41. Times Of Events In Quantum Theory 694, Piron, C. quantum theory without Quantification. 702, Steinmann O. The EPRBingo. Time of Events in quantum theory. gif Ph. Blanchard gif and\ A. Jadczyk gif. http://www.cassiopaea.org/quantum_future/papers/time/time.html

Helvetica Physica Acta In honour of Klaus Hepp and Walter Hunziker The Mathematical Side of the Coin Essays in Mathematical Physics Helvetica Physica Acta Contents Volume 69/No. 5/6 (1996) Pages 613- 992 Basel, December 1996 Papers honouring the 60th birthday of Klaus Hepp and of Walter Hunziker Part I Preface Foundations Blanchard, P, Jadczyk, A. Time of Events in Quantum Theory Choquard, P, Steiner, F. The Story of Van Vleck's and Morette-Van Hoves' Determinants ter Elst, A. E M., Robinson, D. W. Analytic Elements of Lie groups Haag, R. On the lessons of Quantum Physics Henn, V Where Physics Meets Biology Piron, C. Quantum Theory without Quantification Steinmann O. The EPR Bingo Thirring, W. The Histories of Chaotic Quantum Systems Next: Introduction Time of Events in Quantum Theory Ph. Blanchard Faculty of Physics and BiBoS, University of Bielefeld Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroc

42. Student Years, 1920 - 1927: The Old Quantum Theory The BohrSommerfeld quantum theory of the atom proved remarkably successfulfor the simplest case, a hydrogen atom (one electron orbiting a nucleus). http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p05c.htm

Some of the most beautifully drawn diagrams of the quantum orbits of electrons in the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory of various atoms. In the more modern view, the positions of electrons would be shown as a fuzzy cloud. From H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of its Structure (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926) H ow are atoms structured? A n electron in an atom could jump up from one fixed orbit to an orbit of higher energy, but only if it absorbed energy precisely equal to the difference of energy between the orbits. Likewise, an electron could jump down to an open lower-energy orbit by giving off energy precisely equal to the energy drop. These two events are the origins of the so-called absorption and emission spectra of the elementstheir characteristic colors. T he quantum behavior of electrons in atoms contradicted not only the "classical" mechanics of Sir Isaac Newton, but also the classical electromagnetic theory, which was developed in the nineteenth century and was spectacularly successful for describing light and radio waves. Even worse, while an electron orbited in a quantum energy state, it did not radiate away its energy as the electromagnetic theory required. Instead, as Bohr postulated but could not explain, each quantum orbit could be considered a "stationary state," with energy losses or gains occurring only when the electrons jumped between the stationary states. I n 1916, Sommerfeld enhanced

43. Theories With Problems By Keith Mayes Examination of theories in physics from the Big Bang to quantum theory, time travel, superluminal speed and Time itself. http://www.thekeyboard.org.uk

THEORIES WITH PROBLEMS by Keith Mayes The Big Bang, Quantum Mechanics, Relativity, Time, Light Speed, Gravity, Electromagnetism, all have their theories that attempt to explain why these things are the way they are. These theories form part of our understanding of the fundamental laws of the universe, but are of course unable to provide all the answers. All theories have problems in as much they can not be proven to be correct, theories are only theories, not proven laws. They do not necessarily accurately describe the way things really are, they are constructed as a working model that is a useful aid to our understanding, and as a method of predicting future outcomes. When a theory is found to be wrong, it is either discarded, or as is more generally the case, modified, until it again appears to match the observations. A theory, no matter how well it appears to accurately describe any phenomenon, is provisional, it can never be proven to be correct, but it may be proven wrong. It will therefore always be impossible to claim a final theoretical solution to anything. "As being is to becoming, so is truth to belief. If then, Socrates, amid the many opinions about the gods and the generation of the universe, we are not able to give notions which are altogether and in every respect exact and consistent with one another, do not be surprised. Enough if we deduce probabilities as likely as any others; for we must remember that I who am the speaker and you who are the judges are only mortal men". (Plato)

44. Student Years, 1920-1927: The Old Quantum Theory Student Years 19201927 The Old quantum theory. These characteristic quantities,or quanta, of energy made this a quantum theory of the atom. http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p05c_text.htm

Student Years: 1920-1927 The Old Quantum Theory Some of the most beautifully drawn diagrams at that time of the quantum orbits of electrons in the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory of various atoms. Reproduced from H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of its Structure (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926) In 1916, Sommerfeld enhanced the Bohr theory of the atom by introducing non-circular orbits, by allowing quantized orientations of the orbits in space, and by taking into account the relativistic variation in the mass of the electron as it orbited the nucleus at high speed. The Bohr-Sommerfeld quantum theory of the atom proved remarkably successful for the simplest case, a hydrogen atom (one electron orbiting a nucleus). Difficulties began to arise, however, for more complicated atoms in the early 1920s. Next: The Sad Story of Heisenberg's Doctorate Previous: University Student More Info: Heisenberg's First Paper The Old Quantum Theory Home: Exhibit About this Exhibit

45. Quantum Theory Timeline quantum theory timeline. Main Timeline 1913. Niels Bohr succeeds in constructinga theory of atomic structure based on quantum ideas. 1919. http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/other/history/quantumt.html

Quantum Theory timeline At the start of the twentieth century, scientists believed that they understood the most fundamental principles of nature. Atoms were solid building blocks of nature; people trusted Newtonian laws of motion; most of the problems of physics seemed to be solved. However, starting with Einstein's theory of relativity which replaced Newtonian mechanics, scientists gradually realized that their knowledge was far from complete. Of particular interest was the growing field of quantum mechanics, which completely altered the fundamental precepts of physics. Particles discovered 1898 - 1964: Max Planck suggests that radiation is quantized (it comes in discrete amounts.) Albert Einstein , one of the few scientists to take Planck's ideas seriously, proposes a quantum of light (the photon) which behaves like a particle. Einstein's other theories explained the equivalence of mass and energy, the particle-wave duality of photons, the equivalence principle, and special relativity. Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford , scatter alpha particles off a gold foil and observe large angles of scattering, suggesting that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

46. QUANTUM THEORY OF CONSCIOUSNESS© quantum theory OF CONSCIOUSNESS©. EVAN HARRIS WALKER. Walker, Evan Harris, The quantum theory of Psi, Psychoenergetic Systems 3, 259299, 1979. http://users.erols.com/wcri/CONSCIOUSNESS.html

From the Noetic Journal EVAN HARRIS WALKER Walker Cancer Research Institute, Inc. 219 West Bel Air Avenue, Aberdeen Maryland 21001 ABSTRACT This paper is a survey of the theory of consciousness that is based on quantum mechanical electron tunneling effects that occur at synaptic clefts. This paper gives the rationale for the introduction of quantum mechanics into the consciousness problem, and shows how this leads to quantitative results in agreement with experiment. INTRODUCTION The problem of the nature of consciousness, the so-called "hard problem" requires for its solution contributions from many disciplines. These involve topics in philosophy, physics, neurophysiology, and psychology, among others. As a result, the quantum theory of consciousness [Walker, 1970] has had to cover a wide range of subjects that have appeared in widely separated publications. These sources of basic material that develop the overall topic have not been adequately brought together so as to show how the several themes fit together. The purpose here is to outline this theory, and show how these themes fit together. THE PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM The problem of the nature of consciousness has been the central theme of philosophy for some four centuries. Despite these centuries of effort, little progress has been made. Philosophy has singled out alternatives: "monistic" theories and "dualistic" possibilities, but philosophy has provided no resolution of the basic question about the nature of consciousness. For us today, concerned with the scientific problem of explaining the nature of consciousness, these philosophical options of monism and dualism translate into the possibility that consciousness is either simply an aspect of brain functioning, or that in addition to the brain as such, there is something that is extra-physical, something that is mind-like, over and above the strictly physical nature of the brain.

47. A Quantum Theory Of Consciousness Is Consciousness a Quantum Phenomenon? There is Psychology. 7, pp. 7383.Zohar D. (1990), The Quantum Self (Harper Collins London). Pessa http://www.abrupt.org/LOGOS/consc.html

Is Consciousness a Quantum Phenomenon? There is now a more satisfactory range of ideas available [in the field of consciousness studies]... They involve mostly quantum objects called Bose-Einstein condensates (see Marshall , or Zohar ), which may be capable of forming ephemeral but extended structures in the brain ( Pessa ). Marshall's original idea (based on the work of ) was that the condensates which comprise the physical basis of mind, form from activity of vibrating molecules (dipoles) in nerve cell membranes. One of us ( Clarke ) has found theoretical evidence that the distribution of energy levels for such arrays of molecules prevents this happening in the way that Marshall first thought. However, the occurrence of similar condensates centring around the microtubules that are an important part of the structure of every cell, including nerve cells, remains a theoretical possibility ( del Giudice et al. Hameroff has pointed out that single-cell organisms such as 'paramecium' can perform quite complicated actions normally thought to need a brain. He suggests that their 'brain' is in their microtubules. Shape changes in the constituent proteins (tubulin) could subserve computational functions and would involve quantum phenomena of the sort envisaged by del Giudice et al.

48. General Term: Quantum Theory quantum theory. quantum theory grew out of a series of anomaliesin the picture of matter and light offered by Newtonian physics http://www.counterbalance.net/physgloss/qm-body.html

Quantum Theory Quantum theory grew out of a series of anomalies in the picture of matter and light offered by Newtonian physics - in particular associated with black-body radiation, the photo-electric effect , and the need to devise a model of the atom consistent with the newly discovered subatomic particles. Important principles of quantum theory include its statistical nature, and the uncertainty principle which sets a limit on our knowledge of physical systems. The implications of the theory for the nature of reality are much discussed (see Implications of the new physics). Most quantum theorists accept an intrinsic element of probability in fundamental physics, and also the need to see systems as wholes rather than merely dissecting them into their simplest components. Related Topics: Physics The empirical basis for quantum physics lies in such phenomena as blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, the specific heats of solids, the stability of the structure and the emission spectrum of atoms, all of which remained unexplainable in terms of classical physics. In 1901, Max Planck photons Einstein in 1905 explained the photoelectric effect as well as the specific heat two years later. In 1913

49. [hep-ph/0101119] A Status Review Of Inflationary Cosmology The aim of this lecture is to highlight two areas of recent progress in inflationary cosmology, namely reheating and the quantum theory of cosmological perturbations. http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/hep-ph/0101119

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, abstract hep-ph/0101119 A Status Review of Inflationary Cosmology Authors: Robert H. Brandenberger Comments: 20 pages invited lecture at JGRG10, Osaka, Japan, Sept. 11 - 14, 2000, to appear in the proceedings Journal-ref: BROWN-HET-1256 The first aim of this lecture is to highlight two areas of recent progress in inflationary cosmology, namely reheating and the quantum theory of cosmological perturbations. The second aim is to discuss important conceptual problems for the current realizations of inflation based on fundamental scalar matter fields, and to present some new approaches at solving these problems. Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted); CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Links to: arXiv hep-ph find abs

50. The Quantum Theory The quantum theory. The photons''. This was the beginning of the ideaof waveparticle duality and the quantum theory. Previous Next. http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/jhs/strings/str112.html

The Quantum Theory The theory of electromagnetism embodied in Maxwell's equations also conflicted with the understanding of thermodynamics the behavior of systems in thermal equilibrium. In particular, a hot object (a so-called `black-body') emits electromagnetic radiation with a certain well-defined spectrum (intensity as a function of the frequency of the radiation). The problem with this is that if one adds up the energy carried off by radiation at all the different frequencies, the formulas imply that the total is infinite, which is an absurd result. Just before the turn of the century, Max Planck realized that if the energy was emitted in discrete packets (or `quanta'), rather than in a continous distribution, the total energy would be finite. He postulated that radiation of frequency n comes in quanta of energy E = h n , where h is a fundamental constant of nature, known as Planck's constant. The individual quanta of light are called ``photons''. This was the beginning of the idea of wave-particle duality and the quantum theory. Previous Next

51. The Math Forum - Math Library - Quantum Theory comprehensive catalog of Web sites and Web pages relating to the studyof mathematics. This page contains sites relating to quantum theory. http://mathforum.org/library/topics/quantum/

52. International Quantum Theory Group http://www.ph.utexas.edu/~bohmwww/

International Quantum Theory Group Austin Valladolid Mexico City Brussels People Research Courses Publications ... Conferences Office: RLM 9.324 Telephone: (512) 471-5291 FAX: (512) 471-4888 email: bohmwww@physics.utexas.edu Department of Physics The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712-1081 The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics for the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve. -E.P. Wigner from ``The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences'' in Symmetries and Reflections , (Oxbow Press, Woodbridge, Conn., 1979), p. 237. For other interesting physics and mathematics quotes go to Quotes Research Areas Time Asymmetry in Quantum Mechanics Representations of Groups and Semigroups in Quantum Mechanics Mathematical Physics in the Rigged Hilbert Space Quantum Geometric Phases and Applications to Bound and Resonance States For more about our research interests go to Research Principal Investigators Arno Bohm (Austin, Texas)

53. Quantum Philosophy LEONARD MANDEL at the University of Rochester used parametric downconverterCategory Society Philosophy Seeds and Escapes...... Still,quantum theory has deeply disturbing implications.For one,it shatteredtraditional notions of causality.The elegant equation devised by Erwin http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/qphil.html

web hosting domain names email addresses related sites Quantum Philosophy by John Horgan New experiments - real and imagined - are probing ever more deeply into the surreal quantum realm COSMIC THOUGHT EXPERIMENT calls for measuring individual photons from a quasar whose image has been split in two by a galaxy acting as a "gravitational lens." In a sense, the way the experiment is carried out now determines whether each photon -billions of years ago - acted like a particle, going one way or the other around the galaxy and ending up in one of the two detectors (a and b),or like a wave, going both ways around the galaxy and generating an interference pattern (c). In ancient Greece, Plato tried to think an talk his way to the truth in extended dialogues with his disciples.Today physicists such as Leonard Mandel of the University of Rochester operate in a somewhat different fashion.He and his students,who are more likely to wear t-shirts and laser proof goggles than robes and sandals,spend countless hours bent over a large metal table trying to align a laser with a complex network of mirrors,lenses, beam splitters and light detectors. Plato Yet the questions they address in their equipment-jammed laboratory are no less profound than those contemplated by Plato in his grassy glade.What are the limits of human knowledge? Is the physical world shaped in some sense by our perception of it? Is there an element of randomness in the universe,or are all events predetermined?

54. Växjö University: Quantum Theory: Reconsideration Of Foundations quantum theory reconsideration of foundations. Invited speakers The mainaim of this Conference is to reconsider foundations of quantum theory. http://www.msi.vxu.se/aktuellt/konferens/quantumtheory.html

Konferenser Medel att söka About MSI Study programmes ... To Växjö University Quantum Theory: reconsideration of foundations. International Conference: 2001: June 17-21 International Center for Mathematical Modeling [in physics, technique and cognitive sciences], Vaxjo University, Sweden Organizing committee: Christopher Fuchs (Bell Labs), Pekka Lahti (Turku ), Andrei Khrennikov (Växjö). Invited speakers: The main aim of this Conference is to reconsider foundations of quantum theory. The following problems will be discussed during the Conference: 1). Analys of the creation of the quantum formalism 2). Interpretations of wave function, relation to foundations of probability theory. 3). Superposition principle. 4). Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment: a) Quantum mechanics not complete? b) Objective realism, contextualism (empiricism) or nonlocality? 5) Bell's inequality: realism/nonlocality? 6) Bell's inequality: nonexistence of probability distributions. a) Incompatible observables. b) Ensemble fluctuations.

55. Karl Popper Philosopher of science, author of quantum theory and the Schism in Physics http://www.santafe.edu/~shalizi/notebooks/popper.html

Notebooks Karl Popper, 19021994 (Sat Oct 24 23:36:56 1998) Austrian-English philosopher, dead, alas, just as I began these notebooks. Popper was primarily a philosopher of science; his system, that of ``conjectures and refutations,'' of falsification, was elegant, coherent, and basically right-headed. Similar to that of such earlier methodologists as William Whewell and Claude Bernard (as Popper was among the first to admit), it was one of only three which, in this century, actual scientists have bothered to pay attention to, and easily the best of them, both in its intellectual quality and its effects. (The other two were the system of Kuhn, who set out to turn Popper upside down; and Machian positivism and its descendants, including the Vienna Circle of logical positivists , who Popper hung out with, but on many important points disagreed with. Positivism was restrictive but, aside from encouraging the behaviorists, mostly harmless; the latter, through no fault of Kuhn's own, has led to no good at all. - Of course, many scientists have been forced to pay attention to dialectical materialism, but on purely prudential, not intellectual, grounds; that doesn't count.) Even now, querying scientists about what they're up to is very likely to provoke more or less Popperian responses. That said, there are enough problems with it that I, for one, can't really accept it, and there are very few proper Popperians left among professional philosophers of science. On the other hand, his critism of such pretenders to scientific status as Marxism, the ``sociology of knowledge'' and, especially

56. Quantum Theory - A Whatis Definition quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the natureand behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. http://www.whatis.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci332247,00.html

Search our IT-specific encyclopedia for: or jump to a topic: Choose a topic... CIO CRM Databases Domino Enterprise Linux IBM S/390 IBM AS/400 Networking SAP Security Solaris Storage Systems Management Visual Basic Web Services Windows 2000 Windows Manageability Advanced Search Browse alphabetically: A B C D ... General Computing Terms quantum theory Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. In 1900, physicist Max Planck presented his quantum theory to the German Physical Society. Planck had sought to discover the reason that radiation from a glowing body changes in color from red, to orange, and, finally, to blue as its temperature rises. He found that by making the assumption that energy existed in individual units in the same way that matter does, rather than just as a constant electromagnetic wave - as had been formerly assumed - and was therefore quantifiable , he could find the answer to his question. The existence of these units became the first assumption of quantum theory. Planck wrote a mathematical equation involving a figure to represent these individual units of energy, which he called

57. Whiteheadian Process And Quantum Theory Of Mind August 4 th , 1998 Whiteheadian Process and quantum theory of Mind*. HenryP. Stapp**. This is the famous statistical element in quantum theory. http://members.aol.com/Mszlazak/WhiteheadQT.html

August 4 th Whiteheadian Process and Quantum Theory of Mind* Henry P. Stapp** * Invited paper: Silver Anniversary International Whitehead Conference, Claremont, Califonia, August 4-9, 1998. ** Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. University of California. Berkeley, California 94720 Henry Stapp's web site. Responses to this paper. Abstract There are deep similarities between Whitehead's idea of the process by which nature unfolds and the ideas of quantum theory. Whitehead says that the world is made of 'actual occasions', each of which arises from potentialities created by prior actual occasions. These actual occasions are 'happenings' modeled on experiential events, each of which comes into being and then perishes, only to be replaced by a successor. It is these experience-like 'happenings' that are the basic realities of nature, according to Whitehead, not the persisting physical particles that Newtonian physics took be the basic entities. Similarly, Heisenberg says that what is really happening in a quantum process is the emergence of an 'actual' from potentialities created by prior actualities. In the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory the actual things to which the theory refer are increments in 'our knowledge'. These increments are experiential events. The particles of classical physics lose their fundamental status: they dissolve into diffuse clouds of possibilities. At each stage of the unfolding of nature the complete cloud of possibilities acts like the potentiality for the occurrence of a next increment in knowledge, whose occurrence can radically change the cloud of possibilities/potentialities for the still-later increments in knowledge.

58. Superstring And M-Theory Page -Relativity, Quantum Theory, Theoretical Physics http://www.superstring-theory.com/

Superstring Theory and M-Theory Deutsche Version English Version Click here for the main page in English Webpage by Markus Basan and Claus Basan MTB28984@aol.de Newfoundland Page Web design

59. Welcome To Prof. Dr. Rati Ram Sharma's Web Site Site rectifies errors of Relativity,quantum theory,Uncertainty Principle,theories of Quarks,Expanding Universe,Darwin theory.Opposes existence of Higgs Boson,weak charge.Gives scientific bases of Homeopathy,spirituality. http://www.geocities.com/drratiram_sharma/index.html

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60. Superstring And M-Theory Page -Relativity, Quantum Theory, Theoretical Physics 3. What is Relativity? 4. What is the quantum theory? 5. quantum theory andRelativity in comparison. 6. Details about Superstring and MTheory. http://www.superstring-theory.com/EnglishVersion.html

Superstring Theory and M-Theory 1. Historical Introduction 2. What are Superstring Theory and M-Theory? 3. What is Relativity? 4. What is the Quantum Theory? ... 7. Links to other Web Sites Books: Elegant Universe by Brian Greene (exellent book covering all of these topics, highly recommended for beginners as well as experts on these topics) Buy it! Visions: How Science Will Revolutionize the 21. Century (interesting look into the future) The Pleasure of Finding Things Out (Richard Feynman at his best: his views on many subjects) back Wissenschaft, science, history of physics, Geschichte der Physik, Elegant Universe, Elegante Universum, Brian Greene, Schwarz, Green, Maxwell, Heisenberg, Fermi, Weinberg, Gell-Mann, Superstring Revolution, superstring revolution, Newton, matter, Materie, Elektron, Proton, electron, proton, electromagnetic, force, weak, strong, gravitation, vibrations, Wechselwirkung, stark, schwach, dimension, Dimension, light, Licht, Wellen, wave, field theory, Feldtheorie, photon, Photon, acceleration, spin, path integral, uncertainty principle, Bohm, QED, Misner, Wheeler, quantum foam, Planck, wrapping, 11 dimensions, Calabi, Yau, universe, Universum, galaxy, Galaxie, laser, nuclear power, nucleus, fusion, fission, Kaku, Polchinski

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