61. Cellular Automaton cellular automata (1947present). cellular automata are the simplestmodels of spatially distributed processes. They consist of an http://www.exploratorium.edu/complexity/CompLexicon/automaton.html

Cellular Automata (1947-present) Cellular automata are the simplest models of spatially distributed processes. They consist of an array of cells, each of which is allowed to be in one of a few states. At the same time, each cell looks to its neighbors to see what states they are in. Using this information each cell applies a simple rule to determine what state it should change to. This basic step is repeated over the whole array, again and again. Some of the patterns produced, by several simple cellular automata, are shown on this page. Cellular automata were invented in the 1940's by the mathematicians John von Neuman and Stanislaw Ulam, while they were working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in northern central New Mexico. The most famous cellular automaton is the "Game Of Life" invented by mathematician John Conway, in the 1960's. Despite the simplicity of the rules governing the changes of state as the automaton moves from one generation to the next, the evolution of such a system is complex indeed. For interactive cellular automata simuations, go to Prof. David Griffeath's Java-based page

62. Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Tutorial Offers description of nanotechnology based on the confinement of electrons within structures called Category Science Technology Electrical Engineering...... QUANTUM DOT cellular automata. A TUTORIAL. Author Konrad Walus. QUANTUM DOT CELLULARAUTOMATA. There are currently three QCA technologies under investigation http://people.atips.ca/~walus/qcatutorial.html

QUANTUM DOT CELLULAR AUTOMATA A TUTORIAL Author: Konrad Walus INTRODUCTION The incredible pace of advancements in microelectronics may slow as a result of some insurmountable roadblocks when transistors are scaled to sizes of only a few nanometers. Conventional transistors rely on the macroscopic averaging of quantum effects. At scales of only a few nanometers these assumptions are no longer valid, and quantum effects become prominent and potentially problematic. Large leakage currents due to quantum tunneling prevent proper functionality. In order to maintain the pace of advancement in electronics we must investigate alternatives that take advantage of quantum phenomena and are not hindered by it. This should not be mistaken as a microelectronics crisis, the industry still has considerable time before any significant slow down in progress. Current technology has minimum feature sizes on the order of 130nm, still far from problematic. Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) are a nano-technology based on the confinement of electrons within structures called quantum dots. QCA technology is capable of general computation and may one day replace the transistor in electronic design. Although work on QCA has been underway for more then a decade, many challenges remain before mass production of these devices can get underway. Contrary to the transistor a quantum dot requires extremely small size in order to function properly. Researchers predict that room temperature operation will require quantum dots a nanometer in diameter, more on this later.

63. Wei Qi, Cellular Automata, Ising Model, Feynman Checkerboard Ising Models. which can be represented by cellular automata. which are likeWei Qi. Feynman Checkerboards. cellular automata. and Quantum Computation. http://www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/ficw.html

Tony's Home Feynman Checkerboards in 1+1 dimensions are isomorphic to 1-dimensional Ising Models which can be represented by Cellular Automata which are like Wei Qi Feynman Checkerboards A single FEYNMAN CHECKERBOARD configuration is one of all possible ways for an electron to go from an initial point to a destination point. Choice of a particular single configuration is a RANDOM quantum choice. Feynman's Relativistic Chessboard as an Ising Model, by H. A. Gersch (Int. J. Theor. Phys. 20 (1981) 491), shows that the (1+1)-dimensional Feynman Checkerboard, which describes the (1+1)-dimensional Dirac equation , is equivalent to the 1-dimensional Ising model . The Feynman Checkerboard for an electron in 1+1 dimensional spacetime can be represented as a 1-dimensional Cellular Automaton evolving in 1 time dimension. The initial state is a point in the t=0 initial time, the initial location of the electron in 1-dimensional space. Each possible state at time t=N is a point locating the electron on the spatial line at t=N. All possible paths from the initial state at t=0 to the state at t=N are summed ( the Quantum Sum Over Histories 2 +/- sqrt(2 +/- sqrt(2 +/- sqrt(2 +/- ... ))) Such sequences of length M are the zeroes of the Chebyshev polynomials of degree 2^M. Simlarly to this way that the binary sequences can represent the spatial part of the 1+1-dim Feynman Checkerboard as points on a line segment, the spatial part of the 1+1-dim Feynman Checkerboard can also be represented as a

64. CELLULAR AUTOMATA cellular automata A Discrete Universe by Andrew Ilachinski (Center for Naval Analyses,USA) cellular automata are a class of spatially and temporally discrete http://www.wspc.com/books/chaos/4702.html

Home Browse by Subject Bestsellers New Titles ... Browse all Subjects Search Keyword Author Concept ISBN Series New Titles Editor's Choice Bestsellers Book Series ... Join Our Mailing List CELLULAR AUTOMATA A Discrete Universe by Andrew Ilachinski (Center for Naval Analyses, USA) Cellular automata are a class of spatially and temporally discrete mathematical systems characterized by local interaction and synchronous dynamical evolution. Introduced by the mathematician John von Neumann in the 1950s as simple models of biological self-reproduction, they are prototypical models for complex systems and processes consisting of a large number of simple, homogeneous, locally interacting components. Cellular automata have been the focus of great attention over the years because of their ability to generate a rich spectrum of very complex patterns of behavior out of sets of relatively simple underlying rules. Moreover, they appear to capture many essential features of complex self-organizing cooperative behavior observed in real systems. This book provides a summary of the basic properties of cellular automata, and explores in depth many important cellular-automata-related research areas, including artificial life, chaos, emergence, fractals, nonlinear dynamics, and self-organization. It also presents a broad review of the speculative proposition that cellular automata may eventually prove to be theoretical harbingers of a fundamentally new information-based, discrete physics. Designed to be accessible at the junior/senior undergraduate level and above, the book will be of interest to all students, researchers, and professionals wanting to learn about order, chaos, and the emergence of complexity. It contains an extensive bibliography and provides a listing of cellular automata resources available on the World Wide Web.

65. Five Cellular Automata Windows software for exploring three cellular automata qstate Life, the BZReaction and Togetherness. cellular automata. B. The Four cellular automata. http://hermetic.magnet.ch/pca/pca.htm

Five Cellular Automata Introduction The five cellular automata: q-state Life The Belousov- Zhabotinsky Reaction Togetherness ... Demo version Introduction A cellular automaton consists of: (b) A set of values or "states" such that each cell is associated with a particular state. A simple and well-known example of a cellular automaton is John Conway's Life. In this we consider a square array of cells, each of which is either "dead" or "alive". The eight cells immediately adjacent to a cell are called its "neighbors". The rules governing the dynamics of the system are as follows: (i) In the transition from one "generation" to the next the state of each cell is changed once according to rules (ii) and (iii). (ii) A cell which is alive will remain alive in the next generation if there are two or three cells among its eight neighbors which are alive; otherwise it dies. (iii) A cell which is dead will remain dead in the next generation unless there are exactly three cells among its neighbors which are alive, in which case it becomes alive. This Cellular Automata software allows exploration of five different cellular automata. All of them use a 2-dimensional array of cells which can vary in size from 33x33 to 528x528. "Periodic boundary conditions" are used, meaning that the left edge of the array wraps around to contact the right edge, and the top edge of the array wraps around to contact the bottom edge. The structure is thus that of a torus, although it is easier to think of a 2-dimensional plane in which an unlimited number of copies of the square array are reproduced next to, and above and below, each other (and each copy changes in the same way).

66. Solitons And Particles In Cellular Automata: A Bibliography Solitons and Particles in cellular automata a Bibliography. 1990 MJ Ablowitz, ``Nonlinearevolution equations, inverse scattering and cellular automata,'' pp. http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~ken/solitons.html

Solitons and Particles in Cellular Automata: a Bibliography Thanks to Professor Pawel Siwak, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland for providing many of these references. Please send me additions and corrections, thanks. J. K. Park, K. Steiglitz, and W. P. Thurston, ``Soliton-like behavior in automata,'' Physica D , vol. 19D, pp. 423-432, 1986. Reprinted in Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata , (S. Wolfram, ed.), World Scientific Publishing Co., Hong Kong (distributed by Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia), 1986, pp. 333-342. C. H. Goldberg, ``Parity filter automata,'' Complex Systems , vol. 2, pp. 91-141, 1988. T. S. Papatheodorou, M. J. Ablowitz, and Y. G. Saridakis, ``A rule for fast computation and analysis of soliton automata,'' Studies in Applied Mathematics , vol. 79, pp. 173-184, 1988. A. S. Fokas, E. P. Papadopoulou, and Y. G. Saridakis, ``Particles in soliton cellular automata,'' Complex Systems , vol. 3, pp. 615-633, 1989. A. S. Fokas, E. P. Papadopoulou, Y. G. Saridakis, and M. J. Ablowitz, ``Interaction of simple particles in soliton cellular automata,'' Studies in Applied Mathematics , vol. 81, pp. 153-180, 1989.

67. Cellular Automata Research Group Home Page The 1995 cellular automata Research GrOup was created by and for a smallcore of students interested in the field of cellular automata (CA). http://www-evo.stanford.edu/~ardell/CARGO.html

68. Cellular Automata Bibliography cellular automata Bibliography. Adamatzky, Andrew (1994) Identificationof cellular automata (London Taylor and Francis). * Albin http://users.ox.ac.uk/~econec/cellaut.html

Cellular Automata Bibliography Adamatzky, Andrew (1994) Identification of Cellular Automata (London: Taylor and Francis). * Albin, Peter S. (1975) The Analysis of Complex Socioeconomic Systems (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Company/Lexington Books). [@28.50] [*0] Albin, Peter S. with Foley, Duncan K. (ed.) (1998) Barriers and Bounds to Rationality: Essays on Economic Complexity and Dynamics in Interactive Systems , (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Andre, David, Bennett III, Forrest H, and Koza, John R. (1996a) 'Evolution of Intricate Long Distance Communication Signals in Cellular Automata Using Genetic Programming', in Artificial Life V: Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (Cambridge, MA: The M. I. T. Press). [Uses GP to evolve CA rules for the majority classification task using ADFs. The evolved rule has a greater accuracy than the original benchmark Gacs-Kurdyumov-Levin (GKL) rule, all other known human-written rules and all other rules produced by known previous automated approaches. It is also qualitatively different from rules developed up until now.] Andre, David, Bennett III, Forrest H, and Koza, John R. (1996b) 'Discovery by Genetic Programming of a Cellular Automata Rule that is Better than Any Known Rule for the Majority Classification Problem', in Koza, John R., Goldberg, David E., Fogel, David B. and Riolo, Rick L. (eds.)

69. Lotus Artificial Life - Cellular Automata Page cellular automata. This page has moved to http//cellauto.com/.Tim Tyler tt@iname.com http//alife.co.uk/. http://www.alife.co.uk/ca/

Cellular Automata This page has moved to http://cell-auto.com/ Tim Tyler tt@iname.com http://alife.co.uk/

70. Bookmarks On Cellular Automata Bookmarks on cellular automata. Personal Toolbar Folder. A little of everything Itis a very good starting point for research into cellular automata. http://www.rpi.edu/~brings/ca.bkmrks.html

Bookmarks on Cellular Automata Personal Toolbar Folder A little of everything... Ariel Dolan's Home Page (Java Artificial Life) A web-oriented artificial-life site: alife, genetic-algorithm and cellular automata experiments written in cross-platform web languages (java, tcl/tk), with free source code. Mirek's Cellebration Probably the biggest resource on general CA available on the Internet. Artificial Life Online Many of the links on this list branch off of this page. It is a very good starting point for research into Cellular Automata. Another good starting point into for researching Cellular Automata. Cellular automata Another good page of information on Cellular Automata including some Java programs simulating Cellular Automata. Computational Mechanics Home Page This branched off of the "Artifical Life Online" page and is a good resource for papers on Cellular Automata. The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Complex Systems "Complex systems" concerns the nature and consequences of interactions and non-linearities in systems of many objects. It includes topics such as artificial life, cellular automata, chaos, criticality, evolutionary computation, fractals, parallel computation, self-organization." Java examples Exploring Emergence An active essay on Cellular Automata using Java.

71. Computer Simulation Of Societies: Cellular Automata cellular automata. If you Frequently Asked Questions About cellular automataA guide to cellular automata from ALife Online. A tutorial http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/research/simsoc/ca.html

Cellular Automata If you would like us to add or update a link please fill in our comment form Frequently Asked Questions About Cellular Automata A guide to Cellular Automata from A-Life Online A tutorial on Cellular Automata By David G. Green, Environmental and Information Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Australia. Modelling Traffic Flow using Cellular Automata A short page describing the research work of the Computational Physics Group, Gerhard-Mercator-University, Duisburg, Germany. David Griffeath's Primordial Soup Kitchen All sorts of CA resources with some good graphics of Cellullar Automata and downloadable software. Ants This is some supplementary material to the paper Further Travels with My Ant by David Gale, Jim Propp, Scott Sutherland, and Serge Troubetzkoy, which appeared in the Summer 1995 issue of the Mathematical Intelligencer Stephen Wolfram's Collected papers on Cellular Automata and Complexity An extensive set of pages on Cellular Automata and their uses. Graphics Applications of Cellular Automata Yoshiaki Takai's page contains animations (MPEG format). Bibliography Genetic Algorithms Artificial Life Microsimulation Cellular Automata Neural Networks Distributed Artificial Intelligence System Dynamics CRESS ... Contact CRESS at the Department of Sociology University of Surrey , Guildford, UK.

72. Additive Cellular Automata: Theory And Applications Presents an extensive survey and report of related research on new developmentsin cellular automata (CA) theory. The research. http://www.computer.org/cspress/CATALOG/bp07717.htm

S pecial Sale Price Additive Cellular Automata Theory and Applications Parimal Pal Chaudhuri, Dipanwita Roy Chowdhury, Sukumar Nandi, Santanu Chattopadhyay NOTE: This title is brought to you by the IEEE Computer Society Press and John 302 2300 or purchase online now. IEEE CS MEMBERS: Use promotion code when you check out at Wiley.com to receive your 15% member discount Presents an extensive survey and report of related research on new developments in cellular automata (CA) theory. The book introduces you to this theory in a comprehensive manner that will help you understand the basics of CA and be prepared for further research. It illustrates the matrix algebraic tools that characterize group CA and help develop its applications in the field of VLSI testing. The book also examines schemes based on easily testable FSM, bit-error correcting code, byte error correcting code, and characterization of 2D cellular automata. In addition, it looks into CA-based universal pattern generation, data encryption, and synthesis of easily testable combinational logic. The text covers new characterizations of group CA behavior, CA-based tools for fault diagnosis, and a wide variety of applications to solve real-life problems.

73. 1D Boolean Cellular Automata 1 Dimensional Boolean cellular automata. Written by Paul Bourke September1997. A boolean cellular automata is a collection of cells http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~pbourke/fractals/ca/

1 Dimensional Boolean Cellular Automata Written by Paul Bourke September 1997 A boolean cellular automata is a collection of cells that can be in one of two states, on and off, 1 or 0. The states of each cell varies in time depending on the connections, called rules, between the cells. While there can be any arbitrary set of connections/rules govening the system a particular one will be considered here, namely, a linear strip of cells where the output at each time step of each cell is a function of the current state of the cell and the state of its two immediate neighbours. As an extra nicety, the two ends of the strip of cell are connected together to form a continuous band. For any particular cell its next value is determined by 3 values, its state and the state of its neighbours. This leads to at most 8 different transitions. For example, the rules might be as follows: While not necessary, the rules decided upon apply to each cell in the strip. There are plenty of interesting dynamics possible without having variable rules across the strip. The simulation is "run" by setting an initial state and iteratively applying the rules for a number of time steps. In the first example the following rules are used.

74. Life And Cellular Automata Theory References Life and cellular automata Theory References. December 1978. Burks, AW Essays oncellular automata. Univ. of Ill. Press, 1970. Codd, EF cellular automata. http://members.aol.com/life1ine/life/bib.htm

Life and Cellular Automata Theory References (The references presented herein are some which I have consulted in the past; the list is not a complete bibliograpahy to the game of Life). Return to LIFEPAGE Abt, Clark C. Serious Games: The Art and Science of Games that Simulate Life . The Viking Press, 1970. Arbib, M. A. "A Simple Self-Reproducing Universal Automaton," Information and Control Berlekamp, Elwyn et. al. "What is Life?" Winning Ways . Academic Press, 1982. Buckingham, David J. "Some Facts of Life." Byte . December 1978. Burks, A. W. Essays on Cellular Automata . Univ. of Ill. Press, 1970. Codd, E. F. Cellular Automata . Academic Press, Inc., 1968. Gardner, Martin. "On cellular automata, self-reproduction, the Garden of Eden and the game 'Life.'" Scientific American , February 1971. Gardner, Martin. "The Fantastic Combinations of John Conway's New Solitaire Game 'Life.'" Scientific American , October 1970. Gardner, Martin. "The Game of Life." Wheels, Life and other Mathematical Amusements. W.H. Freeman 1983. Golay, M. J. E. "Hexagonal parallel pattern transformations."

75. Cellular Automata And Lattice Gases Authors/titles Recent Submissions cellular automata and Lattice Gases. Authors and titles for recent submissions. http://arxiv.org/list/nlin.CG/recent

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases Authors and titles for recent submissions Tue, 11 Mar 2003 Mon, 10 Mar 2003 Tue, 4 Mar 2003 Fri, 28 Feb 2003 ... Tue, 11 Feb 2003 Tue, 11 Mar 2003 nlin.AO/0303021 abs pdf Title: Contextual Random Boolean Networks Authors: Carlos Gershenson Jan Broekaert Diederik Aerts Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures Subj-class: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems; Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases Mon, 10 Mar 2003 cs.CC/0303003 abs pdf Title: A first approach for a possible cellular automaton model of fluids dynamics Authors: Gianluca Argentini Comments: 7 pages, 6 figures, Computational Fluidodynamics, Cellular Automata model Subj-class: Computational Complexity; Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing; Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases; Computational Physics ACM-class: F.1.1 Tue, 4 Mar 2003 nlin.CG/0303001 abs ps pdf other Title: Homogeneous States of Finite Periodic CA with GKL Rules Authors: Ru-Fen Liu Chia-Chu Chen Comments: 10 Pages, no figures Subj-class: Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases; Pattern Formation and Solitons Fri, 28 Feb 2003

76. Cellular Automata Music A class of mathematical models known as cellular automata plays a centralrole in my research. Cellular top. cellular automata. Cellular http://website.lineone.net/~edandalex/celautom.htm

Evolutionary Music Research Sound Synthesis and Composition Eduardo Reck Miranda Introduction What are cellular automata? Sound Synthesis: Chaosynth ... home Introduction Music has always been an interesting domain for the application of new scientific discoveries inviting composers to combine artistic creativity with scientific methods. Today, it is becoming increasingly common for the composer to turn to the sciences to supplement his or her compositional models. By the same token, scientists also seem to show interest in the organisational principles to be found in music. Scientific models carry an important component of human thought, namely formal abstraction , which can be very inspiring for music composition. My research work attempts to identify a correlation among different disciplines such as biology, crystallography and computing in order to investigate the possibility of synthesising sounds and composing music inspired by this interdisciplinary framework. A class of mathematical models known as cellular automata plays a central role in my research. Cellular automata have been used to model a wide range of scientific phenomena. They have been studied and developed for over three decades. Although very simple, they can provide models for a wide variety of complex phenomena in a range of disciplines including physics (e.g., dynamic and chaotic systems), genetics and chemistry (e.g., chemical reactions and crystal growth).

77. Cellular Automata Music CAMUS. A cellular automata Music Generator. Eduardo Reck Miranda. CAMUSis a cellular automatabased music generator. From many different http://website.lineone.net/~edandalex/camus.htm

CAMUS A Cellular Automata Music Generator Eduardo Reck Miranda Introduction The Game of Life cellular automaton The Demon Cyclic Space cellular automaton The musical engine of CAMUS ... Acknowledgments and Further Information Introduction to CAMUS Since cellular automata produce large amounts of patterned data and if we assume that music composition can be thought of as being based on pattern propagation and formal manipulation of its parameters, it comes as no surprise that researchers started to suspect that cellular automata could be mapped into a music representation in order to generate compositional material. CAMUS is a cellular automata-based music generator. From many different cellular automata algorithms available today, two have been selected for CAMUS, namely Game of Life (invented by John Horton Conway) and Demon Cyclic Space (designed by David Griffeath). top Game of Life From one tick of the clock to the next, the cells of the Game of Life cellular automaton can be either alive (i.e., black) or dead (i.e., white), according to the following rules devised by Conway: if a cell is dead at time t , it comes alive at time

78. The PascGalois Project: Group-related Cellular Automata PascGalois Triangles Hexagons and other Grouprelated cellular automata.Kathleen M. Shannon Michael J. Bardzell Support provided http://faculty.ssu.edu/~kmshanno/pascal/

Kathleen M. Shannon Michael J. Bardzell Support provided by the National Science Foundation award # DUE-0087644 and by the Richard A. Henson endowment for the School of Science at Salisbury University. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. The PascGalois project has its origin in a simple exercise with Pascal’s triangle. Take each entry in the triangle and replace it with its congruent value mod n, where n is a positive integer larger than 1. By assigning each of the values 0,1,...,n-1 a distinct color, patterns reminiscent of fractals appear. Our interest in this construction lies in the fact that addition mod n is the group multiplication of the cyclic group Zn and the patterns seen in the triangles are related to the structure of these groups. We generalize this construction to other groups, algebraic structures, and cellular automata, creating research questions in an area where Abstract Algebra, Dynamical Systems, Number Theory, Fractal Geometry and Computer Graphics interplay. See our articles in the March 2002 issue of Focus and in the MAA Notes Publication: Innovations in Teaching Abstract Algebra . Follow the picture links to an updated version of the Focus article or our site to support the article in Innovations Also on this site you will find: A download site for the software used to create the images .pdf versions of the visualization projects for abstract algebra. Searching for Patterns in Pascal's Triangle With a Twist : An article written for a general audience requiring no college-level mathematics background which has been submitted to the Journal of Online Mathematics.

79. CELLULAR AUTOMATA ( CA ) GAME OF LIFE HOME PAGE Carter Bays 5/ Links to sites containing applets for various CA Conway's game of life, Bays' 3D life, triangular Category Computers Artificial Life cellular automata......cellular automata ( CA ) GAME OF LIFE HOME PAGE Carter Bays 5/2002. http://www.cse.sc.edu/~bays/CAhomePage

CELLULAR AUTOMATA ( CA ) GAME OF LIFE HOME PAGE Carter Bays 5/2002 LINKS About Cellular Automata Conway's game About 3D life ... Carter Bays' home page visitors to this page since 5/28/2002. This page contains links to applets for 2D and 3D CA: Conway's game of life and Bays' 3-D life. *NOTE* some of the applets are rather large and may take some time to download. Coming soon: Some really nice applets for hexagonal, triangular, and pentagonal CA, along with some new games of life.

80. IFIP Cellular Automata Workshop 96 Institute of Informatics University of Giessen. IFIP cellular automataWorkshop 96. Schloss Rauischholzhausen near Giessen March 25 - 27, 1996. http://www.informatik.uni-giessen.de/cellular-automata-96/

Institute of Informatics - University of Giessen IFIP Cellular Automata Workshop 96 Schloss Rauischholzhausen near Giessen March 25 - 27, 1996 Under the head of the IFIP working group 14.5 we are inviting everyone interested in cellular automata to a workshop taking place in Rauischholzhausen (Germany) from March 25, 1996 to March 27, 1996 General information Steering committee Organizers Invitation and call for participation Leaflet incl. registration form (Postscript, 77 kB) Registration via the World Wide Web Program and participants Program Preproceedings (Compressed Postscript, 330 kB) List of participants Dates and deadlines Workshop: Mar 25, '96 - Mar 27, '96 Registration: Feb 2, '96 Summaries: Mar 8, '96 How to get there by train by car Accommodation Miscellaneous The IFIP Homepage For further information you can also contact the organizers or send a mail via the World Wide Web. Tue Feb 24 11:50 MET 1998

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