61. Archaeoastronomy archaeoastronomy. The doorways. archaeoastronomy is the anthropologyof astronomy , to distinguish it from the history of astronomy . http://www.crystalinks.com/archaeoastronomy.html

ARCHAEOASTRONOMY The study of Archaeoastronomy is a cross disciplinary approach which examines the mythology, religion and world views of prehistoric and ancient cultures through the means of their astronomical practices. It is the study of the study of contemporary native astronomies. In examining the observations of such peoples, it is possible to gain a certain insight into the ways in which they constructed their own universes and therefore provide a more holistic understanding of the means and motivations of the culture as a whole. The astronomical inquiry of the ancients must be looked upon as a mechanism of observation and prediction which closely tied them to their environments, depending upon various cultural, religious and mythological bases for validation in the process. Early man was aware of the movements of celestial bodies in the heavens, especially the Sun. The ancients were also aware that everything ran in cycles of time - hence they invented celestial calendars - observatories - to mark these annual periods of time - significant horizontal astronomical events. These ancient people were known as the Megalitgic Stone Builders who lived on the planet 5,000 years ago. The remnants of their achievements can be found throughout the planet especially where the power

62. Center For Archaeoastronomy: A&E News Archive The online archive of past issues of archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy News, newsletter of ISAAC. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ae.html

Center for Archaeoastronomy Main Page NEWS Find Out More What is Archaeoastronomy? More About the Center for Archaeoastronomy More About ISAAC Publications of the Center ... Lost Codex Used Book Sale Outside Links Archaeoastronomy Archaeology Astronomy History of Science ... Museums Archive Center for Archaeoastronomy and ISAAC . The newsletter provided subscribers with the latest news in archaeoastronomy, including conference dates, new books and web sites, and upcoming events at the Center. An online news page Past Issues of The Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy News : Number 1, September Equinox 1991 Editorial (about the new newsletter) by John Carlson : Number 2, December Solstice 1991 : Number 3, March Equinox 1992 To the Limits (native american moon watching), by David Dearborn : Number 7 March Equinox 1993 Ethnoastronomy, by Claire (Ginger) Farrer : Number 8 June Solstice 1993 Teaching Archaeoastronomy, by David Dearborn : Number 9 September Equinox 1993 Beyond Alignments, by Ron Hicks : Number 10 June Solstice 1992 Studying Astronomies in Cultures, by Stephen C. McCluskey

63. Archaeoastronomy archaeoastronomy. Links to interesting archaeoastronomy sites. Simon Schuster,1996. archaeoastronomy Elsewhere. Parsamian, ES archaeoastronomy in Armenia. http://ucsub.colorado.edu/~allenu/Astro/ArchaeoAstro.html

Archaeoastronomy Links to interesting archaeoastronomy sites From these sites one can get to quite a few pages, so I think I'll leave the list short. A word of caution for those interested in archaeoastronomy on the Web- there are quite a few fringe pages that show up under a general search. People into geomancy in particular seem to have Web pages. While these pages can make for really entertaining reading, they're probably not the best sources to quote in a term paper... Native American Archaeological Resources on the Internet Calendars and Archaeoastronomy ArchNet Rabbit in the Moon A fun Mayan-archaeology related page with nice glyph pictures. Universidad de Guadalajara: los Azteca List of References Below is a list of references which may be useful to those interested in archaeoastronomy in the Americas. Some entries refer to which library at University of Colorado has the book in question. I don't necessarily endorse all of the books below as scholarly works- some are more "general public"-oriented, some seem a little exaggerated in the extent of their claims, and some I haven't even read - but they are a good place to start reading. Coe's books are extremely accessible; no specialized knowledge is required to read them. Winning the prize for the most entertaining would have to be Krupp's In Search of Ancient Astronomies . Krupp spends a fair amount of time debunking fringe work like that of van Daniken and Velikovsky. Reading about the theories that these guys put forward is quite a lot of fun for physicists, astronomers or anyone with a fairly logical mind.

64. Archaeoastronomy archaeologic.com/archaeoastronomy, archaeoastronomy.com information and productsabout solar alignments and ancient astronomical observatories and monuments. http://archaeologic.com/archaeoastronomy.htm

archaeologic.com/ Archaeoastronomy Want to go on a dig? Students/volunteers wanted for dig in Belize! ARCHAEOLOGY PORTAL THE GREAT PLAZA ADD OR CHANGE A LINK ... SITE INDEX We've been reading... Featured Partners: Zooarchaeology and Taphonomy Consulting ... Books General Links Ancient Astronomical Cosmology Archaeoastronomy.com - information and products about solar alignments and ancient astronomical observatories and monuments. The Center for Archaeoastronomy, University of Maryland Database of Selected Bibliographical References on Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy, Tulane University, Department of Anthropology National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Time and Fequency Planetarium and Sky Simulation Software listings, University of Arizona ... Prehispanic Calendars Calendar Converters Aztec Calendar Dates Converter, by José Baeza Guerra Aztec Calendar, includes online calendar converter Online Maya Calendar Converter, by Rafael Alvarado, Princeton University Books HOME ARCHAEOLOGY PORTAL THE GREAT PLAZA ADD/CHANGE LINKS ... ADVERTISE ArchaeoLogic Communications. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

65. Prof C.L.N. Ruggles: School Of Archaeology And Ancient History: University Of Le Announcement of the conference at Leicester, UK. http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/rug/SEAC03/index.html

School of Archaeology and Ancient History SEAC 2003: The future of archaeoastronomy Leicester, 11-12 August 2003 The 2003 SEAC meeting is being held in the University of Leicester, United Kingdom, to follow on from the meeting being held in Oxford. This is not a full SEAC meeting. At the 2002 AGM in Tartu it was decided not to organise scientific sessions in 2003, as there are proposed archaeoastronomy/ethnoastronomy sessions at the World Archaeological Congress (WAC-5) in Washington DC in June, at the International Astronomical Union (IAU) General Assembly in Sydney in July, and at the 51st International Congress of Americanists in Chile, also in July, not to mention a considerable overlap of interest with INSAP. Instead, this short meeting will highlight the role of young people in archaeoastronomy through two special sessions: Young archaeoastronomers . Archaeoastronomers under the age of 30(-ish), including research students or others doing research in the field, are invited to give presentations on their work. Come and meet established people in the field and make international contacts! Proposals for presentations in this session should be made to Clive Ruggles (rug@le.ac.uk) as soon as possible. An abstract of 200-300 words will be required by 1 April 2003.

66. Archaeoastronomy Advertisement. archaeoastronomy Guide picks. archaeoastronomy and EthnoastronomyNews Complete issues beginning with the first newsletter in 1991 through 1998. http://archaeology.about.com/cs/archaeoastronomy/

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Archaeology Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Archaeology with K. Kris Hirst Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Archaeology Glossary Book Catalog Guide to Graduate Schools ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Archaeoastronomy Guide picks Ancient time keeping Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy News Complete issues beginning with the first newsletter in 1991 through 1998. Archaeoastronomy Web Sites An online website, built here for About.com by David Dearborn of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. Archaeoastronomy An interview with David Dearborn. Bibliographic Resource Material From David Dearborn Brickell Site May be an observatory, according to one theory. Class Resource Material Part of a website by David Dearborn Shaw Butte Hilltop A virtual visit to a tiny rockshelter in the Shaw Butte, decorated with Hohokam petroglyphs and thought to be an astronomical observatory, from Todd Bostwick and Stan Plum. Stonehenge: The Online Bibliography From Chris Woodford of Archaeologists and Development, the quintessential observatory.

67. Archaeoastronomy Web Sources - Archaeology archaeoastronomy Web Sites. © David Dearborn Lawrence of science. Theyinclude an excellent list of links to archaeoastronomy sites. These http://archaeology.about.com/blastrolinks.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Archaeology Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Archaeology with K. Kris Hirst Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Archaeology Glossary Book Catalog Guide to Graduate Schools ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Archaeoastronomy Web Sites © David Dearborn Lawrence Livermore Laboratory ddearborn@llnl.gov Interview with Dr. Dearborn Courses in Archaeoastronomy Bibliography of Archaeoastronomy Index General Sites Coming Conferences Regional Miscellaneous ... Miscellaneous History General Sites The Center for Archaeoastronomy: Publishing the journal Archaeoastronomy , and the newsletter Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy News . This site includes an index of past issues, selected essays, and subscription information http://www.wam.umd.edu/~tlaloc/archastro/ History of Astronomy: A general History of Astronomy pages, this site contains information as well as links to other servers devoted to the history of astronomy and to related topics in general history of science. They include an excellent list of links to archaeoastronomy sites. These pages are maintained by the Working Group for the History of Astronomy in the Astronomische Gesellschaft. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/hist_astr/ha_items_archaeo.html

68. Stonehenge - Information, Pictures Of Stonehenge In England, Legends Of Merlin, How does Stonehenge play an intricate part in the science of archaeoastronomy? TODAYToday the field of archaeoastronomy is actively studied in Western Europe. http://www.christiaan.com/stonehenge/info/misc_info/archaeoastronomy/

Home Ebook Students Tourists ... Other Structures Saturday, March 22nd, 2003 - 03:53:44 pm PST How does Stonehenge play an intricate part in the science of Archaeoastronomy? WHAT IS IT? Archaeoastronomy is an interdisciplinary field that relates archaeology, anthropology, and mythology with astronomy. It is sometimes called historical astronomy. It is a science that concerns the recovery and study of evidence of the astronomical beliefs and practices of ancient or preliterate peoples. It requires the collaboration of archaeologists, astronomers, and other specialists, for the evidence is often subtle and subject to diverse interpretations. The Archaeoastronomer wants to gain insight into the intellectual achievements of cultures: The builders of megaliths (stone monuments) that have astronomical orientations. The makers of glyphs (symbolic figures) that have astronomical significance. Archaeoastronomical findings may also be of value to astronomers in documenting ancient celestial events. Three related terms are used to refer to specialized areas of the field: Astroarchaeology and megalithic astronomy generally concern the measurement and astronomical interpretation of architectural structures of prehistoric origin, such as Stonehenge.

69. ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHAEOASTRONOMY AND ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS ARCHAEOLOGY, archaeoastronomy AND ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS. the Resurrection.Go to archaeoastronomy, ASTROLOGY AND ANCIENT EGYPT. http://howardmj.freeyellow.com/

ARCHAEOLOGY, ARCHAEOASTRONOMY AND ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS HOU UPDATE - JULY 2001 - All updates and information are being transferred to AMBILAC-UK - here you will find all the current updates, link to all our articles, including the earlier "hard to get" articles, Egypt and Nepal study tours and much more - link to http://ambilac-uk.tripod.com for further information. This site and all its pages will continue to run for your convenience so as to link to all the useful links, but all future updates will be on AMBILAC-UK UPDATE - Alison Moroney in Australia has revamped her website, ARCHAEOASTRONOMY, ASTROLOGY AND ANCIENT EGYPT (Link below) and is well worth a visit, especially the article on the Important stars in 4420 BC, and Jesus, osiris and the resurrection - The astrology of the Resurrection. Go to - ARCHAEOASTRONOMY, ASTROLOGY AND ANCIENT EGYPT FOR A STEP BY STEP PICTORIAL GUIDE TO THE UNCOVERING OF THE TOMB OF OSIRIS - GO TO THE LINK BELOW - ORBIT'S GUIDE The REAL TRUTH starts here. Go now to AMBILAC SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH 4th.January 2000

70. Archaeoastronomy archaeoastronomy. archaeoastronomy is the practical use of astronomyas it applies to early cultures. It is of interest to astronomers http://www.astronomy.org/astronomy-survival/archae.html

Table of Contents Archaeoastronomy Equitorial Coordinates Understanding the Seasons Questions Intro to Astronomy ... Sky Literacy Archaeoastronomy Archaeoastronomy is the practical use of astronomy as it applies to early cultures. It is of interest to astronomers and archaeologists because it encompasses the study of astronomical principles employed in ancient works of architecture (sometimes referred to as astroarchaeology) as well as the practice of astronomy and methods of observations among ancient peoples. ORIGINS OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS The importance of astronomy to all ancient cultures stemmed from a practical need to establish a precise method for telling time, monitoring agricultural events, performing religious ceremonies, and regulating governmental activities. Early people discovered that the systematic progression of the seasons was matched to the rhythmic motions of the heavens, and that the sky was a far more accurate indicator of these cycles than making systematic observations of the weather. People realized that the movement of the sun across the sky could fix the day and its divisions, while the changing phases of the moon established the month ("moonth" in Old English). By observing the rising or setting of a specific star when near the sun (heliacal rising or setting), the year could be defined. And, because there were seven objects which moved against the starry background; five planets, the moon, and the sun, the popular notion of the week came to fore.

71. Archaeoastronomy Or Astroarchaeology - What Is It? alignments and cairns in Scotland, archaeoastronomy. A short backgrounddescription of archeoastronomy, also called astroarchaeology. http://www.stonesofwonder.com/archaeoa.htm

ARCHAEOASTRONOMY A short background description of archeoastronomy, also called astro-archaeology. Books to Buy Stones of Wonder QUICK LINKS ... HOME PAGE INTRODUCTION WATCHING THE SUN, MOON AND STARS THE MONUMENTS THE PEOPLE AND THE SKY BACKGROUND ARCHAEOASTRONOMY USING THE SITE DESCRIPTION PAGES VISITING THE SITES THE LEY LINE MYSTERY THE SITES ARGYLL AND ARRAN MID AND SOUTH SCOTLAND NORTH AND NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND WESTERN ISLES AND MULL Data DATES OF EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES, 1997 to 2030 AD DATES OF MIDSUMMER AND MIDWINTER FULL MOONS, 1997 to 2030 AD POSTSCRIPT Individual Site References ... Contact me at : pollrw55@es.co.nz The investigation of the astronomical potential of prehistoric megalithic sites is not a field which has particular appeal to modern archaeologists in Scotland or England. The main reason for this is possibly that the subject requires some skills and interests which are outside those generally possessed by the archaeological community. Another reason is that archaeology has never developed the prestige and authority of other professions. Consequently lay people and interested outsiders from other fields feel free to offer their ideas and opinions about archaeological subjects to professional archaeologists in a way that they would never do about conveyancing to a lawyer or about caries to a dentist. Archaeologists can find this annoying.

72. Stones Of Wonder - Other Archaeoastronomy And Archaeology Links And Resources archaeoastronomy astro archaeology and Scottish archaeology links. Links to archaeoastronomypages, Scottish archaeology pages and other sites of interest. http://www.stonesofwonder.com/links.htm

Archaeoastronomy - astro archaeology and Scottish archaeology links Archaeoastronomy and Scottish archaeology links and resources; ancient astronomy links; plus free astronomical software links and recommendations Books to Buy Stones of Wonder QUICK LINKS ... HOME PAGE INTRODUCTION WATCHING THE SUN, MOON AND STARS THE MONUMENTS THE PEOPLE AND THE SKY BACKGROUND ARCHAEOASTRONOMY USING THE SITE DESCRIPTION PAGES VISITING THE SITES THE LEY LINE MYSTERY THE SITES ARGYLL AND ARRAN MID AND SOUTH SCOTLAND NORTH AND NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND WESTERN ISLES AND MULL Data DATES OF EQUINOXES AND SOLSTICES, 1997 to 2030 AD DATES OF MIDSUMMER AND MIDWINTER FULL MOONS, 1997 to 2030 AD POSTSCRIPT Individual Site References ... Contact me at : pollrw55@es.co.nz Links to archaeoastronomy pages, Scottish archaeology pages and other sites of interest Scotland RCAHMS - CANMORE.

73. Archaeoastronomy And The Search For Ancient Observatories archaeoastronomy AND THE SEARCH FOR ANCIENT OBSERVATORIES. by LyndsayKyker. With the What is archaeoastronomy? archaeoastronomy is http://www.uiowa.edu/~anthro/webcourse/lost/projects97/Archae.html

ARCHAEOASTRONOMY AND THE SEARCH FOR ANCIENT OBSERVATORIES by Lyndsay Kyker With the emergence of Archaeoastronomy over the past few decades, the sciences have been presented with a unique opportunity to delve into the basis of ancient studies through the study of astronomical phenomenon. Beginning with the groundbreaking interpretations of Harvard astronomist Gerald Hawkins in reference to astronomical alignments at Stonehenge in England, the field has expanded greatly to encompass pre-historic cultures on a global basis. Once thought to be 'savages' incapable of actively engaging in the world of 'science' we are finding that Old World and New World cultures alike shared a vested interest in astronomy and the regularity of prediction to be gained from their knowledge of the night skies. The derivative cultures being accessed through the remnants they have left behind possess powerful and unique identities and eschatologies, constructing their universes in drastically different ways than perhaps even their closest neighbors. While many of the structures which have been documented over the years as being used in some capacity for astronomical observation, and which often times share the same alignments and impart meaning on the same events such as solstice or equinox, those responsible for their construction may have had very different reasons for doing so, based on their own world views and cultural values.

74. Cultural Astronomy /Archaeoastronomy /Ethnoastronomy References Cultural Astronomy / archaeoastronomy / Ethnoastronomy References. Whilesome of Hawaiians. Books archaeoastronomy. Prehistoric Astronomy http://casswww.ucsd.edu/personal/ron/cultural_astronomy.html

Cultural Astronomy / Archaeoastronomy / Ethnoastronomy References While some of the books, articles and web sites presented here have to do with archaeoastronomy, my main interest in compiling this list is with cultural astronomy - the impact of the cosmos on the culture (religions, traditions, folklore, belief systems, development, art forms, etc.) of various peoples rather than the practical problems of how they might have measured positions per se. Submissions/corrections/suggestions are welcome. History: 1998 Dec 19 - added links to culture and folklore sites 1998 Jul 23 - added McDonald, Edwards, Simon and Stott references Books Books - General Beyond the Blue Horizon (myths and legends of the Sun, Moon, stars and planets) by E.C. Krupp Harper Collins Publishers 1991 ISBN 0-06-015653-8 The Sky - Mystery, Magic and Myth by Jean-Pierre Verdet Harry N. Abrams, Publishers ISBN 0-8109-2873-6 The Orion Book of the Sky by Jean-Claude Pecker Orion Press, New York 1960 Conversation with the Planets (how science and myth invented the cosmos) by Anthony Aveni Times Books 1992 ISBN 0-8129-1975-0 Books - Constellations Tales of the Constellations (the myths and legends of the night sky) by Marianne McDonald Michael Friedman Publishing 1996 ISBN 0-8317-7277-8 120 pages Celestial Charts (antique maps of the heavens) by Carole Stott Smithmark Publishing 1995 ISBN 0-8317-1322-4 128 pages, color depictions (unfortunately spread across 2 pages)

75. BOOKS - ARCHAEOASTRONOMY archaeoastronomy. Megalithic sites in Britain A Thom The book that introduced theMegafithic Yard and archaeoastronomy to the archaeological world. Excellent. http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~aburnham/book/astro.htm

ARCHAEOASTRONOMY Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland - Clive Ruggles Hardcover - 288 pages (June 1999) Yale Very readable and in-depth guide to archaeoastronomy in the British Isles Read my review Stonehenge: Neolithic Man and The Cosmos John North This book combines meticulous attention to the latest archaeological surveys with a profound knowledge of the heavens as they were many millennia ago to establish the function of the stones on Salisbury Plain and what we can know of the religion that caused the to be erected. Publisher: Harper Collins. Paperback. 609pp. 16cm by 23cm. ISBN 0002558505. Only Original Price £12.99 - a saving of over 50% Stonehenge - Robin Heath Stonehenge - Robin Heath 64 pages. Softback. 125 x 155 mm. All Recycled. Wooden Books Eclipses, sacred geometry, ancient culture and stunning engravings are packed into this beautifully produced, 100% recycled small volume. Robin Heath has a unique viewpoint on the subject - we saw him give a fascinating talk and demonstration to the Ley Hunter Moot.

76. Archaeoastronomy archaeoastronomy is broadly, the study of ancient (pretechnological) mankind’sawareness of celestial phenomena and its influence on their societies. http://www.missouri.edu/~physwww/astronomy_one/html/archaeoastronomy.html

Clive Ruggles , Leicester University, England. Archaeoastronomy is broadly, the study of ancient (pre-technological) mankind’s awareness of celestial phenomena and its influence on their societies. Modern society is very much removed from nature city lights, etc., obscure the skies. Lifestyles, too, place people indoors, not outdoors. Modern citizens thus have very little awareness of the many celestial phenomena which are readily apparent to any naked eye observer. Those phenomena beginning with the most obvious and progressing to those which would require longer periods of observation to recognize include the following: Changing lunar phases. To an outdoor people without artificial illumination, the moon is very important for night illumination. Its changing phases are very obvious over a four week period. The daily cycle of light and dark. I list this second as the night-day cycle is such an intimate part of life that its astronomical basis can be easily overlooked. The north-south movement of the sun. Over the course of the year this gives us the phenomena of the solstices and equinoxes as well as the progression of the seasons. This correlates with the life/death cycle of summer (abundance from crops, foraging, hunting) and winter (scarcity).

77. Archaeoastronomy In The American Southwest archaeoastronomy in the American Southwest. Special CPLUHNA essay byBryan C. Bates. Knowledge of celestial patterns and the attribution http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/People/sw_archaeoastronomy.htm

Search the CP-LUHNA Web pages Paleoindian and Archaic Peoples Anasazi Archaeological Treasures Archaeoastronomy ... Anglo Settlement Archaeoastronomy in the American Southwest Special CP-LUHNA essay by Bryan C. Bates Knowledge of celestial patterns and the attribution of those powers to different gods may have migrated along migratory and trade routes throughout the American Southwest. At Chaco Canyon in northwestern New Mexico, several calendar systems have been documented with numerous connections to the culture. At the Great Kiva, Casa Rinconada, the summer solstice sun rises through a window and cast light into a cubbyhole across the axis of this ceremonial chamber. There is a question as to whether the alignment was intentionally created by the ancient Chacoans as the Park Service reconstructed the window in the 1940s. Second, the Equinox sun rises over the eastern cliff and splits the Kiva into two equal halves, symbolic of the Equinox ceremony known amongst some of the Puebloan people . Elsewhere

78. A Primer On The Evolution Of Astronomical Calendars to the Gods such that life maybe sustained amongst their culture.Follow this link to archaeoastronomy in the American Southwest. http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/Tools/archaeoastronomy.htm

Search the CP-LUHNA Web pages ARCHAEOLOGICAL Archaeoastronomy BIOLOGICAL Packrat Middens Amphibians and Reptiles Arthropods Birds ... Pollen CHRONOLOGICAL Dendrochronology Fire Scars Radiocarbon Dating Other Techniques GEOGRAPHICAL GIS Remote Sensing GEOLOGICAL Stratigraphic Sediments Geomorphology Volcanism Glaciers HISTORICAL Land Surveys Written Histories Repeat Photography Stream Gaging A Primer on the Evolution of Astronomical Calendars A special CP-LUHNA essay by Bryan C. Bates In the world of nature, light is known to stimulate numerous biological activities. Coral reefs initiate their reproductive frenzy with the full moon following the summer solstice. Flowers track the pathway of the transiting sun, gathering the electromagnetic energy for metabolic and reproductive purposes. Bees vibrate through a complicated dance angled to the sun that conveys the exact location of pollen while accounting for the time of sun transit. Birds use the migration of the sunrise and solar pathway as one of their radar sensors in the thousand mile migrations between continents. Humans have also been using the changes in celestial sphere as a mechanism for determining when to conduct certain ceremonial-survival activities. Over 7000 years ago, humans in the Nile Valley laid out large stones to mark the changing solar and lunar positions. This site is the earliest known purposeful construct of a calendar system developed by humans. What may well have preceded is the evolution of myths and stories that helped early agriculturalist transition from a migratory hunter-gatherer society to a sedentary agrarian society. Evidence for such a transition can be gleaned from the Fertile Crescent giving rise to the Babylonian Empire several hundred years later. Hundreds of years later, pyramids on the Gaza Desert rise in alignment with constellations known to the Pharaohs to provide wisdom, power and longevity. As impressive as the mathematics and astronomy of this civilization may seem, much more science lies within the cryptic writings of the ancient astronomers.

79. Astroarch FATHER of archaeoastronomy. It is well known that many great archaeologicalsites, for instance, the temples in Egypt and Stonehenge http://www-solar.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~clare/Lockyer/astroarch.html

FATHER of ARCHAEOASTRONOMY It is well known that many great archaeological sites, for instance, the temples in Egypt and Stonehenge in England all have astronomical connections. These connections, however, were not known until Lockyer whilst visiting Greece in 1890 noticed that numerous ancient temples were aligned along an east-west axis. He hypothesised that this was because their foundations were laid to align with the rise of the Sun on that day. To test his hypothesis he studied Karnac one of the great temples in Egypt and published his results in ``The Dawn of Astronomy'' 1894. He continued this work investigating sunrise alignments on many other ancient temples and even tried to use this idea to date Stonehenge! Unfortunately his method was flawed and so his answer of 1680 BC is not correct. It is now known that the heel stones at Stonehenge were laid in about 2150 BC. Lockyer's belief that Stonehenge and other stone circles had astronomical purposes has been the primary impetus behind the research of this area in the twentieth century. For this reason he has been called the "father of achaeoastronomy." Lockyers method of trying to date Stonehenge.

80. Introduction To Archaeoastronomy Astronomy, archaeoastronomy, aerial imaging,cdrom production, consulting, education. http://www.dakotacom.net/~api/page19.html

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