie, Pierre (1859-1906, Franciaország) és Curie, Marie szül. Sklodowska (1867-1934, Franciaország): Becqerel a Nobel-díjat "a spontán radioaktivitás fölfedezésével nyújtott rendkívüli tejesítményének elismeréseként" nyerte el. Marie és Pierre Curie "a Henri Becquerel által fölfedezett sugárzási jelenségekre vonatkozó együttes vizsgálataikért kapták a díjat. 1905 Lenard, Philipp (1862-1947, Német Birodalom): "a katódsugarakkal összefüggõ munkáiért". 1906 Thomson, Sir Joseph John (1856-1940, Anglia) : "a gázokon áthaladó elektromosság elméleti és kísérleti vizsgálataival szerzett érdemei elismeréséül". 1914 Laue, Max von (1879-1960, Német Birodalom): "a kristályokon áthaladó röntgensugarak elhajlásának fölfedezéséért". 1915 Bragg, William Henry (1862-1942, Anglia);

30. Physics Nobel Laureates 1975 - Today
The first nobel prize in physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901. steinberger,jack, USA, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, FRG)
http://www1.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~gammel/matpack/html/Chronics/physics_laureate
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
(Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien)
Physics 1975
The prize was awarded jointly to: BOHR, AAGE, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, MOTTELSON, BEN, Denmark, Nordita, Copenhagen, * 1926 (in Chicago, U.S.A.); and RAINWATER, JAMES, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection".
Physics 1976
The prize was divided equally between: RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland), "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind".
Physics 1977
The prize was divided equally between: ANDERSON, PHILIP W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories,Murray Hill, NJ, MOTT, Sir NEVILL F., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge

31. People
6, jack steinberger. An illustrated interview with jack steinberger,a nobel prize winner of 1988. His autograph. Category Science
http://www.ad.com/Science/Physics/Particle/__Historical_People/
search
Top
Categories:
Abdus Salam An autobiography
Category: Science > Physics > Quantum Mechanics > People
http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1979/salam-bio.html
David Bohm
Includes extracts from his biography, quotes, photo, and links to other sites.
Category: Science > Physics > Quantum Mechanics > People
http://www.muc.de/~heuvel/bohm/
Emmy Noether
The woman responsible for connecting symmetry with physical laws Category: Science > Physics > Quantum Mechanics > People http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Noether_Emmy.html Emmy Noether A site dedicated to her work in physics and mathematics Category: Science > Physics > Quantum Mechanics > People http://www.emmynoether.com/intro.htm Gerard 't Hooft Recipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in physics for work in electroweak interactions Category: Science > Physics > Quantum Mechanics > People http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/ Jack Steinberger An illustrated interview with Jack Steinberger, a nobel prize winner of 1988. His autograph. Category: Science > Physics > Quantum Mechanics > People http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~heidit/jack.html

32. Boston Globe Online / Table Of Contents
Leon Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and jack steinberger won a nobel Prize in physicsyesterday for discovering and studying something that is about as close to
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1988/1988f.html

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GERMAN CHEMISTS AND US PHYSICISTS GET NOBEL PRIZES
Author: By David L. Chandler, Globe Staff Date: Thursday, October 20, 1988
Page:
Section:
NATIONAL/FOREIGN Nobel Prizes were awarded yesterday to three American physicists whose work has led to a better understanding of the basic building blocks of the universe and to three German chemists who solved one of the basic mysteries of life: how the sun's energy is harnessed by living cells. The three Americans, Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, won the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on particle physics in the early 1960s. The work included the discovery of one type of neutrino, a very elusive subatomic particle. That discovery, according to others in the field, profoundly affected scientists' understanding of the way the fundamental building blocks of the universe subatomic particles, from which all matter is made are related to each other. The three West Germans, Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel, won the prize in chemistry for deciphering the structure of molecules that are the key to photosynthesis the process that converts the sun's energy into a chemical form that sustains virtually all life on Earth.

33. Sito Web Italiano Per La Filosofia-JACK STEINBERGER
Translate this page jack steinberger. Il Messaggero-8 SETTEMBRE 2000 Ci aspetta un secolo di incredibiliscoperte A Tor Vergata, cinque premi nobel e 200 studiosi a consulto sul
http://lgxserver.uniba.it/lei/rassegna/steinber.htm

INDICE DEI NOMI
JACK STEINBERGER Il Messaggero 8 SETTEMBRE 2000
  • Ci aspetta un secolo di incredibili scoperte
    A Tor Vergata, cinque premi Nobel e 200 studiosi a consulto sul futuro della scienza di PIETRO M. TRIVELLI
  • 34. Nobel Prize In Physics Since 1901
    steinberger, jack. 1989.
    http://www.planet101.com/nobel_physics_hist.htm
    Nobel Prize in Physics since 1901 Year Winners Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Zeeman, Pieter Becquerel, Antoine Henri; Curie, Marie; Curie, Pierre Rayleigh, Lord John William Strutt Lenard, Philipp Eduard Anton Thomson, Sir Joseph John Michelson, Albert Abraham Lippmann, Gabriel Braun, Carl Ferdinand Marconi, Guglielmo Van Der Waals, Johannes Diderik Wien, Wilhelm Dalen, Nils Gustaf Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike Laue, Max Von Bragg, Sir William Henry; Bragg, Sir William Lawrence Barkla, Charles Glover Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Stark, Johannes Guillaume, Charles Edouard Einstein, Albert Bohr, Niels Millikan, Robert Andrews Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg Franck, James; Hertz, Gustav Perrin, Jean Baptiste Compton, Arthur Holly; Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees Richardson, Sir Owen Willans De Broglie, Prince Louis-Victor Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Heisenberg, Werner Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice; Schroedinger, Erwin Chadwick, Sir James

    35. Nobel Prize For Physics
    nobel Prize for Physics Leon Max Lederman, USA Melvin Schwartz, USA jack steinberger,USA, 1988, for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the
    http://www.planet101.com/nobel_physics.htm
    Nobel Prize for Physics Name Year The Work Eric A. Cornell
    USA Wolfgang Ketterle
    Germany Carl E. Wieman
    USA "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" Zhores I. Alferov, Herbert Kroemer and Jack S. Kilby The researchers' work has laid the foundations of modern information technology, IT, particularly through their invention of rapid transistors, laser diodes, and integrated circuits (chips). Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman, Netherlands "for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics." Robert B. Laughlin, U.S.A
    Horst L. Störmer,
    Daniel C. Tsui "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations." CHU, STEVEN, U.S.A
    COHEN-TANNOUDJI, CLAUDE, France
    PHILLIPS, WILLIAM D., U.S.A "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light" LEE, DAVID M., U.S.A

    36. ClubCaminantes - Premios Nobel - Fisica, El Club De Los Caminantes
    Translate this page PREMIOS nobel, FISICA. 1901-1925 1926-1950 1951-1975 1976-2000. 1976. MountainView, CA, Estados Unidos,. steinberger, jack (Estados Unidos).
    http://caminantes.metropoliglobal.com/web/nobel/fisica4.htm

    Inicio
    Foros Chat Top 10 ... PREMIOS NOBEL
    FISICA
    Richter, Burton (Estados Unidos) Por su trabajo pionero en el descubrimiento de un nuevo tipo de particula elemental pesada. Centro del Acelerador Lineal de Stanford. Stanford, CA, Estados Unidos Ting, Samuel C.C. (Estados Unidos) Por su trabajo pionero en el descubrimiento de un nuevo tipo de particula elemental pesada. Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts (MIT). Cambridge, MA, USA
    Anderson, Philip W. (Estados Unidos) Por sus investigaciones teóricas fundamentales de la estructura electrónica de sistemas magnéticos y desordenados. Laboratorios Bell Telephone. Nurray Hill, NJ, Estados Unidos Mott, Nevill F. Por sus investigaciones teóricas fundamentales de la estructura electrónica de sistemas magneticos y desordenados. Universidad de Cambridge. Cambridge, Gran Bretaña

    37. Nobel Jews
    Simon Kuznets nobel prize winner in Economics Leon Lederman nobel prize winnerin Physics, 1988 jack steinberger nobel Prize winner in Physics, 1988.
    http://www.bibletopics.com/biblestudy/147.htm
    Nobel Jews As the Nobel Prize marks its centennial,
    Jews constitute 1/5 of laureates
    Throughout the 20th century, Jews, more so than any other minority, ethnic or cultural group, have been recipients of the Nobel Prize perhaps the most distinguished award for human endeavor in the six fields for which it is given. Remarkably, Jews constitute almost one-fifth of all Nobel laureates. This, in a world in which Jews number just a fraction of 1 percent of the population. It is ironic that this international recognition has rewarded Jewish accomplishment in the same century that witnessed pogroms, the Holocaust, and wars that killed millions for no other reason than that they were Jewish. Certainly the Nobel Prize was not awarded to Jews because they were entitled to it, were smarter or better educated than everyone else, or because they were typically over-represented in the six fields honored by the award. Rather, all Nobel laureates have earned their distinction in a traditionally fierce competition among the best and the brightest, although politics and controversy have not infrequently followed in the wake of the Nobel.

    38. Nobel Prizes In Physics
    nobel Prizes in Physics. 192704-20) High temperature superconductors 1988 Leon MaxLederman (USA) Melvin Schwartz (USA) jack steinberger (USA) 1989 Wolfgang
    http://userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/diverse/bib/nobel_physik_e.html
    Nobel Prizes in Physics
    (Information not checked)
    (Germany, 1845-03-27 - 1923-02-10)
    Discovery of X rays
    Hendrik A. Lorentz (Netherlands, 1853-07-18 - 1929-02-04)
    Pieter Zeeman (Netherlands, 1865-05-25 - 1943-10-09)
    Henri A. Becquerel (France, 1852-12-15 - 1908-08-25)
    Marie Curie (France, Poland, 1867-11-07 - 1934-07-04)
    Pierre Curie (France, 1859-05-15 - 1906-04-19)
    Discovery of radioactivity
    Lord Rayleigh (United Kingdom)
    Philipp E. Lenard (Germany, 1862-06-07 - 1947-05-20)
    Joseph J. Thomson (United Kingdom, 1856-12-18 - 1940-04-30)
    Conduction of electricity in gases
    Albert A. Michelson (USA, 1852-12-19 - 1931-05-09)
    Measurement of the speed of light
    G. Lippmann (France)
    Karl Ferdinand Braun (Germany, 1850-06-06 - 1918-04-20)
    Guglielmo Marconi (Italy, 1874-04-25 - 1937-07-20)
    wireless telegraphy
    Johann D. van der Waals (Netherlands, 1837-11-23 - 1923-03-07)
    Molecular forces
    Wilhelm Wien (Germany, 1864-01-13 - 1928-08-30)
    Heat radiation
    (Sweden)
    H. Kamerlingh Onnes (Netherlands)
    Max von Laue (Germany, 1879-10-09 - 1960-04-24)

    39. Title
    Sakharov, Andrei (19211989) (7). steinberger, jack (1921- ) (2). Sutton, Roger B.(1916-2000). Veltman, Martinus JG@ Yang, Chen Ning - nobel Laureate in Physics.
    http://www.lib.szu.edu.cn/szulibhtm/AD_xkzt/BD_wl/renwjx.htm

    40. Prémios Nobel
    Translate this page . Prémios nobel de Física. 2002 césio. 1988 - Leon LEDERMAN, MelvinSCHWARTZ e jack steinberger ( americanos ) Descoberta de neutrinos.
    http://luisperna.com.sapo.pt/nobel_fisica.htm
    Prémios Nobel de Física 2002 - Masatoshi Koshiba (japonês), Raymond Davis Jr., (norte-americano) e Riccardo Giacconi (norte-americano), foram galardoados, respectivamente, pelas suas contribuições pioneiras para a astrofísica, em particular na detecção de neutrinos (os dois primeiros) e pela descoberta das fontes cósmicas de raios X (o terceiro). Os seus trabalhos alteraram a simples forma de ver as estrelas, as galáxias e o Sol, que não têm sempre o mesmo aspecto, não são estáticos, mas envolvem processos de altas energias que emitem partículas que atravessam a Terra. 2001 - Eric CORNELL ( americano ), Carl WIEMAN ( americano ) e Wolfgang KETTERLE ( alemão ) Trabalhando em laboratórios separados, o trio criou um método de "ultra-resfriamento de átomos", usando temperaturas que são "milhões de vezes mais baixas do que as encontradas no espaço interstelar". A corrente de átomos altamente direccionável pode ser utilizada para fazer chips atómicos e estes novos produtos podem servir de base para uma nova geração da computação. 2000 - Zhores I. ALFEROV ( russo ), Herbert KROEMER ( americano ) e Jack S. KILBY ( americano )

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