1. Introduction To The Arthropoda The Arthropods, the largest animal phylum, includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and others. Comprehensive information from UCBerkeley website. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropoda.html

Introduction to the Arthropoda . . . the REAL rulers of the Earth. . . B y nearly any measure, the most successful animals on the planet are the arthropods. They have conquered land, sea and air, and make up over three-fourths of all currently known living and fossil organisms, or over one million species in all. Since many arthropod species remain undocumented or undiscovered, especially in tropical rain forests, the true number of living arthropod species is probably in the tens of millions. One recent conservative estimate puts the number of arthropod species in tropical forests at 6 to 9 million species (Thomas, 1990). Arthropods range in distribution from the deep sea to mountain peaks, in size from the king crab with its 12-foot armspan to microscopic insects and crustaceans , and in taste from chocolate covered ants to crawfish jambalaya and lobster Newburg. Despite this unbelievable diversity, the basic body plan of arthropods is fairly constant. Arthropods have a stiff cuticle made largely of chitin and proteins, forming an exoskeleton that may or may not be further stiffened with calcium carbonate. They have segmented bodies and show various patterns of segment fusion (

2. Phylum Arthropoda Philip Myers's introduction to Phylum arthropoda, from the Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/arthropoda.html

The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web About us ... Glossary Phylum Arthropoda Arthropods include an incredibly diverse group of taxa such as insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, and centipedes. There are far more species of arthropods than species in all other phyla combined, and the number of undescribed species in the largest assemblage of arthropods, the insects, probably numbers in the tens of millions. Members of the phylum have been responsible for the most devastating plagues and famines mankind has known. Yet other species of arthropods are essential for our existence, directly or indirectly providing us with food, clothing, medicines, and protection from harmful organisms. The systematic relationships of arthropod groups is not fully understood, which is not surprising given the size and diversity of the phylum. Here, we will follow the scheme recommended by Hickman and Roberts (1994), supplemented with information from Brusca and Brusca (1990), Pearse et al. (1987) and lectures by R. D. Alexander. Subphylum Chelicerata Class Merostomata (horseshoe crabs, eurypterids)

3. UCSC Biology 150: Arthropoda: Crustacea: Cirripedia Phylum arthropoda / Subphylum Crustacea / Class Maxillopoda/ Sub Class Cirripedia Lateral View of a Generalized Gooseneck Barnacle ©spineless productions inc. http://www.biology.ucsc.edu/classes/bio136/arthropoda/crustacea/barnacle.html

Phylum: Arthropoda / Subphylum: Crustacea / Class: Maxillopoda/ Sub- Class Cirripedia Lateral View of a Generalized Gooseneck Barnacle ©spineless productions inc. Back to the Crustacea Table of Contents

4. Arthropoda arthropoda Gr. =jointed feet, largest and most diverse animal phylum. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0804873.html

Trace your family history with Ancestry.com All Infoplease All Almanacs General Entertainment Sports Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Infoplease Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... Fact Monster Kids' reference Info:Daily Fun facts Homework Center Newsletter You've got info! Help Site Map Visit related sites from: Family Education Network Encyclopedia Arthropoda u d u Pronunciation Key Arthropoda [Gr.,=jointed feet], largest and most diverse animal phylum. The arthropods include crustaceans insects centipedes millipedes , symphylans, pauropodans, and the extinct trilobites . Arthropods are characterized by a segmented body covered by a jointed external skeleton (exoskeleton), with paired jointed appendages on each segment; a complex nervous system with a dorsal brain, connective nerves passing around the anterior end of the digestive tract, and a ventral nerve cord with a ganglion in each body segment; an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart into which blood flows through paired openings (ostia); and a greatly reduced body cavity (coelom). Because the jointed exoskeleton blocks growth of the organism, it must be shed periodically. This phenomenon, called molting, or ecdysis, is a characteristic feature of the phylum; it permits rapid growth in size and significant change in body form until the new exoskeleton, secreted by the animal, has hardened. Arthropods are mainly terrestrial, but aquatic representatives are well known. There are three subphyla, comprising nine classes. Sections in this article:

5. About - Arthropoda Find a wealth of information about the phylum arthropoda which includescopepods, insects, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, and more. http://animals.about.com/cs/arthropoda/

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Animals/Wildlife Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Animals/Wildlife with Laura Klappenbach Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS Learning center Conservation toolbox Wild about books ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Arthropoda Guide picks From an evolutionary perspective, this phylum has been largely successful, inhabiting almost every habitat on earth, often in vast numbers. Members of this phylum include copepods, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, and insects. Lobster's unique sounds defy predators Scientists now understand more about the unique way spiny lobsters create sound to ward off predators. Using a method of sound production resembling that of stringed instruments, spiny lobsters startle attackers by emitting loud, raspy noises. Introduction to the Arthropods View photos of various arthropods and learn more about how these animals are classified. The Real Rulers of the Earth Having conquered virtually every habitat on earth with species numbering in the millions, are Arthropods the real rulers of the Earth?

6. Arthropoda Introduction - Introduction Unit arthropoda introduction The arthropods are by far the most successful phylum of animals, both in diversity of distribution and in numbers of species and individuals. They have adapted successfully to life in water, on land and in the air. http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/units/arth1.htm

Unit: Arthropoda introduction 1 Introduction ARTHROPODA The arthropods are by far the most successful phylum of animals, both in diversity of distribution and in numbers of species and individuals. They have adapted successfully to life in water, on land and in the air. About of all known animal species belong to the Arthropoda - about 800,000 species have been described, and recent estimates put the total number of species in the phylum at about 6 million. Arthropods are found in a greater variety of habitats than any other animal group; on top of mountains, at great depths in the ocean and in the icy wilderness of Antarctica. They can survive great extremes of temperature, toxicity, acidity and salinity. Now extinct, TRILOBITES represent the oldest known examples of arthropods. An extremely diverse phylum with many classes both large and small, there are several classifications of the phylum. You will find only an abbreviated version on the Taxonomy Table page which will be expanded in other relevant units (e.g. Crustacea This unit is therefore intended as an overview of the common features of arthropods which have allowed them to become so successful.

7. Scriptus Naturae. Arthropoda Y Biologia Informaci³n general y art­culos introductorios a la ciencia entomol³gica, as­ como acerca de conservaci³n, biodiversidad y maltrato animal. Incluye cursos en l­nea de Entomolog­a e invertebrados. http://scriptusnaturae.8m.com/

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8. Natural Perspective: Joint-Legs (Phylum Arthropoda) Phylum arthropoda (JointLegs) http://www.perspective.com/nature/animalia/arthropoda.html

Page 32 of 38 Natural Perspective The Animal Kingdom : Joint-Legs ( Arthropoda (Last modified: 21 July 1997) Arthropoda , the jointed leg spineless creatures of the world, are among the most maligned of all animals. This rule is not universal, of course. Many people adore Butterflies of the Order Lepidoptera and the ancient Egyptians even worshipped the Scarab Beetle of Order Coleoptera but on the whole, when modern governments spend money on Arthropods it is to find a way of eradicating them. Never-the-less, the "bugs" of this phylum have served an important role in the history of this planet, whether as carriers of the most devastating plagues in human history or for enabling the parallel evolution of our beautiful flowering plants. This large group of bugs and crustacians numbers 500,000 strong by today's counts. Scientists believe that up to 10,000,000 Arthropod species are alive today. Insects ( Class Insecta The majority of Arthropoda 290,000 species are insects. This includes the moth and stinkbug, pictured here as well as ants, bees, beetles, butterflies, flies, grashoppers, wasps and a whole lot more. Arachnids ( Class Arachnida Arachnids are eight-legged creatures including spiders, scorpions, and ticks.

9. Redirect To New ToL Page arthropoda. Lauterbach, KE 1988. The position of presumed Crustacea from theupper Cambrian in the phylogenetic system of the Mandibulata arthropoda. http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arthropoda.html

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10. Systematics Of The Arthropoda Systematics of the arthropoda. 1992. Annelida and arthropoda are not sistertaxa a phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arthropodasy.html

Systematics of the Arthropoda Move deeper into the systematics of arthropod groups by selecting one of the boxes containing a picture! A rthropods have traditionally been divided into four classes: Trilobita Chelicerata , Crustacea, and Uniramia . Most living and post-Cambrian fossil arthropods fall into one of these four classes. However, a number of arthropod fossils from the Cambrian Period have been described which do not obviously belong in any of these classes. Many of these arthropods have been found in the famous Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale , in the Canadian Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. Other "weird wonder" arthropods have been found in China, Australia, Russia, Poland, and the USA. (See Gould, 1989, for an overview.) Recent work (Wills et al. 1994) has shown that these arthropods are mostly in "stem clades"- that is, they are extinct relatives of living arthropods that lack some of the characters that typify groups with living members. The cladogram we present here is thus something of an oversimplification. Debate as to which living phyla are the closest relatives of arthropods continues to rage. Arthropods were once considered to be close relatives of

11. NOAA Paleoclimatology Program - Insecta A database of British Coleoptera (arthropoda Insecta), including information on habitat, distribution, and fossil occurrence, along with their bibliographic references. Database available for download in Microsoft Access format. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/insect.html

Insecta Please Cite Data Contributors!!! All data in the WDC-A archive is contributed by research scientists. Contributors and references are provided in Readme files, PaleoVu memo files, or data file headers. Click for a Sample Data Citation. The WDC-A currently has three contributed data sets containing proxy data from insects. BUGS , a database of British Coleoptera, including information on habitat, distribution, and fossil occurrence, along with their bibliographic references, has been contributed by Paul Buckland (Sheffield University) and Jon Sadler (Birmingham University). The database was updated in 2000 and is available for download in Microsoft Access2000 and Microsoft Excel format, both contained in the file bugs2000.zip. Older versions on CDROM can be obtained at the BUGS Homepage. Chironomid data from lake cores from British Columbia have been contributed by Ian Walker (Okanagan University College, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada). These data are in zipped Tilia 2.0 files with accompanying forms. The sites available thus far are: Hippa Lake Marion Lake Mike Lake Misty Lake ... Basswood Road Lake/Splan Pond ; and Tugulnuit Lake A database of North American Beetles (2 Mbytes), consisting of presence/absence values for 269 taxa, has been contributed by Scott Elias (University of Colorado).

12. Introduction To The Trilobita UCMP Berkeley introduction to the trilobite fossil record, ecology, systematics and morphology. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/trilobita/trilobita.html

Introduction to the Trilobita Gone, but not forgotten. . . Click on this image to view an enlarged version! Among famous groups of extinct organisms, trilobites probably rank second only to the dinosaurs in fame. Their fossils are instantly recognizable and often strikingly beautiful. In fact, prehistoric people liked them as much as we do. At Arcy-sur-Cure in France, a 15,000-year- old human settlement, one of the artifacts found by archeologists was a trilobite that had been drilled to be worn as an amulet. Although the last few trilobites went extinct about 245 million years ago, they are one of the best-known and most-studied groups of fossil arthropods Find out more about trilobites by searching for them in our Invertebrate Type Catalog (as you'll find, we have a few!).... Or click on the buttons below to learn more about trilobites. Kevin's TRILOBITE home page , maintained by Kevin Brett at the University of Alberta, is loaded with trilobite pictures and links to everything trilobitological.

13. M28.htm Phylum arthropoda Mantis shrimp, from Tomiyama et. al., 1970. The largestand most diverse group of animals known, and by many criteria http://www.meer.org/M28.htm

MEER home Marine biology home Table of Contents Index ... Links Phylum Arthropoda Mantis shrimp, from Tomiyama et. al., 1970. The largest and most diverse group of animals known, and by many criteria the most successful, arthropods can be found in a bewildering array of body forms, lifestyles, and habitats. All Arthropods have jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton. In the marine environment the dominant arthropod group is the crustaceans (compared to the terrestrial environment which is dominated by insects ). There are also many other groups of arthropods that can be abundant in certain environments. CLASSES OF ARTHROPODS SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITAMORPHA (Trilobites and their relatives, wholly extinct) SUBPHYLUM CHELICERIFORMES Class Chelicerata Subclass Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) Subclass Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks) Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus class Arachnida , subclass Merostomata , from Pratt, 1923. The Chelicerates are an ancient group, originating from at least early Cambrian times, and are well represented in the fossil record. They include the extinct Eurypterids , or water

14. Introduction To The Cheliceramorpha About the arthropod order that includes spiders and scorpions, mites and ticks, horseshoe crabs, and daddylonglegs. Cheliceramorpha includes spiders and scorpions, mites and ticks, horseshoe crabs, daddy-longlegs, and extinct sea-scorpions. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/chelicerata/cheliceramorpha.html

Introduction to the Cheliceramorpha The Cheliceramorpha includes spiders and scorpions, mites and ticks, horseshoe crabs, daddy-longlegs, and extinct "sea-scorpions", to name a few. It is the second most prominent order of terrestrial arthropods , after the uniramians . Most of its marine representatives are extinct, but were prominent in the Paleozoic and included some fearsome predators. Click on the buttons below to learn more about the Cheliceramorpha.

15. Phylum Arthropoda Phylum arthropoda Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum arthropoda. Phylum arthropodaincludes the following classes Class Crustacea (The crustaceans); http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Animalia/

Phylum Arthropoda Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Image below curtesy of Northwest Pests Arthropoda, a phylum within Kingdom Animalia, is the most diverse of all the phyla. Fossil records indicate that arthropods evolved from annelids sometime in the Cambrian period, but molecular evidence indicates that they evolved separately from each other. All arthropods are bilaterally symmetrical, and their bodies are covered with a tough exoskeleton. This exoskeleton consists of layers of chitin (a type of polysaccharide) and proteins. This hard covering protects the animal, and provides points of attachment for muscle cells, but also present a unique problem for the animal during growth: because it (unlike the human epidermis) is not living, it cannot grow with the organism. Once the arthropod has grown too large for its exoskeleton, it is shed and a new skeleton is grown. This entire process is known as molting. Arthropods' bodies are segmented, but they are also divided into distinct sections, usually the head, thorax, and abdomen, although the head and thorax can be joined to form a cephalothorax. There are five main groups of arthropods: horseshoe crabs, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes and millipedes, and insects. Horseshoe crabs are unique in that they have survived for hundreds of millions of years with almost no evolution. Arachnids consist of scorpions, spiders, and mites. Crustaceans are nearly all aquatic and consist of lobsters, crabs, shrimps, barnacles, etc. Centipedes and millipedes are both worm-like, segmented animals with a single pair of legs on each body segment.

16. Introduction To The Scorpiones A brief description of scorpion history, biology and taxonomy from UCMP Berkeley. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/arachnida/scorpiones.html

Scorpiones Scorpions are the oldest arachnids for which fossils are known, and they were the first arachnid fossils to be found in Paleozoic strata. The Silurian scorpions appear to have lived in the water, since their fossils have gills, but by the Carboniferous scorpions with such features are no longer found fossils from the Pennsylvanian age Mazon Creek beds have book lungs covered by protective plates, and so were probably land-dwellers. The best scorpion fossils come from the Devonian and the Oligocene; there is a severe lack of fossils known from the intervening period. These earliest scorpiones are considered to be Protoscorpions, since they possess many traits which are plesiomorphic for scorpions. For example, in all scorpions the thick front portion on the abdomen is made up of seven segments, but the number of sternite plates which cover this region varies among the earliest fossils, while all living species have five. All scorpions have an additional five segments after the initial seven, ending in a sharp sting. This sting contains a pair of poison glands which can paralyze prey, usually insects or small rodents , or may deliver a painful sting to incautious persons. Most scorpion stings are merely painful, leading to swelling in the immediate region of the sting, but some scorpions of northern Africa and the American southwest can be deadly. In the US, the deadliest scorpions are to be found in Arizona, where it is a good idea to shake out shoes before putting them on in the morning!

17. Arthropoda Phylum arthropoda. Back to Metazoa (animals). Arthropods have a chitenousexoskeleton and paired jointed appendages (eg legs). Arachnida http://www.museums.org.za/bio/arthrop.htm

Phylum: Arthropoda Back to Metazoa (animals) Arthropods have a chitenous exoskeleton and paired jointed appendages (e.g. legs). Arachnida Burrowing scorpion Opistophthalmus sp. Crustacea Wood louse (Isoptera) Hexapoda (Insects) Thermophilum decemgutatum Coleoptera Carabidae Centipedes Scutigera sp. People tend to find these in their (empty) baths. Millipedes Left: Probably Ommatoiulus moreleti the introduced millipede common in Cape Town gardens. Right: Flat-backed millipede (Polydesmida) showing the 2 pairs of legs per body segment as opposed to the 1 pair found in centipedes. Subphylum: Trilobita (extinct) Subphylum: Chelicerata (lack antennae, first pair of appendages are the chelicerae) Class: Merostomata (Horseshoe crabs) Class: Arachnida Class: Pycnogonida (sea spiders) Subphylum: Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, 'wood lice', shrimps, prawns, etc.). Crustacea are mainly aquatic, they have two pairs of antennae and at least some of their appendages are 2-branched. Subphylum: Uniramia.

18. Insecta Class Philip Myers's introduction from the Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/arthropoda/insecta.html

The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web About us ... Glossary Insecta With around one million named species and perhaps several times that number unnamed, insects account for a great majority of the species of animals on earth. They are a tremendously successful group. Insects can be found in almost all terrestrial and freshwater habitats, from the driest deserts to freshwater ponds, from the canopy of a tropical rainforest (where their diversity is unbelievably great) to the arctic wastes. A few species are even marine. Their feeding habits are similarly varied; almost any substance that has nutritive value is eaten by some group of insects. Insects also show huge variety in shape and form. Almost the only condition their group does not attain is very large body size. A number of features, however, are shared by most kinds of living insects. In addition to the general characteristics of uniramians, these include a body composed of three tagmata, a head, thorax, and abodmen; a pair of relatively large compound eyes and usually three ocelli located on the head; a pair of antennae, also on the head; mouthparts consisting of a labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, a labium, and a tonguelike hypopharynx; two pairs of wings, derived from outgrowths of the body wall (unlike any vertebrate wings); and three pairs of walking legs. Insects are dioecious and fertilization is internal in most. The ways in which mating is accomplished, however, are incredibly variable; study of this variability by evolutionary biologists has greatly advanced our understanding of the evolution of behavior, social evolution, and traits such as number, size of young and patterns of investment in them. Reproduction by insects often involves a male locating a receptive female through chemicals (pheromones) released by the female. In most species, females store the sperm in a special receptacle in their abdomens; even species that lay huge numbers of eggs (in honeybees, for example, the number may be over one million), females mate only once and rely on sperm stored during that mating for the rest of their lives.

19. Arthropoda. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. arthropoda. (ärthr p´d ) (KEY) Gr.,=jointed feet, largest and most diverse animal phylum. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ar/Arthropo.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Arthropoda d KEY crustaceans insects centipedes ... millipedes , symphylans, pauropodans, and the extinct trilobites . Arthropods are characterized by a segmented body covered by a jointed external skeleton (exoskeleton), with paired jointed appendages on each segment; a complex nervous system with a dorsal brain, connective nerves passing around the anterior end of the digestive tract, and a ventral nerve cord with a ganglion in each body segment; an open circulatory system with a dorsal heart into which blood flows through paired openings (ostia); and a greatly reduced body cavity (coelom). Because the jointed exoskeleton blocks growth of the organism, it must be shed periodically. This phenomenon, called molting, or ecdysis, is a characteristic feature of the phylum; it permits rapid growth in size and significant change in body form until the new exoskeleton, secreted by the animal, has hardened. Arthropods are mainly terrestrial, but aquatic representatives are well known. There are three subphyla, comprising nine classes.

20. Lepidoptera Order Taxonomy and species accounts of moths and butterflies from the Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/arthropoda/insecta/lepidoptera.html

The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Animal Diversity Web About us ... Glossary Order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) What makes a butterfly a butterfly? In common with many other insects, adult butterflies have antennae, compound eyes, six pair of legs, a hard exoskeleton, and a body that is divided into three parts: the head, thorax, and the abdomen. Uniquely, a butterfly's outer body is covered by tiny sensory hairs and the wings are covered by scales. The head carries many sensory apparati for the butterfly. A butterfly's compound eye enables it to be aware of its immediate surroundings through a large angle. The pair of are clubbed in most butterflies. On the underside of the head is the paired proboscis, which is used to suck nectar from flowers. The thorax consists of three segments with a pair of legs attached to each segment. The front pair of legs are non-functional and reduced in length in some families of butterflies. The thorax also contains the flight muscles, which are attached to the base of the wings. Internally, the thorax houses the large muscles that control the wings and legs. The abdomen contains the bulk of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs. At the end of the abdomen are the sexual apparati, which contain many characteristics used by taxonomists as an aid in identifying species.

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