1. Frits Zernike - Biography moved to Naarden, a town in the countryside near Amsterdam. FromNobel Lectures, Physics 19421962. frits zernike died in 1966. http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1953/zernike-bio.html

2. Physics 1953 Netherlands. b.1888 d.1966. The nobel Prize in Physics 1953 PresentationSpeech frits zernike Biography nobel Lecture Educational. 1952, 1954. http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1953/

3. Frits Zernike Winner Of The 1953 Nobel Prize In Physics frits zernike, a nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, at the nobel PrizeInternet Archive. frits (FREDERIK) zernike. 1953 nobel Laureate http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1953a.html

F RITS (F REDERIK ) Z ERNIKE 1953 Nobel Laureate in Physics for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope. Background Residence: the Netherlands Affiliation: Groningen University Featured Internet Links Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Photograph of Frits Zernike (submitted by ) A celebration of music (submitted by billy Zernike Group Groningen (The Netherlands) (submitted by Pieter Struijk Zernike (submitted by hgy@dds.nl Frits (Frederik) Zernike - Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

4. Index Of Nobel Laureates In Physics Zeeman, Pieter, 1902. zernike, frits, 1953. Back to The nobel Prize InternetArchive Literature * Peace * Chemistry * Physics * Economics * Medicine http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/alpha.html

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSICS Name Year Awarded Alferov, Zhores I. Alfven, Hannes Alvarez, Luis W. Anderson, Carl David ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

5. Zernike, Frits zernike, frits. (b. July 16, 1888, Amsterdam, Neth.d. March 10, 1966, Groningen),Dutch scientist, winner of the nobel Prize for Physics in 1953 for his http://www.britannica.com/nobel/micro/653_42.html

6. Nobel Prize Winners For 1951-1960 literature, Churchill, Sir Winston, UK, historian, orator. peace, Marshall, GeorgeC. US, physics, zernike, frits, The Netherlands, method of phasecontrast microscopy, http://www.britannica.com/nobel/1951_60.html

Year Category Article Country* Achievement Literary Area chemistry McMillan, Edwin Mattison U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements chemistry Seaborg, Glenn T. U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium elements literature Sweden novelist peace France physics Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas U.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles physics Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton Ireland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles physiology/medicine Theiler, Max South Africa yellow fever discoveries chemistry Martin, A.J.P. U.K. development of partition chromatography chemistry Synge, R.L.M. U.K. development of partition chromatography literature France poet, novelist, dramatist peace Schweitzer, Albert Alsace physics Bloch, Felix U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids physics Purcell, E.M. U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids physiology/medicine Waksman, Selman Abraham U.S. discovery of streptomycin chemistry Staudinger, Hermann West Germany work on macromolecules literature Churchill, Sir Winston

7. Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics And You - Timeline - Frits Zernike frits zernike was a Dutch mathematician and physicist who discovered thephase contrast phenomenon and was awarded the nobel Prize in 1953. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/zernike.html

Visit the Molecular Expressions Website Galleria Photo Gallery ... Home Frits Zernike Frits Zernike was a Dutch mathematician and physicist who discovered the phase contrast phenomenon and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. Zernike's parents were both teachers who specialized in mathematics, and his siblings also acquired good educations and prestige, with one brother becoming a physicist, a sister who married the well-known painter Jan Mankes, and another sister that rose to become one of Holland's foremost literary writers. As a young man, Zernike was very interested in physics and chemistry. He accumulated a variety of spare equipment with which he would perform numerous experiments. Zernike was also interested in mathematics, astronomy, and photography, and conducted a number of investigations in these areas. He even dabbled in color photography when the field was largely experimental. Zernike attended the University of Amsterdam in the early 1900s, where he majored in chemistry, with minors in mathematics and physics. While he was an undergraduate, he earned several gold medals for essays on probability and opalescence. Zernike eventually entered the graduate program and received a doctorate in physics in 1915. He became an assistant to professor Kapteyn at Groningen University in 1913, and captured his first teaching assignment in mathematical physics at Groningen in 1915. As a researcher, Zernike flourished and studied a wide range of topics including correlation coefficients for molecules in a liquid, order-disorder theory, and optics.

8. Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Pha 18881966) - frits zernike was a Dutch mathematician and physicist who discoveredthe phase contrast phenomenon and was awarded the nobel Prize in 1953. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/phasecontrast/phaseindex.html

Microscopy Primer Light and Color Microscope Basics Special Techniques ... Home The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Phase Contrast Microscopy A large spectrum of living biological specimens are virtually transparent when observed in the optical microscope under brightfield illumination. To improve visibility and contrast in such specimens, microscopists often reduce the opening size of the substage condenser iris diaphragm, but this maneuver is accompanied by a serious loss of resolution and the introduction of diffraction artifacts. Phase contrast was introduced in the 1930's for testing of telescope mirrors, and was adapted by Zeiss laboratories into a commercial microscope several years later. This technique provides an excellent method of improving contrast in unstained biological specimens without significant loss in resolution, and is widely utilized to examine dynamic events in living cells. Brief Overview of Phase Contrast - The search was still on in the early part of the twentieth century to find a way of using both direct and diffracted light from all azimuths to yield good contrast images of unstained objects that do not absorb light. Research by Frits Zernike during this period uncovered phase and amplitude differences between zeroth order and deviated light that can be altered to produce favorable conditions for interference and contrast enhancement. Phase Contrast Microscopy - Phase contrast microscopy, first described in 1934 by Dutch physicist Frits Zernike, is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be utilized to produce high-contrast images of transparent specimens such as living cells, microorganisms, thin tissue slices, lithographic patterns, and sub-cellular particles (such as nuclei and other organelles). In effect, the phase contrast technique employs an optical mechanism to translate minute variations in phase into corresponding changes in amplitude, which can be visualized as differences in image contrast. One of the major advantages of phase contrast microscopy is that living cells can be examined in their natural state without being killed, fixed, and stained. As a result, the dynamics of ongoing biological processes in live cells can be observed and recorded in high contrast with sharp clarity of minute specimen detail.

9. Biography-center - Letter Z html; zernike, frits (Frederik) www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1953/zernikebio.html;Zeus, www.messagenet.com/myths/bios/zeus.html; http://www.biography-center.com/z.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish Z 69 biographies Zada, al-Rumi Qadi www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Qadi_Zada.html Zakharchenko, M V- www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Vashchenko.html Zanardi, Alessandro www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-zanale.html Zanotti, Giampietro www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a3532-1.html Zapata, flag.blackened.net/revolt/ws/zapata41.html Zarankiewicz, Kazimierz www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Zarankiewicz.html Zaremba, Stanislaw www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Zaremba.html Zariski, Oscar www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Zariski.html Zassenhaus, Hans www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Zassenhaus.html Zatopek, Emil

10. Zernike, Frits frits inherited his passion for physics from his father; as a boy he already possessedan arsenal of zernike married twice From nobel Lectures, Physics 19421962 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/Z/Zernike/1.html

11. Zernike, Frits (Frederik) a déjà zernike s'est marié deux fois. De Cours nobel, Physique 1942-1962. http://www.cartage.org.lb/fr/themes/Biographies/mainbiographie/Z/Zernike/Zernike

12. Biography Of F. Zernike frits inherited his passion for physics from his father; as a boy he already possessedan arsenal of pots zernike died in 1966. Copyright The nobel Foundation, http://physics.uplb.edu.ph/laureates/1953/zernike-bio.html

13. Physics 1953 nobel Prize in Physics 19011999 http//www.nobel.se, The nobel Prizein Physics 1953. frits (Frederik) zernike. the Netherlands. http://physics.uplb.edu.ph/laureates/1953/

14. Document: Nobel Prizes frits zernike, nobel Prize for Physics, 1953. The Dutch physicist,when experimenting with reflection gratings in 1930, discovered http://www.zeiss.com/C12567BE0045ACF1/allBySubject/AA29E8977D731ABDC1256C0200321

Anticipating the Future Nobel Prizes For Noble Minds The Nobel Tradition Continues How everything started A Long Story The Formula One The Glass ... A Flashback Nobel Prizes Robert Koch , Nobel Prize for Medicine, 1905. Koch is considered the founder of modern bacteriology. In the eighteen-eighties, the country doctor discovered the bacilli that caused tuberculosis and cholera. In a letter to Carl Zeiss he wrote, "A large part of my success I owe to your excellent microscopes". In 1904, he received the 10,000th Zeiss objective, a homogeneous immersion system, as a present. Robert Koch Richard Zsigmondy Richard Zsigmondy , Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1925. As a professor at Göttingen, Zsigmondy conducted pioneering research in colloid chemistry. He invented the ultramicroscope in 1903, and two types of membrane filters in 1918 and 1922. Ultramicroscopy after Siedentopf and Zsigmondy makes visible submicroscopic particles whose linear extension is below the microscope's resolution limit. Frits Zernike , Nobel Prize for Physics, 1953.

15. Document: Nobel, Nobel Translate this page nobel, nobel - Ohne Zeiss kein Preis Robert Koch, Richard Zsigmondy,frits zernike, Manfred Eigen, Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann. http://www.zeiss.com/C12567BE00459794/allBySubject/5391001305B1D0C1C1256C000031F

Zukunft von Anfang an Nobel, nobel - Ohne Zeiss kein Preis Robert Koch , Nobelpreis für Medizin 1905. Koch gilt als Begründer der modernen Bakteriologie. Der Landarzt entdeckte in den 80er Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts die Tuberkelbazillen und Choleraerreger. "Verdanke ich doch einen großen Teil meiner Erfolge Ihren ausgezeichneten Mikroskopen", schrieb Koch an Zeiss; 1904 erhielt er das 10.000ste Objektiv homogener Immersion zum Geschenk. Wie alles begann Weg des Mikroskops Mikroskopie: Formel 1 Durchschlagend ... Eine Zeitreise Nobel, nobel Robert Koch Richard Zsigmondy Richard Zsigmondy , Nobelpreis für Chemie 1925. Der Göttinger Professor führte bahnbrechende Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet der Kolloidchemie aus. Er erfand 1903 das Ultramikroskop, 1918 den Membranfilter und 1922 den Ultrafeinfilter. Die Spaltultramikroskopie (nach Siedentopf/Zsigmondy) läßt winzig kleine Teilchen sichtbar werden, deren Linearausdehnung unter der Auflösungsgrenze liegt. Frits Zernike , Nobelpreis für Physik 1953. Der niederländische Physiker entdeckte 1930 beim Experimentieren mit Reflektionsgittern, daß er die Phasenlage der einzelnen Lichtstrahlen beobachten konnte, und wollte diese Erkenntnis auf das Mikroskop übertragen. Zusammen mit Zeiss entwickelte er das erste Phasenkontrastmikroskop, 1936 als Prototyp hergestellt. Es ermöglichte ein Studium lebender Zellen, ohne sie durch chemische Färbung zu schädigen. Frits Zernike Manfred Eigen Manfred Eigen , Nobelpreis für Chemie 1967.

16. Physics Nobel Laureates 1950 - 1974 The first nobel prize in physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen in 1901. zernike,frits (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, * 1888, + 1966 http://www1.physik.tu-muenchen.de/~gammel/matpack/html/Chronics/physics_laureate

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien Physics 1950 POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". Physics 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., + 1967; and WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles". Physics 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1905 (in Zürich, Switzerland), + 1983; and PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith". Physics 1953 ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope".

17. Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars Link to further information at the nobel foundation. Top. Physics 1953. zernike,frits (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, * 1888, † 1966 http://www.uu.nl/nieuws/nobelprijswinnaars/nobelprijswinnaars_nederland.html

18. ClubCaminantes - Premios Nobel - Fisica Translate this page PREMIOS nobel, FISICA. 1901-1925 1926-1950 1951-1975 1976-2000.1951. Cambridge, MA, Estados Unidos. 1953. zernike, frits (Países Bajos). http://caminantes.metropoliglobal.com/web/nobel/fisica3.htm

19. Nobel Prize Winners In Physics nobel Prize Winners in Physics. Physics 1901. Physics 1953. zernike, frits(FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, * 1888, + 1966 http://www.slcc.edu/schools/hum_sci/physics/whatis/nobel.html

20. Zernike bijzonderheden betreffende zijn ontdekking meegedeeld (Les prix nobel en 1953 LH. Brinkman, 'De nobelprijs 1953 voor Prof.Dr. frits zernike' in Groninger http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/zernike

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