61. Quantum Mechanics Tells Us That Particles Are “fuzzy”: Overview Graphics Quantum mechanics tells us that particles are “fuzzy”From far away, a particle may look to us like this Notes http://www.ias.ac.in/meetings/annmeet/68am_talks/smukhi/text2.html

First page Back Continue Last page ... Graphics Quantum mechanics tells us that particles are “fuzzy”: From far away, a particle may look to us like this: Notes:

62. [quant-ph/0301167] Comment On "Quantum Mechanics Of Smeared Particles" Comment on Quantum mechanics of smeared particles . A36, 1523 (2003) In a recentarticle, Sastry has proposed a quantum mechanics of smeared particles. http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0301167

Quantum Physics, abstract quant-ph/0301167 Comment on "Quantum mechanics of smeared particles" Authors: F. Brau (U. Mons) Comments: 2 pages Report-no: UMH-02-09 Journal-ref: J. Phys. A36, 1523 (2003) In a recent article, Sastry has proposed a quantum mechanics of smeared particles. We show that the effects induced by the modification of the Heisenberg algebra, proposed to take into account the delocalization of a particle defined via its Compton wavelength, are important enough to be excluded experimentally. Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted); CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Links to: arXiv quant-ph find abs

63. Maple PowerTools - Classical Mechanics in intermediate to advanced Newtonian mechanics. Topics covered include inertialreference frames, kinematics and kinetics of mass particles, Newton's laws http://www.mapleapps.com/powertools/mechanics/mechanics.shtml

64. FUSION Anomaly. Quantum Mechanics Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete amounts, quantummechanics is particularly applicable to ELEMENTARY particles and the http://fusionanomaly.net/quantummechanics.html

Telex External Link Internal Link Inventory Cache Quantum Mechanics This nOde last updated January 2nd, 2003 and is permanently morphing... (3 Cauac (Storm Cloud) / 12 K'ank'in - 159/260 - 12.19.9.15.19) quantum mechanics quantum mechanics or quantum theory, branch of mathematical physics that deals with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles. Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete amounts, quantum mechanics is particularly applicable to ELEMENTARY PARTICLES and the interactions between them. According to the older theories of classical physics, energy is treated solely as a continuous phenomenon (i.e., WAVES by Max PLANCK , who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator , such as the atoms of a blackbody radiator, are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral (whole number) multiple of a basic minimum value. In 1905 Albert EINSTEIN proposed that the radiation itself is also quantized, and he used the new theory to explain the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT. Niels BOHR used the quantum theory in 1913 to explain both atomic structure and atomic spectra, showing the connection between the energy levels of an atom's electrons and the frequencies of light matrix uncertainty principle , enunciated by Heisenberg in 1927, which places an absolute theoretical limit on the accuracy of certain measurements; as a result, the assumption by earlier scientists that the physical state of a system could be measured exactly and used to predict future states had to be abandoned. Other developments of the theory include quantum statistics, presented in one form by Einstein and S.N. Bose (Bose-Einstein statistics, which apply to BOSONS) and in another by Dirac and Enrico FERMI (Fermi-Dirac statistics, which apply to FERMIONS); quantum electronics, which deals with interactions involving quantum energy levels and

65. 2. Some Basic Ideas About Quantum Mechanics In Quantum mechanics this neat distinction is blurred. Entities which we would normallythink of as particles (eg electrons) can behave like waves in certain http://newton.ex.ac.uk/people/jenkins/mbody/mbody2.html

2. Some Basic Ideas about Quantum Mechanics Modern physics is dominated by the concepts of Quantum Mechanics. This page aims to give a brief introduction to some of these ideas. Until the closing decades of the last century the physical world, as studied by experiment, could be explained according to the principles of classical (or Newtonian) mechanics: the physics of everyday life. By the turn of the century, however, the cracks were beginning to show and the disciplines of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics were developed to account for them. Relativity came first, and described the physics of very massive and very fast objects, then came Quantum Mechanics in the 1920's to describe the physics of very small objects. Neither of these theories provide an easy intuitive picture of the world, since they contradict the predictions of familiar Newtonian Mechanics in the regimes for which they were developed. Nevertheless, both schemes reproduce the Newtonian results when applied to the everyday world. In seeking to understand the physics of semiconductors at an atomic level we must start from a Quantum Mechanical viewpoint, since the entities with which we will be dealing (electrons, atoms, etc) are so very small....

66. Creation And Quantum Mechanics Bohm suggests that our quantum mechanics understanding simply is far from complete.There are yet unknown physical processes by which particles interact, even http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-305.htm

Institute for Creation Research A Christ-Focused Creation Ministry "For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day..." Exodus 20:11 Main Menu Online Store About ICR Back to Genesis Days of Praise ... Tracts ICR Network Grad School ICR Adventures Jonathan Park RSAC Rated ... Donate CREATION AND QUANTUM MECHANICS - IMPACT No. 305 November 1998 by Don B. DeYoung , Ph. D.* Institute for Creation Research. All Rights Reserved Background Four Traditional Quantum Concepts Max Planck (1858-1947) German scientist, founder of quantum mechanics. Max Planck showed that the energy content of an object cannot be any arbitrary amount. Instead, energy occurs only in small discrete bundles called quanta . Increasing energy must not be pictured as a smooth ramp, but instead as a stairway (figure 1). Quantum effects only become apparent on the small scale of atomic particles. For larger objects, such as a person, the individual energy steps are extremely small and unnoticeable. Otherwise we might find ourselves living in a bizarre quantum world where everything happened in jumps, as with a blinking strobe light. The second well-known concept is that light and matter show both wave and particle behavior. The light meter of a camera illustrates the particle nature of light. In this device, incident light photons collide with electrons, somewhat like marbles, and produce an electric current which indicates the light intensity. Likewise, the wave nature of electrons is used to produce magnified images in an electron microscope. As with energy quantization, the wave nature of larger objects is not noticeable.

67. Philosophical Foundations Of Physics, Columbia University M.A. Program Erick Weinberg (Physics) Relativity, cosmology, quantum mechanics,elementary particles. For More Information and Application Forms. http://www.columbia.edu/~asb3/philphys/philphys.html

The Departments of Philosophy and Physics at Columbia University are now offering a Master of Arts Program in the Philosophical Foundations of Physics. General Overview The program is designed to meet the needs of an increasing population of gifted students who are intrigued by, and want to participate in, the growing scholarly interest in the relationship between the philosophy of science and the foundations of physics. The program will draw on the diverse strengths of Columbia University and the surrounding metropolitan area in Physics, the Foundations of Physics, the Philosophy of Physics, and the Philosophy of Science. The program should be extremely attractive to bright students who have undergraduate degrees in either physics or philosophy and who aspire to do original research in the conceptual foundations of modern physics. It is envisaged that students who successfully complete the program will most often want to continue toward a Ph.D. in either physics or philosophy and thereafter to pursue a career in research, but the program will also prove very useful to students whose future plans involve teaching or science journalism. Course and Thesis Requirements The instructional component of the program consists of ten courses (six graded and four audited) which can be taken over two semesters of full-time work. In addition, students submit a written master's thesis which presents original research on some aspect of the foundations or philosophy of physics and which is to be completed under the supervision of a member of the Physics or Philosophy Department at Columbia University.

68. Theory: Quantum Mechanics Theory Quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is the description of physics atthe scale of atoms, and the even smaller scales of fundamental particles. http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quantum.html

Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics is the description of physics at the scale of atoms, and the even smaller scales of fundamental particles. Quantum theory is the language of all particle theories. It is formulated in a well-defined mathematical language. It makes predictions for the relative probabilities of the various possible outcomes, but not for which outcome will occur in any given case. Interpretation of the calculations, in words and images, often leads to statements that seem to defy common sense because our common sense is based on experience at scales insensitive to these types of quantum peculiarities. Because we do not directly experience objects on this scale, many aspects of quantum behavior seem strange and even paradoxical to us. Physicists worked hard to find alternative theories that could remove these peculiarities, but to no avail. The word quantum means a definite but small amount. The basic quantum constant h , known as Planck's constant , is = 6.626075 x 10

69. Statistical Mechanics distribution law that is a fundamental principle in statistical mechanics enablesus to determine how a large number of particles distribute themselves http://www.biochem.vt.edu/courses/modeling/stat_mechanics.html

Home Page Topics Evaluation Assignments ... News Statistical Mechanics Introduction Statistical mechanics provides a bridge between the macroscopic realm of classical thermodynamics and the microscopic realm of atoms and molecules. We are able to use computational methods to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of a system by applying statistical mechanics. Of particular interest in biochemistry is the ability to calculate free energies associated with a variety of processes such as ligand-receptor interaction and protein stability. This review of some basic principles of statistical mechanics serves as a prelude to discussions of free energy simulations. We must remember that the energies of molecules, atoms, or electrons are quantized. To describe chemical systems we must know the energies of the quantum states and the distribution of particles (i.e., molecules, atoms, or electrons) among the quantum states. The Schrodinger equation that we discussed in the section on quantum mechanics provides a method for calculating the allowed energies. The Boltzmann distribution law that is a fundamental principle in statistical mechanics enables us to determine how a large number of particles distribute themselves throughout a set of allowed energy levels. Presented below are two derivations of the Boltzmann distribution law, one based on a treatment by Nash [1], and the second, by Barrow [2]. Both approaches are given as a means to illustrate that multiple ways are sometimes available to develop a concept.

70. KryssTal : An Introduction To Quantum Mechanics separately worked out the mathematics of Quantum mechanics. Using this new theory,scientists could understand the behaviour of atoms and subatomic particles. http://www.krysstal.com/quantum.html

An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics A beginners' (non-mathematical) guide to the strange world of the atom Part One - The Story of The Atom In the essay on Relativity , I stated that the Theory of Relativity was one of the two most important ideas of 20th Century science. Relativity is a deviation from Newtonian Mechanics (also known as common sense!). The deviations were not discovered until this Century because they are only noticeable at high speeds and under very intense gravitational fields. There is another 20th Century idea that also violates Newtonian Mechanics. This is called Quantum Mechanics. In this essay I will give a taste of the strange and fascinating world of the atom. I will try to keep it general and simple because these ideas are even more weird than Relativity (if that is possible). The Ancient Greeks proposed that matter could not be divided indefinitely. They speculated that matter was made up of units called atoms . The word comes from a Greek word meaning single item or portion . They assumed that atoms were solid, different characteristics of substances being determined by the different shapes that atoms had. This atomic idea never really became popular.

71. Objective Science - Quantum Mechanics And Dissidents By Eric Dennis Probability in dBB emerges just as in classical statistical mechanics, as an expressionof our lack of knowledge of initial positions for the particles, not as http://www.objectivescience.com/articles/ed2_quantum_dissidents.htm

There is a misconception, of some currency, that Bell's results close the door on all realist versions of quantum mechanics. This is ironic because these very results were motivated by Bell's surprise and profound appreciation upon discovering such a version already in the literature. This was David Bohm's completion of an idea that started with Louis de Broglie. It has emerged as a powerful and precise alternative to the fuzziness of standard theory. Part 2 Quantum Mechanics and Dissidents By Eric Dennis Click here for Part 1 [ObjectiveScience.com] The failure of Little's "theory of elementary waves" (TEW), must not be taken to support the sophistry connected with the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics, from the idea that entities lose their attributes until we observe them to the supposed victory of indeterminism in physics. In fact, a politically disinclined group of dissidentsincluding Einstein, Schrodinger, David Bohm, and John Bellmaintained their commitment to realism against the idealist and positivist tendencies of the physics establishment [11]. There is a misconception, of some currency, that Bell's results close the door on all realist versions of quantum mechanics. This is ironic because these very results were motivated by Bell's surprise and profound appreciation upon discovering such a version already in the literature. This was David Bohm's completion of an idea that started with Louis de Broglie. It has emerged as a powerful and precise alternative to the fuzziness of standard theory.

72. Quantum Mechanics - Notes bands and gaps that result from this model. We began to look at quantumstatistical mechanics. Six particles with total energy 8E. http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/phys471/notes/notes.html

This page will not have complete notes, but it will have at least a lecture schedule. Date Topic May 1 We finished the fine structure correction for the hydrogen atom. We looked at the Zeeman effect (weak, strong and intermediate field). This included working part of problem 6.23. April 26 We completed the example in the text on degenerate perturbation theory and worked problem 6.9. We began to determine the relativistic correction to the energies for the hydrogen atom. April 24 We determined the first order correction to the wavefunction and the second order correction to the energy. We examined degenerate perturbation theory. Some hints for the homework problems will be here shortly. April 19 We discussed the second exam. We began talking about nondegenerate perturbation theory and determined the first order correction to the energy. We worked problems 6.1 and 6.2. April 17 We looked at the physical significance of the constants a and b problem 5.28 April 12 Test Day April 10 We completed our look at the "Dirac comb model for the potential and looked at potential values for the energies and the bands and gaps that result from this model. We began to look at quantum statistical mechanics. Six particles with total energy 8E April 5 We looked at the free electron model for electrons in a solid and found the "degeneracy pressure". We worked problem

73. Grand Unified Theory: Wave Theory - Quantum Mechanics The most prominent argument that has been raised against the two camps is that whilethe rules of quantum mechanics work for subatomic particles, they do not http://www.grandunifiedtheory.org.il/quantum.htm

Dr. Chaim H. Tejman's Grand Unified Theory: Wave Theory Introduction Book Wave Formation Photons ... Links the Everything Theory Wave Theory unites quantum mechanics and classical physics by introducing a This formation shows that energetic matter is always composed of a magnetic and energetic loop regardless of the phase (transition) it happens to find itself in. These two loops are one wave, one QUANTUM, or one whole wave in which each of the loops constitutes only half of the wave formation (this structure is also pervasive in the field of musicology, see picture to the right).

74. Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Physics, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrate that alpha particles are doubly MaxBorn, and Pascual Jordan formulate quantum matrix mechanics 1926 Erwin http://www.gsu.edu/other/timeline/quantum.html

Quantum Mechanics, Molecular Physics, Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, and Particle Physics -440 : Democritus speculates about fundamental indivisible particles-calls them ``atoms'' 1766 : Henry Cavendish discovers and studies hydrogen 1778 : Carl Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier discover that air is composed mostly of nitrogen and oxygen 1781 : Joseph Priestly creates water by igniting hydrogen and oxygen 1800 : William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle use electrolysis to separate water into hydrogen and oxygen 1803 : John Dalton introduces atomic ideas into chemistry and states that matter is composed of atoms of different weights 1811 : Amedeo Avogadro claims that equal volumes of gases should contain equal numbers of molecules 1832 : Michael Faraday states his laws of electrolysis 1871 : Dmitri Mendeleyev systematically examines the periodic table and predicts the existence of gallium, scandium, and germanium 1873 : Johannes van der Waals introduces the idea of weak attractive forces between molecules 1885 : Johann Balmer finds a mathematical expression for observed hydrogen line wavelengths 1887 : Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect 1894 : Lord Rayleigh and William Ramsay discover argon by spectroscopically analyzing the gas left over after nitrogen and oxygen are : removed from air 1895 : William Ramsay discovers terrestrial helium by spectroscopically analyzing gas produced by decaying uranium 1896 : Antoine Becquerel discovers the radioactivity of uranium

75. Background Information: Fluid Mechanics Simple Fluid mechanics background For volcanic clouds, the general fluid of studyis mass per unit volume, also affects the rate at which particles fall or http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/vc_web/background/b_fluid.html

Michigan Tech Home Remote Sensing Institute MTU Volcanoes Page Volcanic Clouds ... VAAC Topical Outline Main Topics Overview Background Tools Methodology ... Future Subtopics Background Fluid mechanics Simple Fluid Mechanics background For volcanic clouds, the general "fluid" of study is the atmosphere. To determine how an ash particle falls out of the atmosphere (also called fallout), dimensionless numbers are used. These are explained below. Reynolds Number The atmosphere's density and viscosity decrease with altitude. Viscosity is the property of a fluid or gas which makes it resist flow. Fluids with low viscosity flow readily and vice versa. Atmospheric Density, which is defined as mass per unit volume, also affects the rate at which particles fall or settle through a fluid. These two properties are used to calculate the Reynolds number (Re) of a particle moving through the atmosphere. Reynolds number is a dimensionless number (i.e. it has no units) that is a measure of the type of flow through a fluid. In the case of falling particles, this describes the way that air flows around the particle. There are three basic types: laminar turbulent An equation for Reynolds number (Re): A review of fluid principles related to particle fall is fundamental to understanding clouds, which consist of particles with low terminal velocities.

76. Interpretations Of Quantum Mechanics And String Theories - Part 4 The vibratory modes of strings appear to us as particles. The great preQM(Quantum mechanics) theories always sprang from such a principle. http://samvak.tripod.com/string04.html

Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics And Superstring Theories By: Dr. Sam Vaknin CLICK HERE to buy "Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited"! Click HERE to buy 80 Frequently Asked Questions about Relationships with Abusive Narcissists As an e-book Including a bibliography, Webliography, and dozens of additional documents! Click HERE to buy "The World of the Narcissist" Essay as an e-book Including a bibliography, Webliography, and dozens of additional documents! Click HERE to buy "Excerpts from the Narcissism List" as an e-book Click HERE to buy "After the Rain - How the West Lost the East" Time Asymmetry Re-Visited (Abstract Only) Anthropic Agents and the Increase of Entropy (Abstract Only) ... The Quantum of Continuity E. Particles Every physical theory postulates physical entities, which are really nothing more than conventions of its formalism. The Standard Model (SM) uses fields. The physical properties of these fields (electric, magnetic, etc.) are very reminiscent of the physical properties of the now defunct pre-relativistic ether. Quantized momenta and energy (i.e., elementary particles) are conveyed as ripples in the field. A distinct field is assigned to each particle. Fields are directional. The SM adds scalar fields (=fields without direction) to account for the (directionless) masses of the particles. But scalar fields are as much a field as their non-scalar brethren. Hence the need to assign to them Higgs particles (bosons) as their quanta. SM is, therefore, an isotropy-preserving Quantum Field Theory (QFT).

77. Publications: Statistical Mechanics Of-nonrelativistic Charged Particles In A Co Statistical mechanics ofnonrelativistic charged particles in a constant magneticfield. GB Standen, DJ Toms, Phys. Rev. E 60, pp.5275-5286 (1999). Abstract. http://www.phys.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/abs110.htm

University of Newcastle Physics Research Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics ... Conference Proceedings Statistical mechanics of-nonrelativistic charged particles in a constant magnetic field G.B. Standen, D.J. Toms, Phys. Rev. E , pp.5275-5286 (1999) Abstract Generated from Web of Science Thu Apr 11 2002 Return to index undergraduate postgraduate research ... Top of Page Page last updated: 11 April 2002 at 09:52 e-mail search home print ... site map webmaster - jerry.hagon@ncl.ac.uk Physics Centre, School of Natural Sciences University of Newcastle upon Tyne

78. Do Sub-atomic Particles Obey Newtons Laws Of Motion? interference of waves. The theory which is able to describe the subatomicparticles is the Quantum mechanics. In Quantum mechanics http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae392.cfm

Not a member yet? Get Free Membership Username: Password: Remember me Forgot your info? Ask the Experts Physics ... Become a Sponsor Question Do sub-atomic particles obey Newtons Laws of motion? Asked by: Robyn Scott Answer In general, the behavior of the sub-atomic particles cannot be described by Netwon's Laws. The basic picture of the Newtonian mechanics can be described as follows. There are particles, with specified positions and velocities, interacting with each other by means of forces. There are several kinds of forces in Nature. These forces can act between two particles, and their strength and direction depend on the positions and the velocities of the particles. Second Newton's Law connects between the forces acting on a particle and the resulting acceleration. Knowledge of the positions and the velocities of all the relevant particles at a specific moment of time allows to predict the positions and the velocities at any other time. The laws which govern the behavior of the sub-atomic particles are completely different. It is impossible to assign a specific position and velocity to a particle. Each particle can be in a superposition of different states, which means that in some sense it is located at the same time in a whole region of space and has a whole range of velocities. If you measure the position (or the velocity) of the particle, you just get one of the values from that range, in random (possibly with different probabilities for each value). However, this is NOT because the particle actually HAD that position and you just hadn't known that, but the particle really HAD a whole range of positions the moment before the measurement. This is something strange and beautiful.

79. Visual Quantum Mechanics - TOC Chapter Summary 3. Free particles. We start our exposition of quantum mechanicswith a derivation of the Schrödinger equation for free particles. http://www.kfunigraz.ac.at/imawww/vqm/pages/chapters/chapter3.html

Previous Index Next Chapter Summary: 3. Free Particles We start our exposition of quantum mechanics with a "derivation" of the Schrödinger equation for free particles. This is just a first step. In realistic situations, particles interact with force fields and other particles and can only be detected through their interaction with some measurement device. Nevertheless, a good understanding of the free motion is important, e.g., for the asymptotic description of interacting particles in scattering experiments. Unlike classical particles, wave packets can neither have a sharp position nor a sharp momentum. The extension of the wave packets in position and momentum space can be described by the uncertainties of position and momentum which satisfy Heisenberg's uncertainty relation. Previous Index Next Created: Oct 15 1998. Last modified: March 20, 2000

80. Classical Statistical Mechanics Classical Statistical mechanics. to make some reasonable estimate about the dynamicalstate of each particle, based on the general properties of the particles. http://www.phy.bme.hu/education/kinetic/theory/statmech.html

Classical Statistical Mechanics To make a statistical analysis of a many-particle system, we have to make some reasonable estimate about the dynamical state of each particle, based on the general properties of the particles. We make this estimate by introducing the concept of the probability of distribution of the particles among the different dynamical states in which they may be found. When we introduce the idea of probability, this does not imply that we assume that the particles move randomly or in a chaotic way, without obeying well-defined laws. The concept of probability arises from our method of estimating the dynamical states of the particles in a system, not from the mechanism by which, as a result of their interactions, the particles of a system are distributed in nature among the possible dynamical states. Hence the validity of the statistical analysis of a many-particle system is directly related to the validity of assumptions concerning the probability distribution of the particles. Microstate, macrostate, distribution, statistical equilibrium

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