61. Dr.Tarek Said's Homepage-Nobel Prize Winners nobel Prize in Chemistry LORD GEORGE PORTER 1966 ROBERT S. MULLIKEN 1965 ROBERTBURNS WOODWARD 1964DOROTHY CROWFOOT HODGKIN 1963 karl ziegler GIULIO NATTA http://www.geocities.com/tsaid3/nobel.html

Nobel Prize Winners Literature Peace Physics Medicine ... Nationalities Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 Sir V.S. Naipaul 2000 Gao Xingjian 1997 Dario Fo 1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA 1995 SEAMUS HEANEY 1994 KENZABURO OE 1993 TONI MORRISON 1992 DEREK WALCOTT 1991 NADINE GORDIMER 1990 OCTAVIO PAZ 1989 CAMILO JOSE CELA NAGUIB MAHFOUZ 1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY 1986 WOLE SOYINKA 1985 CLAUDE SIMON 1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT 1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING 1982 GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ 1981 ELIAS CANETTI 1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ 1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS ( ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS ) 1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER 1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE 1976 SAUL BELLOW 1975 EUGENIO MONTALE 1973 PATRICK WHITE 1972 HEINRICH BALL 1971 PABLO NERUDA 1970 ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN 1969 SAMUEL BECKETT 1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA 1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS 1965 MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV 1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE 1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS ( GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ) 1962 JOHN STEINBECK 1961 IVO ANDRIAC 1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE ( ALEXIS LEGER ) 1959 SALVATORE QUASIMODO 1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK 1957 ALBERT CAMUS 1956 JUAN RAMON JIMENEZ 1955 HALLDER KILJAN LAXNESS 1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY 1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL 1951 PER FABIAN LAGERKVIST 1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL 1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER 1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT 1947 ANDRE PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE 1946 HERMANN HESSE 1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL ( LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA ) 1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN 1943-1940 Main Fund and Special Fund of this prize section.

62. CHEMISTRY 1901 CHEMISTRY 1963. karl ziegler. The nobel Prize in Chemistry 1963 for their discoveriesin the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers. . http://www.geocities.com/chemistry_with_dr_ng/a/Nprize.htm

Alfred Nobel died on December 10, 1896, and willed his fortune to set up a foundation to recognise individuals who have contributed significantly to the advancement in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace. The Nobel Foundation was established in 1900 and the first Nobel Prize was awarded in 1901. The recipients are commonly referred to as the Nobel Laureates. On the occasion of its 300th anniversary in 1968, the Bank of Sweden (Sveriges Riksbank) made a large donation to the Nobel Foundation to establish a prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel. The first Nobel Prize for Economics was awarded in 1969. The Nobel Foundation CHEMISTRY Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff The Netherlands Berlin University, Berlin, Germany, 1852 - 1911 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 "for the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions." CHEMISTRY Hermann Emil Fischer Germany Berlin University, Berlin, Germany, 1852 - 1919 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 "for his work on sugar and purine syntheses." CHEMISTRY Svante August Arrhenius Sweden Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden, 1859 - 1927

63. Nobel Prize Winners In Chemistry Since1901 Marie Curie. Dorothy C. Hodgkin. nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 19011999. 1963- Giulio Natta, Italy. - karl ziegler, Germany. 1962 - John C. Kendrew, England. http://iweb.tntech.edu/chem491-dc/prizewinners.htm

Excluded Subjects for Fall 2000 ROBERT S. MULLIKEN Sidney Altman Ernest Rutherford Sherwood Roland Willard Frank Libby George Wittig Frederick Sanger VINCENT DU VIGNEAUD Kary Mullis William Ramsay Alexander Todd Irving Langmuir Hermann Staudinger Vlademir Prelog Jerome Karle Adolf Butenandts Theodore William Richards Melvin Calvin Gertrude B. Elion Marie Curie Dorothy C. Hodgkin Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 1901-1999 1999 - The prize was awarded for studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectrscopy. AHMED ZEWAIL - The prize was awarded for pioneering contributions in developing methods that can be used for theoretical studies of the properties of molecules and the chemical processes in which they are involved. The prize was divided equally between: WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. - The prize was divided, one half being awarded jointly to:

64. Prémios Nobel Translate this page . Prémios nobel de Química. determinação da estrutura de substâncias bioquímicas,recorrendo a técnicas de raio X. 1963 - karl ziegler (Alemanha), Giulio http://luisperna.com.sapo.pt/nobel_quimica.htm

Prémios Nobel de Química 2002 - John B. Fenn (EUA), Koichi Tanaka (Japão), e Kurt Wüthrich (Suíça), pela sua contribuição para o desenvolvimento da espectrometria de massa e ressonância magnética nuclear, métodos que permitem identificar e analisar macromoléculas biológicas, como as proteínas. Os trabalhos premiados permitiram desenvolver métodos analíticos que facilitam a compreensão das macromoléculas e a interacção destas, ou seja, basicamente aquilo que determina as funções das células do corpo humano e também revolucionaram o desenvolvimento de medicamentos e são promissores em outras áreas como, por exemplo, o controlo alimentar e o diagnóstico precoce de alguns tipos de cancro. William Knowles (E.U.A), Barry Sharpless (E.U.A), Ryoji Noyori (Japão), pela investigações na área da síntese catalítica assimétrica Alan J. Heeger (E.U.A), Alan G. MacDiarmid (E.U.A), Hideki Shirakawa (Japão), pela descoberta e desenvolvimento dos polímeros condutores. Ahmed H. Zewail

65. Polymers karl ziegler (18981973) Giulio Natta (1903-1979) Chemists ziegler (German) and Natta(Italian) will always be In 1963 ziegler shared the nobel Prize in http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/polymer/polymer.htm

Polymers are very large molecules that occur in nature (proteins, polysaccharides, DNA, natural rubber, silk, cotton, wool) or may be synthesized in the laboratory (plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber). Natural rubber samples were first brought back from South America by 16th century Spanish explorers. When John Priestly discovered that this emulsion which oozed from trees could rub out lead pencil marks, it was called "rubber." But rubber had limited commercial applications because it melted in summer and froze in winter. When Charles Goodyear accidentally mixed sulfur and rubber on a hot stove (1839), he was surprised to find the rubber did not melt. Goodyear patented the process, which he named "vulcanization," after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. This article highlights the achievements of the five polymer pioneers shown below: Hermann Staudinger Although the polymer industry was given a boost by Goodyear's discovery, understanding large molecules begins with Staudinger, the German chemist who first defined a polymer. By the early 1920's a debate raged as to whether polymers consisted of long-chain molecules or many small molecules held together by "secondary" forces. From his experiments with rubber colloids, Staudinger provided evidence for the existence of large molecules, which he called "macromolecules." Staudinger also showed that smaller molecules (monomers) could be combined to form long chainlike structures (polymers) by chemical interaction and not simply by physical aggregation.

66. Ziegler Translate this page karl ziegler. 1898-1973. Il fut récompensé en 1963 par le prix nobel avecGiulio Natta pour leurs recherches sur la polmérisation. Site Meter. http://chimie.scola.ac-paris.fr/sitedechimie/hist_chi/biographies/Biog_Ziegler.h

Karl Ziegler Chimiste né à Helsa en Allemagne. Il étudie à l'université de Marbourg puis à Heidelberg et Halle, et se retrouve en 1943 nommé directeur du Max Planck Instiut pour la recherche sur le charbon de Mulheim. Il fut récompensé en 1963 par le prix Nobel avec Giulio Natta pour leurs recherches sur la polmérisation. var site="sm5xavier9" Tous droits réservés Xavier Bataille janvier 2000

67. Premio Nobel De Química - Wikipedia Translate this page Ver enlace http//www.nobel.se/chemistry/laureates/index.html. 1965 Robert BurnsWoodward 1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin 1963 karl ziegler, Giulio Natta 1962 http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel/Química

68. Search Results For Henry Ziegler - Encyclopædia Britannica - The Online Encyclo ziegler, karl zieglerGerman chemist who in 1963 shared the nobel Prize for Chemistrywith Giulio Natta for research that greatly improved the quality of http://search.britannica.com/search?query=Henry Ziegler

69. Winners Of The Nobel Prize In Chemistry Winners of the nobel Prize in Chemistry. 1901 Jacobus myoglobin. 1963Giulio Natta and karl ziegler Polymer synthesis techniques. 1964 http://www.ccl.net/cca/documents/dyoung/topics-orig/nobel.html

Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Jacobus Hendricus van't Hoff Chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure. Emil Hermann Fischer Work on carbohydrates and purines. Svante August Arrhenius Theory of electrolytic dissociation. Sir William Ramsay Discovery of helium, neon, xenon and krypton. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Synthetic organic chemistry, particularily for the synthesis of indigo and triphenylmethane dyes. Preparing pure fluorine and developing the electric furnace (the Moissan furnace). Eduard Buchner Biochemical research including discovery of cell-less fermentation (fermentation in a test tube by extracting the active enzymes from yeast cells). Ernest Rutherford Study of radioactive substances. Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald Work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium and reaction rates. Otto Wallach Work on alicyclic compounds. Marie Curie Chemistry of radioactive isotopes. Francois Auguste Victor Grignard Discovery of the Grignard reaction. also Paul Sabatier Study of metal catalysts and particularily the hydrogenation of unsaturated organic molecules. Alfred Werner Work in coordination chemistry.

70. VBS - MyEurope - Nobel Prizes Hermann STAUDINGER (1953). karl ziegler (1963). Manfred EIGEN (1967). Poland.Marie CURIE (née SKLODOWSKA) (1911) (France) nobel Prize in Physics 1903. http://www.univie.ac.at/Romanistik/Sprachwst/site/spratscher/vbs_myEurope_spring

Nobel Prizes Vienna Business School myEurope Deutsch Englisch ... Home From 1901 onwards Nobel Prizes have been awarded in Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature (66) and Peace (46), and since 1969 also in Economics (17) to 391 scientists, economists, peace activists/organisations and writers from today's EU member states or candidate countries. During their journey across Europe, our two Spring Students, Caroline and Marlene , have also tried to find out, who they were, when they were awarded the prize, which countries they came from and where they lived when they received the prize. In the list below you will find reference to the latter in brackets. All links below go to the marvelleous site of the Swedish Academy . So let me invite you to follow our two Spring Students on another, this time not political but scientific, trip across our continent. CHEMISTRY Austria Fritz PREGL Richard KUHN (1939; Prize for 1938)

71. Gästebuch Von Sascha Ziegler Translate this page Altensteig, wieder nach Freudenstadt, Sd karl August ziegler 5556 Uhr Hallo Herrziegler, sehr gefällig Hermann nobel / hermann.nobel@main-rheiner.de schrieb http://www.sascha-ziegler.de/gbook/gbaktll.htm

Gästebuch Willkommen in meinem Gästebuch Viel Spaß beim Lesen der neuesten Einträge. Falls Sie Lust bekommen, sich ebenfalls Einzutragen, bemühen Sie bitte den untenstehenden Link. Gästebuch eintragen emule contakt@emule.to schrieb am Di, 15.4.2003 um 11:40:49 Uhr Super, dies ist eine sehr gut gelungene Homepage! Von der Gestaltung und auch von den Inhalten her! Steffi Pitti15@gmx.de schrieb am Sa, 12.4.2003 um 16:15:57 Uhr Klasse Seite! Sehr gut gemacht, weiter so. Steffi Hansi chef@spielcrawler.de schrieb am Fr, 11.4.2003 um 19:56:50 Uhr Ich hoffe diese Seiten werden noch lange erhalten bleiben ! Ekkehart W. Herforth ahnen@herforth.de schrieb am Do, 10.4.2003 um 18:11:26 Uhr Hallo und guten Tag, Ekkehart Herforth Marlon info@vielspiele.de schrieb am Do, 10.4.2003 um 17:42:20 Uhr Hallo ! Marlon :o) Anna ann@ringann.de schrieb am Di, 8.4.2003 um 20:58:42 Uhr Wirklich eine grandiose Webseite ! Sissy sissy@klingelsack.de schrieb am Mo, 7.4.2003 um 18:09:04 Uhr Eine Seite, die man immer wieder mal besuchen kann. Spitze ! Wumba wumba63@yahoo.de schrieb am So, 6.4.2003 um 17:21:36 Uhr Tolles Design!!

72. The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners: Chemistry Advertisement. nobel Prize Winners for Chemistry. 1962, John C. Kendrew Max F. Perutz,Great Britain Great Britain. 1963, Giulio Natta karl ziegler, Italy Germany. http://history1900s.about.com/library/misc/blnobelchem.htm

zfp=-1 About History 20th Century History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with 20th Century History with Jennifer Rosenberg Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects Major Events Maps People Photographs ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Nobel Prize Winners for Chemistry Physics Physiology or Medicine Literature Peace ... Economics Jacobus H. van't Hoff Netherlands Hermann Emil Fischer Germany Svante A. Arrhenius Sweden Sir William Ramsay Great Britain Adolf von Baeyer Germany Henri Moissan France Eduard Buchner Germany Ernest Rutherford Great Britain Wilhelm Ostwald Germany Otto Wallach Germany Marie Curie Poland-France Victor Grignard Paul Sabatier France France Alfred Werner Switzerland Theodore W. Richards United States Germany Fritz Haber Germany Walther H. Nernst

73. Result Of Desired Function nobel Laureats in Chemistry. nobel Foundation. Year. Name. Motivation. for theirstudies of the structures of globular proteins . 1963. ziegler, karl NATTA, GIULIO. http://chemistry.sogang.ac.kr/ChemInfo/Nobeleng.html

Nobel Laureats in Chemistry Nobel Foundation Year Name Motivation VAN'T HOFF, JACOBUS HENRICUS "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" FISCHER, HERMANN EMIL "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses" ARRHENIUS, SVANTE AUGUST "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation" RAMSAY, Sir WILLIAM "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system" VON BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" MOISSAN, HENRI

74. Biographies - Zabala To Zymierski ziegler, karl (18981973) German scientist - Born November 26, 1898 in Helsa,Germany. He won the 1963 nobel Prize in Chemistry with Giulio Natta. http://www.philately.com/philately/biozazz.htm

ZABALA, Bruno Mauricio de (1682-1736) Spanish officer, colonial administrator - Uruguay 541; 1171 ZABOLOTNY, Danilo Kirilovich (1866-1929) Russian physician, microbiologist, author - Russia 3190 ZACCARIA, Anthony see ANTHONY Zaccaria Saint - ZACHARIAS ( - ) Father of Saint. JOHN Baptist - Burundi C228; C233a; CB35; CB40a Grenada 679 Italy 823 Nicaragua 954 ZACUTO, Abraham (1452-1515) Spanish astronomer - Sierra Leone 910 ZAFRULLAH KHAN, Chandri Muhammed (1893- ) Pakistani lawyer, author, journalist - Honduras C312 ZAG - Irish children's Cartoon character - IRE1996A23 ZAGALO, Mario ( - ) Sportsman, soccer player - Central Africa 307; 374 ZAGHLUL PASHA, Saad (1860?-1927) Egyptian statesman, lawyer, prime minister - Egypt 1040 ZAHARIAS, Mildred Didrikson (1914-1956) American sportswoman. Born June 26, 1914 in Port Arthur, Texas, she was an outstanding female athlete, especially in track and golf . She won two gold medals, 1932 Olympics and won the US Women's Open three times. She died September 27, 1956 in Galveston, Texas. - Dominican Republic C99; CB3; CB18; United States USA1981I22.1 ZAHARIEV, Vassil

75. Chemistry - Links For Chemists - Topics - Biographies Links to biographies of over 200 people who have advanced and refined the field of chemistry. A section Category Science Chemistry History...... Bernhard nobel, Alfred Bernhard SE; nobel, Alfred Bernhard @ Bilkent TR;nobel, Alfred Bernhard US. US. ziegler, karl; Zsigmondy, Richard Adolf. http://www.liv.ac.uk/Chemistry/Links/refbiog.html

Links for Chemists Chemistry section of the WWW Virtual Library Virtual Library Science Chemistry : Biographies of Famous Chemists Unless otherwise stated, the biographies listed below are provided and listed with the kind permission of the The Nobel Foundation . If you know of any biographies of Chemists or scientists whose work has advanced chemistry, that we do not list, please inform us via our comments form Alder, Kurt US @ St. Andrews UK Anfinsen, Christian B Arrhenius, Svante August Arrhenius, Svante August Arrhenius, Svante August IL Arrhenius, Svante August Arfwedson, Johan August Astbury, William T. @ Leeds UK Aston, Francis William Avogadro, Lorenzo Romano AMADEO Carlo, comte de Quaregna et de Ceretto Avogadro, Amedeo @ Heriot Watt UK Avogadro, Amedeo FR Avogadro, Amadeo @ Torino IT Avogadro, Amadeo US Baekeland, Leo Hendrik @ Time Magazine US von Baeyer, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf Barton, Sir Derek Harold Richard Balmer, Johann Jakob @ St Andrews UK Beckman, Arnold Orville IL Beer, August Bequerel, Henri Antoine Bequerel, Henri Antoine

76. Nobel Prize Winners: Chemistry nobel Prize Winners Chemistry. The descriptions in green are for work that isrelevant to high school chemistry Year. Article. ziegler, karl. West Germany. http://www.emsb.qc.ca/laurenhill/science/nobelcm.html

Nobel Prize Winners: Chemistry The descriptions in green are for work that is relevant to high school chemistry Year Article Country* Achievement Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van't The Netherlands laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure Fischer, Emil Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses Arrhenius, Svante Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation. Arrhenius not only proposed that acids and bases break up into ions, but he used ions to explain neutralization reactions and electrical conductivity of solutions. Ramsay, Sir William U.K. discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system. Through fractional distillation and spectral analysis of liquid argon from liquid air, Ramsay discovered neon, krypton and xenon. Baeyer, Adolf von Germany work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds Moissan, Henri France isolation of fluorine ; introduction of Moissan furnace By electrolysis of HF, Moissan isolated fluorine and remarked that it could attack even cold silicon, burning it with occasional sparks. Buchner, Eduard

77. Karl Ziegler: Awards Won By Karl Ziegler 123Awards hardwork is paid in form of awards. Awards of karl ziegler. OTHERnobel,1963, CHEMISTRY. Enter Artist/Album. Partner Sites. Stardose.com. RealLyrics.com. http://www.123awards.com/artist/5899.asp

hardwork is paid in form of awards Awards of Karl Ziegler OTHER-NOBEL CHEMISTRY Enter Artist/Album Partner Sites Stardose.com RealLyrics.com OnlyHitLyrics.com Biography Search Engine ... privacy

78. Slavní Vìdci NERNST Walter Friedrich Hermann nobel Alfred Bernhard Linus Carl PLANCK Max karl ErnstLudwig WOODWARD Robert Burns ZAJCEV Alexander Michajlovic ziegler karl. http://www.volny.cz/michal_bachman/vedci.htm

Last updated: 12.08.2001 06:25:11 Zde naleznete seznam všech vìdcù, o kterých mùžete získat informace na této stránce. Postupem èasu by se mìly u vìdcù objevovat i odkazy na informace o nich z jiných zdrojù, jejich fotografie a další zajímavé vìci. ARISTOTELES ze Stageiry ARRHENIUS Svante August ASTON Francis William AVOGADRO Amedeo ... Novinky [ Slavní vìdci ] Alfred Nobel Nobelovy ceny Odkazy Ostatní ... USA Optimální rozlišení - 1024x768, minimálnì 800x600. © Michal Bachman, 200 Veškeré ohlasy prosím sem

79. Prix Nobel De 1960 à 1964 Translate this page karl ziegler est le 26 novembre 1898 à Helsa, près de Kassel (aujourd'hui en dérivésdu charbon, dont l'éthylène, travaux qui lui vaudront le prix nobel. http://membres.lycos.fr/xjarnot/Chimistes/Nobel_1960.html

P rix Nobel de 1960 à 1964 Frank Willard Libby Melvin Calvin Sir John C. Kendrew ) et Max F. Perutz Karl Ziegler et Giulio Natta Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Frank Willard Libby Pour ses travaux sur l'utilisation du carbone 14 comme élément de détermination de l'ancienneté en archéologie, en géologie, en géophysique et en d'autres sciences. (Grand Valley, 1908 - Los Angeles, 1980) Né le 17 décembre 1908 à Grand Valley, dans le Colorado, Frank Willard Libby étudie à l'Université de Berkeley (Californie) et, en 1933, soutient sa thèse de Ph. D. sur la "Radioactivité des lanthanides". Il demeure dans cet établissement comme assistant, puis comme professeur, jusqu'en 1941. Pendant la guerre, il collabore au projet Manhattan à l'Université de Columbia, rejoint l'équipe du savant italien Enrico Fermi à l'Institut d'études nucléaires de l'Université de Chicago. Dès 1946, son attention se porte sur le radiocarbone 14, et plus tard sur le tritium, comme éléments de marquage. La plupart de ses travaux en radiochimie ont été présentés dans Radiocarbon Dating

80. The Hindu : Nobel Laureates In Chemistry: Down Memory Lane nobel Laureates in chemistry Down memory lane. 1963 karl ziegler and GIULIO NATTAfor their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/08180002.htm

Online edition of India's National Newspaper Thursday, October 18, 2001 Front Page National Southern States Other States ... Next Nobel Laureates in chemistry: Down memory lane 2001 WILLIAM S. KNOWLES, RYOJI NOYORI and K. BARRY SHARPLESS for developing catalytic asymmetric synthesis. The achievements are of great importance for the development of new drugs and materials.2000-1991 2000 ALAN J. HEEGER, ALAN G. MACDIARMID, and HIDEKI SHIRAKAWA for the discovery and development of conductive polymers. 1999 AHMED ZEWAIL for his research and studies of transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy. 1998 WALTER KOHN for his development of the density-functional theory and JOHN A. POPLE for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. 1997 PAUL D. BOYER and JOHN E. WALKER for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and JENS C. SKOU for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase. 1996 ROBERT F. CURL, Jr. , SIR HAROLD W. KROTO , and RICHARD E. SMALLEY for discovering fullerenes.

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