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41. @P.Medicina: Nobel Premiados
, Última Actualización 25/11/99. Premiados con el nobel de Fisiología oMedicina. 1921. No Hubo Premiado. 1971. earl W. sutherland, jr. 1922.
http://www.iespana.es/apmedicina/Nobel/Nobel2/nobel2.html
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Última Actualización: Premiados con el Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina Emil Adolf von Behring Max Theiler Sir Ronald Ross Selman Abraham Waksman ... Philip Showalter Hench Webmaster

42. @P.Medicina: Premios Nobel: 1971 A 1974
earl W. sutherland,jr. USA Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA (1915 - 1974). 1972.
http://www.iespana.es/apmedicina/Nobel/Nobel2/1971_a_1974/1971_a_1974.html
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Última Actualización: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. USA Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA Gerald M. Edelman USA Rockefeller University New York, NY, USA Rodney R. Porter Gran Bretaña University of Oxford Oxford, Gran Bretraña Karl von Frisch Alemania Zoologisches Institut der Universität München, Munich, Alemania Konrad Lorenz Austria Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Institut für vergleichende Verhaltensforschung Altenberg, Austria Nikolaas Tinbergen Great Britain Department of Zoology University Museum Oxford, Great Britain Albert Claude Bélgica Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain, Bélgica Christian de Duve Bélgica The Rockefeller University New York, NY, USA George E. Palade USA Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA Indice de Premiados 1968 a 1970 1975 a 1978 Webmaster

43. Themes Geography History History Prize Winners Nobel
Themes Geography History History Prize Winners nobel Prize Medicine.Year, Winners. 1901, Behring, Emil Adolf von. 1971, sutherland, earl jr. W.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/GeogHist/histories/prizewinners/nobelprize/m
Themes History Prize Winners Nobel Prize
Year
Winners
Behring, Emil Adolf von Ross, Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich ... Bárány, Robert The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberg The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Hill, Archibald Vivian Meyerhof, Otto Fritz Banting, Frederick Grant Macleod, John James Richard ... Einthoven, Willem The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan ... Domagk, Gerhard The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section Dam, Henrik Carl Peter

44. Sutherland, Earl Wilbur Jr
sutherland, earl Wilbur jr (19151974). Many hormones operate by meansof this messenger. nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1971.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/SutherlandE/1.
Sutherland, Earl Jr. W. US physiologist, discoverer of cyclic AMP, a chemical 'messenger' made by a special enzyme in the wall of living cells. Many hormones operate by means of this messenger. Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine 1971.
Sutherland was born in Burlingame, Kansas, and studied at Washburn College, Topeka, and Washington University Medical School, St Louis. He was director of the Department of Medicine at Western Reserve (now Case Western Reserve) University in Cleveland 1953-63, then moved to Vanderbilt University, Nashville, and in 1973 to the University of Miami Medical School.
Sutherland began studying hormones at Washington under biochemists Carl and Gerty Cori and then spent the 1950s doing research on his own. At that time it was thought that hormones, carried in the bloodstream, activated their target organs directly. Sutherland showed that the key to the process - the activating agent of the organ concerned - is cyclic adenosine 3,5 monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The arrival of a hormone increases the organ's cellular level of cyclic AMP, which in turn triggers or inhibits the cellular activity.

45. SIMR - Centenary Survey Of Nobel Laureates
as to impede legitimate experimentation, which is now the case in many places. Michael S Brown, MD, nobel Prizewinner 1985. 1971 earl W. sutherland, jr.
http://www.simr.org.uk/pages/nobel/time_line_8.html
Home Biotechnology Celebrity support Benefits of animal research ... Links
Nobel Prize Winners in Physiology and Medicine (1970 - 1979)
Alfred Bernhard Nobel
Nobel Survey Index
Photo: Wellcome Institute Library The Timeline
"I agree that animal experimentation should be humane and regulated, but the regulations must not be so onerous as to impede legitimate experimentation, which is now the case in many places." - Michael S Brown, M.D., Nobel Prizewinner 1985 Sir Bernard KATZ, Ulf von EULER and Julius AXELROD - show how chemical nerve transmitters are stored and released. Earl W. SUTHERLAND, Jr. - describes the mechanisms by which hormones act. Gerald M. EDELMAN and Rodney R. PORTER - discover the chemical structure of antibodies. Karl von FRISCH, Konrad LORENZ and Nikolaas TINGBERGEN - show the organisation of social behaviour patterns in animals. Albert CLAUDE, Christian de DUVE and George E. PALADE - describe the structural and functional organisation of the individual cell. David BALTIMORE, Renato DULBECCO and Howard Martin TEMIN - demonstrate the interaction between tumour viruses and genes.

46. Harapan's Bookshelf: Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine
of antibodies. 1971. earl W. jr. sutherland for his discoveries concerningthe mechanisms of the action of hormones. 1970. SIR BERNARD
http://www.harapan.co.jp/english/e_books/E_B_nobel_med_e.htm
Search Now: Search: English Books Japanese Books Both Keywords:
Japanese
Amazon.com customer service Amazon.com Shipping Information Are you in Japan? Are you interested in Japan? English Books in Japan Books in Japanese Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
last updated on Link: Official Website of Nobel Foundation: Physiology or Medicine Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system STANLEY B. PRUSINER for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection PETER C. DOHERTY and ROLF M. ZINKERNAGEL for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence. EDWARD B. LEWIS CHRISTIANE NÜSSLEIN-VOLHARD and ERIC F. WIESCHAUS for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development. ALFRED G. GILMAN and MARTIN RODBELL for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells. RICHARD J. ROBERTS

47. The Nobel Prize
Tinbergen) 1972 ? ?(Gerald M. Edelman), ? (Rodney R.Porter) 1971 ? (earl W. sutherland, jr.) 1970 ?
http://home.megapass.co.kr/~jayleen/medicine/medi-index.htm
ij·Ñ¶óÀÎÀÇÇבּ¸¼ÒÀÇ »ý¸®ÇÐ ÀÇÇлó ¸Þ´Þ¿¡´Â ÀÇÇÐÀÇ ½ÅÀÌ ¹«¸­ À§¿¡ ¥À» Æîijõ°í ¼Ò³à ȯÀÚÀÇ °¥ÁõÀ» ´Þ·¡ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ±×¸©¿¡´Ù ¹ÙÀ§¿¡¼­ Èê·¯ ³ª¿À´Â ¹°À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀÌ »õ°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖÀ§¿¡´Â º£¸£±æ¸®¿ì½ºÀÇ '¾ÆÀ̳׾ƽº'¿¡¼­ Àοë¶õ ¶óƾ¾î ±¸Àý 'Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes'°¡ »õ°ÜÁ® Àִµ¥ '±×¸®°í »õ·Î ¹ß°ßÇÑ Áö¹è·Î Áö»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ »îÀ» ´õ ³´°Ô ¸¸µç ±×µé'À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. Leland H. Hartwell), Ƽ¸ð½ ÇåÆ®(Timothy Hunt), Æú ³Ê½º(Sir Paul M. Nurse)
Arvid Carlsson), Æú ±×¸°°¡µå(Paul Greengard), ¿¡¸¯ Ä˵é(Eric R. Kandel)
Robert F. Furchgott), ·çÀ̽º À̱׳ª·Î(Louis J. Ignarro), Æ丮µå ¹Â¶óµå(Ferid Murad)
Stanley B. Prusiner)
Peter C. Doherty), ·ÑÇÁ ĪĿ³ª°Ö(Rolf M. Zinkernagel)
Alfred G. Gilman), ¸¶Æ¾ ·Îµåº§(Martin Rodbell)
Richard J. Roberts), Çʸ³ »þÇÁ(Phillip A. Sharp)
Edmond H. Fischer), ¿¡µåÀ© Å©·¹ºê½º(Edwin G. Krebs)
Erwin Neher), º£¸£Æ® ÀÚÅ©¸¸(Bert Sakmann)
Joseph E. Murray), µµ³Î Åä¸Ó½º(E. Donnall Thomas)
J. Michael Bishop), ÇØ·Ñµå ¹Ù¸Ó½º(Harold E. Varmus) Sir James W. Black), °ÅÅõ¸£µå ¿¤¸®¿Â(Gertrude B. Elion),Á¶Áö È÷Ī½º( George H. Hitchings) Susumu Tonegawa) Stanley Cohen), ¸®Å¸ ·¹ºñ ¸óÅ»¸®Ä¡(Rita Levi-Montalcini)

48. Volver A La Página Principal Las Instituciones Que Nos Cobijan
Premios nobel de Medicina. PRINCIPAL ÍNDICE Notas nobel Medicina nobel Química Año, Tema, Ganador. 1971, sutherland, earl W. jr.
http://www.biologia.edu.ar/basicos/nobeles/nobelmed.htm
Premios Nobel de Medicina
PRINCIPAL ÍNDICE Notas [ Nobel Medicina ] Nobel Química Tema Ganador Behring, Emil Adolf Von Ross, Sir Ronald Finsen, Niels Ryberg Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Koch, Robert Cajal, Santiago Ramon Y.; Golgi, Camillo Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Ehrlich, Paul; Metchnikoff, Ilya Ilyich Kocher, Emil Theodor Kossel, Albrecht Gullstrand, Allvar Carrel, Alexis Richet, Charles Robert Barany, Robert Bordet, Jules Krogh, Schack August Steenberger Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian; Meyerhof, Otto Fritz; Banting, Sir Frederick Grant; Macleod, John James Richard; Einthoven, Willem; Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan; Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas; Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Morgan, Thomas Hunt Minot, George Richards; Murphy, William Parry; Whipple, George Hoyt Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett; Loewi, Otto Nagyrapolt, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Von Heymans, Corneille Jean Francois Domagk, Gerhard

49. Neuro Course 1998 Synapse Lecture
7.6 B (12) and C (13) Sir John C. Eccles 1963 nobel (with Hodgkin Huxley) EPSP IPSP 1970 nobel Sir Bernard Katz (England 5.6) 1971 earl W. sutherland, jr.
http://starklab.slu.edu/neuro/Synapses.htm
Synapses
Purves et al. Chapter 5
Major point
Cell theory (cells being separated) implies that cells must communicate with each other through an extracellular connections and most communication is through chemical messages
- "synapse" - = "clasp"
Fig. 5.1B (5)
Fig 5.1A (4)
gap junction is sort of an exception to the above generalization in that cells are coupled electrically
used in crayfish escape 1959 Furshpan and Potter
also used to connect myocardial cells electrically at intercalated disk
conductance high - 120 pS not mammalian brain Fig 5.2A (6) gap junction is patch of hexamers forming big channel in register with adjacent cell pore is big enough to give cytoplasmic continuity for medium sized molecules (dyes) History Nervous System 1932 Nobel "functions of neurons" coined "synapse" spinal reflex - Spinal motor neuron - Sherrington - final common pathway (for integrative action of the nervous system 1926 Otto Loewi (Austria) experiment he dreamed, stimulate vagus (10th cranial nerve, parasympathetic), take substance and show that it slows a heart in another dish, vagus substance = acetylcholine (ACh) a monamine transmitter 1930's Sir Henry H. Dale (England) acetylcholine

50. Ir Al Home Page Home Page
Translate this page Premios nobel de Fisiología y Medicina Año, Premiado, Pais, Campo de Estudio. 1971,earl W. sutherland, jr. Estados Unidos, Acción de las hormonas.
http://www.neuroc.sld.cu/nobel.htm
@import url(maintext.css); Home Page Premios Nobel de Fisiología y Medicin a Año Premiado Pais Campo de Estudio Emil von Behring Alemania Investigaciones en sueroterapia. Sir Ronald Ross Reino Unido Descubrimiento de la forma de transmisión del paludismo. Niels R. Finsen Dinamarca Tratamiento de las enfermedades de la piel con radiación luminosa. Iván Pávlov Rusia Investigaciones sobre fisiología de la digestión. Robert Koch Alemania Investigación de la tuberculosis. Camillo Golgi
S. Ramón y Cajal Italia
España Trabajos sobre la estructura del sistema nervioso. Alphonse Laveran Francia Investigación de las enfermedades protozoarias. Paul Ehrlich
Elie Méchnikov Alemania
Rusia Trabajos sobre inmunidad. Emil Kocher Suiza Fisiología, patología y cirugía de la glándula tiroides. Albrecht Kossel Alemania Investigaciones en química celular. Allvar Gullstrand Suecia Estudio de la dióptrica del ojo. Alexis Carrel Francia Investigaciones sobre suturas vasculares; trasplante de órganos. Charles Richet Francia Estudios sobre anafilaxia.

51. Center For Aging Research And Clinical Care
In the 50's, Dr. earl W. sutherland, jr. (nobel Prize, 1971) discovered cAMP (adenosine3',5'monophosphate,) the first intracellular signaling molecule.
http://www.cornellaging.com/newsletter/Issue4/article3.html
Dr. Jochen Buck Selected as Ellison Funded Senior Scholar
The Ellison Medical Foundation
has selected Associate Professor in Pharmacology Jochen Buck to receive a Senior Scholar Award in Aging.  The Ellison Foundation supports basic biomedical research concerning aging, the understanding of aging processes, and age-related diseases and disabilities.  It is hoped that the Ellison awards will lead to break throughs in the prevention or amelioration of age-related debilitation and disease through an understanding of their biological processes.  Dr. Buck, in collaboration with Dr. Lonny Levin (also a faculty member in the Department of Pharmacology,) has been studying the role of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase (sAC), a unique enzyme in the maturation processes of mammalian sperm.  Drs. Buck and Levin hypothesize that this enzyme may be an essential factor in other mammalian physiological systems such as salt and pH regulation in the kidney, brain, and general metabolic regulation.  They plan to test these hypotheses to determine how the activity of sAC might effect the life span of mice.  If these hypotheses are correct, this basic research could lead to novel drugs that increase longevity in humans. Historical Significance Dr. Buck's Research

52. ASPET - History Of ASPET
ASPET MEMBERS WHO HAVE WON THE nobel PRIZE. PAUL GREENGARD 2000. ROBERT F. FURCHGOTT- 1998. GERTRUDE B. ELION - 1988. earl W. sutherland, jr. - 1971.
http://www.aspet.org/public/aspet/history.html

Students
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History of ASPET
Organizing Meeting - Baltimore, Maryland, December 28, 1908 "On the invitation of John J. Abel , 18 pharmacologists met in Abel's laboratory to organize a new society. They elected Abel as Temporary Chairman and Reid Hunt as Temporary Secretary. MINUTES Hunt took three pages of minutes, which he and Abel both signed, and had them mimeographed. Four articles of agreement were unanimously adopted.
  • In order to further the growth of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics in this country and to facilitate personal intercourse among investigators in these branches of science, we hereby organize the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and subscribe ourselves thereto as its founders.
  • The management of the Society will be left in a Council of seven members - a President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and four councilors.
  • The Council is to prepare a constitution, to consider ways and means for permanent establishment of the Society, and furtherance of its purposes by calling meetings.
  • 53. TIP NOBEL ÖDÜLLERÝ
    1955. THEORELL, AXEL HUGO THEODOR. Isveç, nobel Tip Enstitüsü, Stokholm,d. 1903, ö. 1982 “Oksidasyon için”. 1971. sutherland, earl W. jr. ABD
    http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/nobel/fizyotip-nodul.html
    TIP NOBEL ÖDÜLLERÝ VON BEHRING, EMIL ADOLF Almanya, Marburg Üniversitesi, d. 1854, ö.1917: “Serum tedavini geliþtirerek özellikle difteriye karþý verdiði mücadeleyle, hastalýk ve ölümlere karþý, hekimlerin ellerine muzaffer bir silah vererek, týp bilimin hareket alanýnda yeni bir yol açtýðý için” ROSS, Sir RONALD Ýngiltere, Üniversitesi College, Liverpool, d. 1857 (Almora, Hindistan), ö. 1932: “Sýtma hastalýðý konusunda, organizmaya nasýl bulaþtýðýnýn keþfini de içeren çalýþmalarýyla hastalýða karþý mücadele yollarý konusunda baþarýlý araþtýrmalar yaptýðý için” FINSEN, NIELS RYBERG Danimarka, Finsen Medical Light Institute, Kopenhag, d. 1860, ö. 1904: “Hastalýklarýn, özellikle lupus vulgarisin yoðun ýþýk demeti ile tedavisine yaptýðý katkýlarla týp biliminin önüne yeni yeni ufuklar açtýðý için” PAVLOV, IVAN PETROVICH Rusya, Askeri Týp akademisi, St. Petersburg d. 1849, ö. 1936: “Sindirim konusunda yaptýðý çalýþmalarla, konunun yaþamsal yönlerine ýþýk tuttuðu için” KOCH, ROBERT Almanya, Institut für Infektions-Krankkheiten (Enfeksiyonlu Hastalýklar Enstitüsü), Berlin, d. 1843, ö. 1910: “Tüberkülozla ilgili keþif ve incelemeleri için” GOLGI, CAMILLO

    54. Award Winning Ideas In Science
    27, 28, 29, 30, nobel Prize, Turing Award, Field`s Medal. 1971, Gerhard Herzberg,Dennis Gabor, earl W. sutherland, jr. Simon Kuznets, John McCarthy,
    http://vis.csit.fsu.edu/awis/
    Instructions
    Click on an Award Winner for more information or to sign up.
    April S M T W R F S May S M T W R F S
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    Turing Award Field`s Medal Year ...
    Emil Adolf von Behring

    55. Award Winning Ideas In Science
    23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. nobel Prize, Turing Award, Field`s Medal. 1971, GerhardHerzberg, Dennis Gabor, earl W. sutherland, jr. Simon Kuznets, John McCarthy,
    http://vis.csit.fsu.edu/awis/index.php?month=2&year=2003

    56. Nobelprijs Voor De Fysiologie Of Geneeskunde - Wikipedia NL
    Zie ook nobelprijs en Alfred nobel. Bron http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/index.html.2001 Leland H. Hartwell? 1971 earl W. sutherland, jr.(VS).
    http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Fysiologie_of_Geneeskunde
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    Nobelprijs voor de Fysiologie of Geneeskunde
    Zie ook: Nobelprijs en Alfred Nobel Bron: http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/index.html Leland H. Hartwell (VS), Timothy Hunt (GB), Paul M. Nurse (GB) voor hun werk betreffende regulatoren in het celdeelproces. Dit opent nieuwe wegen voor onder meer kankeronderzoek. Arvid Carlsson , Paul Greengard , Eric R Kandel Günter Blobel Robert F. Furchgott

    57. PREMIOS NOBEL DE MEDICINA
    PREMIOS nobel DE MEDICINA. AÑO, PREMIADO. SALVADOR E.LURIA. 1970, SIR BERNARDKATZ ULF VON EULER - JULIUS AXELROD. 1971, earl W. sutherland jr.
    http://es.geocities.com/historalia/premios_nobel_medicina.htm
    PREMIOS NOBEL DE MEDICINA AÑO PREMIADO EMIL ADOLF VON BEHERING RONALD ROSS NIELS RYBERG FINSEN IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV CAMILLO GOLGI - SANTIAGO RAMON Y CAJAL CHARLES LOUIS ALPHONSE LAVERAN ILYA ILYCH MECHNIKOV - PAUL EHRLICH EMIL THEODOR KOCHER ALBRECHT KOSSEL ALLVAR GULLSTRAND ALEXIS CARREL CHARLES ROBERT RICHET ROBERT BARANY JULES BORDET SCHACK AUGUST STEENBERG KROGH ARCHIBALD VIVIAN HILL - OTTO FRITZ MEYERHOF FREDERICK GRANT BENTING - JOHN JAMES RICHARD MACLEOD WILLEM EINTHOVEN JOHANNES ANDREAS GRIB FIBIGER JULIUS WAGNER-JAUREGG CHARLES JULES HENRI NICOLLE CHRISTIAN EIJKMAN -SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS KARL LANDSTEINER OTTO HEINRICH WARBURG SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON - EDGAR DOUGLAS ADRIAN THOMAS HUNT MORGAN GEORGE HOYT WHIPPLE - GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT - WILLIAM PARRY MURPHY HANS SPEMANN SIR HENRY HALLET DALE - OTTO LOEWL ALBERT VON SZENT-GYORGY NAGYRAPOLT CORNEILLE JEAN FRANÇOIS HEYMANS GERHARD DOMAGK HENRIK CARL PETER DAM - EDWARD ADELBERT DOLSY JOSEPH ERLANGER - HERBERT SPENCER GASSER SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING - ERNST BORIS CHAIN - SIR HOWARD WALTER FLOREY HERMANN JOSEPH MULLER CARL FERDINAND CORI - GERTY THERESA RADNITZ-CORI - BERNARDO ALBERTO HOUSSAY PAUL HERMANN MULLER WALTER RUDOLF HESS - ANTONIO CAETANO DE ABREU FREIRE EGAS MONIZ EDWARD CALVIN KENDALL - TADEUS REICHSTEIN - PHILIP SHOWALTER HENCH MAX THEILER SELMAN ABRAHAM WAKSMAN HANS ADOLF KREBS - FRITZ ALBERT LIPMANN

    58. DI CRSC Criticism Of The PBS "Evolution" Series: Counting Nobel Laureates
    For USAborn nobel winners in this sample, New York appears to be the most D. Hershey,Salvador E. Luria (n) 1970 Julius Axelrod 1971 earl W. sutherland, jr.
    http://www.antievolution.org/events/pbsevo/wre_nobel.html
    Counting the Nobel laureates... Does it prove what the Discovery Institute says it does?
    by Wesley R. Elsberry In their viewer's guide pretentiously (and erroneously, as I will demonstrate below) titled, "Getting the Facts Straight", the Discovery Institute gives us this discussion: The narrator says that anti-evolution efforts following the Scopes trial "had a chilling effect on the teaching of evolution and the publishers of science textbooks. For decades, Darwin seemed to be locked out of America's public schools. But then evolution received an unexpected boost from a very unlikely source the Soviet Union." When the Soviets launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik, in 1957, Americans were goaded into action. The narrator continues: "As long-neglected science programs were revived in America's classrooms, evolution was, too. Biblical literalists have been doing their best to discredit Darwin's theory ever since." This takes the distortion of history one giant step further. It is blatantly false that U.S. science education was "neglected" after the Scopes trial because Darwinism was "locked out of America's public schools." During those supposedly benighted decades, American schools produced more Nobel Prize-winners than the rest of the world put together. And in physiology and medicine the fields that should have been most stunted by a neglect of Darwinism the U.S. produced fully twice as many Nobel laureates as all other countries combined. How about the U.S. space program? Was it harmed by the supposed neglect of Darwinism in public schools? Contrary to what Evolution implies, the U.S. space program in 1957 was in good shape. The Soviet Union won the race to launch the first satellite because it had made that one of its highest national priorities. The U.S., on the other hand, had other priorities such as caring for its citizens and rebuilding a war-torn world. When Sputnik prodded Americans to put more emphasis on space exploration, the U.S. quickly surpassed the Soviet Union and landed men on the Moon. The necessary resources and personnel were already in place; the U.S. didn't have to wait for a new generation of rocket scientists trained in evolution.

    59. The Nobel Prize
    Winners of the nobel Prize in Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring (18541917) GermanFor his work on serum therapy, especially its 1971 earl W. sutherland, jr.
    http://www.tallpoppies.net.au/florey/explorer/nobel/main-content.html
    History of the Prize
    The Nobel Prize
    Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist. He invented dynamite and became very rich. He gave more than 9 million dollars of his fortune to set up the Nobel prizes. Each year money from this fund goes to those who have most helped humanity. The Nobel Committee gives prizes for important work in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. Prize winners receive a cash prize (currently $1 million), a gold medal (above) and a certificate (below).
    Winners of the Nobel Prize in Medicine
    1901 Emil A. von Behring (1854-1917) German
    For his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and death.
    1902 Sir Ronald Ross (1857-1932) British
    For his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and how to combat it.
    1903 Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860-1904) Danish
    In recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially

    60. What Is The Nobel Prize?
    Winners of the nobel Prize in Medicine Source Brown 1901 Emil A. von Behring(18541917) German For his work on serum 1971 earl W. sutherland, jr.
    http://www.tallpoppies.net.au/florey/researcher/nobel/main-content.html
    History of the Prize
    [ What is the Nobel Prize? ] [ The Development of Dynamite]
    [ The Nobel Prize and Winners ] [ Nobel Prize in Medicine ]
    What is the Nobel Prize? Source: Nobel
    Alfred Nobel was a Swedish chemist. He invented dynamite and became very wealthy. When he died he left more than nine million dollars of his fortune to set up the Nobel prizes. According to his will, of 1895, the income from this fund was to be allotted each year in five equal parts as prizes to those who had most helped humanity. The interest from the money provides annual prizes for the greatest services to humanity in science and literature, and for the most effective work to promote friendship between nations (the Peace Prize). The Nobel prizes were first awarded on 10 December 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel's death.
    The Development of Dynamite
    Nobel experimented a lot with nitroglycerine by itself and mixed with gunpowder. He patented detonating charges and percussion caps in 1864. He used these as a primary charge to trigger an explosion. Nobel later used a special clay from northern Germany to stabilise the nitroglycerine. When tested with a percussion cap, the preparation exploded evenly although with less power than nitroglycerine alone. He called this mixture of nitroglycerine and clay "dynamite".
    Nobel developed other explosive substances. Blasting gelatine, another powerful explosive, was a solution of gun cotton in nitroglycerine. Guncotton is a preparation of nitric acid and cellulose invented by Christian Schonbein in Germany in 1845. This evolved into modern dynamite which is a mixture of nitroglycerine and guncotton, with some additional ingredients.

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