61. How Good Are Those Young Earth Arguments Carbon-14 And The following material has been taken from a sheet entitled Several Faulty AssumptionsAre Used in all Radiometric dating Methods. Carbon 14 is used for this http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/dave_matson/young-earth/carbon-14/

62. Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon, or carbon14, dating is probably one of the most widely used andbest known absolute dating methods. The Limitations of Carbon 14 dating. http://id-archserve.ucsb.edu/Anth3/Courseware/Chronology/08_Radiocarbon_Dating.h

Chronological Methods 8 - Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon, or Carbon-14, dating is probably one of the most widely used and best known absolute dating methods. It was developed by J. R. Arnold and W. F. Libby in 1949, and has become an indispensable part of the archaeologist's tool kit since. It's development revolutionized archaeology by providing a means of dating deposits independent of artifacts and local stratigraphic sequences. This allowed for the establishment of world-wide chronologies. Where does C -14 Come From? Radiocarbon dating relies on a simple natural phenomenon. As the Earth's upper atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic radiation, atmospheric nitrogen is broken down into an unstable isotope of carbon - carbon 14 (C-14). Bombardment Reactions The unstable isotope is brought to Earth by atmospheric activity, such as storms, and becomes fixed in the biosphere. Because it reacts identically to C-12 and C-13, C-14 becomes attached to complex organic molecules through photosynthesis in plants and becomes part of their molecular makeup. Animals eating those plants in turn absorb Carbon-14 as well as the stable isotopes. This process of ingesting C-14 continues as long as the plant or animal remains alive. Diffusion Ingestion C-14 Decay Profile The C-14 within an organism is continually decaying into stable carbon isotopes, but since the organism is absorbing more C-14 during its life, the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. When the organism dies, the ratio of C-14 within its carcass begins to gradually decrease. The rate of decrease is 1/2 the quantity at death every 5,730 years. That is the half-life of C-14. The animation provides an example of how this logarithmic decay occurs. Click on the "Show Movie" button below to view this animation.

63. Carbon Dating carbon14 is used for a dating material because once it has been formed, C14 beginsto decay radioactively back to nitrogen-14, at a rate of change that can be http://www.creationevidence.org/scientific_evid/carbon/se_carbon.html

Creation Science Briefs Subject: Carbon Dating A less-common form of the carbon atom, carbon-14, is used today by scientists as a method to date once-living organisms. Many people believe that carbon dating disproves the Biblical time scale of history. However, because of the difficulties with current C14 dating techniques, the dates produced have been shown to be faulty. CEM Staff Coal:Evidence/Young Earth Evidence for Creation Magnetic Field Created Earth ... www.creationevidence.org

64. Carbon - 14 Dating carbon 14 dating. Posted by Stefan on November 12, 1998 at 183654 In Replyto carbon-14 Age dating posted by Hinge on July 09, 1998 at 180049 http://www.exmormon.org/boards/honestboard/messages/2950.html

carbon - 14 dating Follow Ups Post Followup Exmormon.org- Honest Inquiry Message Board FAQ Posted by Stefan on November 12, 1998 at 18:36:54: In Reply to: Carbon-14 Age Dating posted by Hinge on July 09, 1998 at 18:00:49: I'm taking physics now and even my professor who firmly believes in C-14 dating said it is based on assumptins and not any real data. Check out this page. http://www.csinfo.org/Dating.htm Follow Ups Exmormon.org- Honest Inquiry Message Board FAQ

65. Carbon Dating can count atoms of different masses with a mass spectrometer, but that is problematicfor carbon dating because of the low concentration of carbon14 and the http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/cardat.html

Carbon Dating Carbon dating is a variety of radioactive dating which is applicable only to matter which was once living and presumed to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, taking in carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis. Cosmic ray protons blast nuclei in the upper atmosphere, producing neutrons which in turn bombard nitrogen, the major constituent of the atmosphere . This neutron bombardment produces the radioactive isotope carbon-14. The radioactive carbon-14 combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and is incorporated into the cycle of living things. The carbon-14 forms at a rate which appears to be constant, so that by measuring the radioactive emissions from once-living matter and comparing its activity with the equilibrium level of living things, a measurement of the time elapsed can be made. Index HyperPhysics Nuclear R Nave Go Back Carbon Dating Presuming the rate of production of carbon-14 to be constant, the activity of a sample can be directly compared to the equilibrium activity of living matter and the age calculated. Various tests of reliability have confirmed the value of carbon data, and many

66. Dating, Personals, Singles CARBON 14 dating. sexual dating service totally dishonest businesses.carbon 14 dating Visit us and you will see what we mean. Our is http://onlinedatingservices1.com/carbon-14-dating/

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67. Creation Bits Number 23 What is carbon14? Carbon is an element that is required for life. Since there'svery little 13 C, we'll ignore it in this discussion of dating. http://www.rae.org/bits23.htm

CREATION BITS No 23. Carbon-14 and the Age of the Earth Author: Curt Sewell Subject: Creation Overviews Date: Curt Sewell is the author of God at Ground Zero Essays by Author Essays by Subject Essays by Date What is Carbon-14? C or C), which are both stable, but a tiny fraction is C, which is radioactive, releasing a weak beta particle. The radioactive half-life for this emission is 5,730 years. Since there's very little C, we'll ignore it in this discussion of dating. from the atmosphere, absorb sunlight, and undergo photosynthesis the carbon is used as food to cause the plant to grow, while the oxygen is released back into the atmosphere. as waste. In this way, both plants and animals are constantly exchanging carbon and oxygen with that in the atmosphere. While they are alive, their bodies contain the same fraction of the three carbon isotopes as does the atmosphere, but at death, respiration ceases and the exchange stops. Since C constantly decays (with a 5,730-year half-life), the fraction of C in a dead body is always diminishing. After 5,730 years, the fraction of

68. Carbon 14 And Snails C 14 and Snails. You have probably heard of carbon14, also written C 14 . There'sa good site on the Web for finding more detailed information on C 14 dating. http://www.earthfoot.org/loess/c14.htm

C and Snails You have probably heard of Carbon-14 , also written C . C is a radioactive form of carbon produced in the outer atmosphere when cosmic rays transform atoms of regular nitrogen . Being radioactive and thus unstable, C "decays" at a certain predictable rate. Its decay rate is such that half of any given quantity of it will convert back to nitrogen in about 5,730 years. Then half of the remainder will be gone in the next 5,568 years, etc. The fancy way of saying this is that C 's half life is 5,568 years. There's a good site on the Web for finding more detailed information on C dating. C 's remarkable behavior is very useful to us because of two further fabulous facts: First, despite its strange manner of having a half life, it behaves just like regular carbon as it cycles through the ecosystem, sometimes as a constituent of the gas carbon dioxide, or CO , sometimes as a carbohydrate inside a plant's body, or whatever. The second fabulous fact about C is that since it both appears and disappears at given rates, and surely has been doing so ever since Earth had an atmosphere with nitrogen in it, it can be assumed that the ratio between regular carbon and C

69. Carbon-14 In Coal Deposits Other Links Creation Science Prophecy Carbon 14 dating A creationist sourcethat makes an argument about anomalous 14 C in coal deposits. The Problem http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/c14.html

Carbon-14 in Coal Deposits by Kathleen Hunt [posted: May 22, 2002] Other Links: Creation Science Prophecy: Carbon 14 Dating A creationist source that makes an argument about anomalous C in coal deposits. The Problem: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), a sensitive radiometric dating technique, is in some cases finding trace amounts of radioactive carbon-14 in coal deposits, amounts that seem to indicate an age of around 40,000 years. Though this result is still too old to fit into any young-earth creationist chronology, it would also seem to represent a problem for the established geologic timescale, as conventional thought holds that coal deposits were largely if not entirely formed during the Carboniferous period approximately 300 million years ago. Since the halflife of carbon-14 is 5,730 years, any that was present in the coal at the time of formation should have long since decayed to stable daughter products. The presence of C in coal therefore is an anomaly that requires explanation. The Solution: Talk.origins' Kathleen Hunt wrote an e-mail to a noted expert on AMS and

70. Radiocarbon Dating The half life of carbon14 is approximately 5 600 years, and so the level The famousTurin shroud was found to be a medieval artefact from radiocarbon dating. http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~freya01/carbon14.htm

Radiocarbon Dating Cosmic radiation constantly bombards atoms in the upper atmosphere and splits them up into their components. Nitrogen atoms colliding with neutrons formed in this way can undergo a radioactive transformation into carbon-14: The atoms of carbon-14 formed formed in this process are converted into radioactive molecules of carbon dioxide, which dissipate throughout the atmosphere. As with normal carbon-12 carbon dioxide, these molecules are absorbed by plants, and as a result the carbon-14 is incorporated into them. The plants are eaten by animals and so all living things, plants or animals, will contain a small amount of radioactive carbon-14. Carbon-14 slowly decays to nitrogen in a second radioactive process:: There is a constant level of carbon-14 present in all living things, which is brought about by the equilibrium established between the absorption of the carbon-14 and its natural decay. This value is very low, but is detectable either from radioactivity measurements or from mass spectrometry. When a plant or an animal dies, it stops absorbing carbon-14 and so the amount present slowly decreases due to radioactive decay. The half life of carbon-14 is approximately 5 600 years, and so the level of radioactivity drops to half its original value in this time. The degree to which this radioactivity has fallen is used to estimate the age (or at least the time since death) of the animal or plant. The famous Turin shroud was found to be a medieval artefact from radiocarbon dating

71. Radiocarbon WEB-info Extensive information concerning the radiocarbon dating method from Tom Higham, Radiocarbon Laboratory, Category Science Social Sciences Radiocarbon dating......Welcome to radiocarbon WEBinfo. Radiocarbon dating is the technique upon whichchronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. http://www.c14dating.com/

Welcome to radiocarbon WEB-info. Radiocarbon dating is the technique upon which chronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. This resource is designed to provide online information concerning the radiocarbon dating method. We hope it will be of occasional use to radiocarbon users and interested students alike. thomas.higham@archaeology-research.oxford.ac.uk INDEX Introduction Measurement Applications WWW Links ... Email LAST MODIFIED 16 May 2002 HTML DOCUMENT BY T. HIGHAM.

72. Carbon 14 Dating Calculator Carbon 14 dating Calculator. To find the percent of Carbon 14 remaining after a given number of years, type in the http://www.chepd.mq.edu.au/boomerang/teaching.www/java/carbdate.htm

73. Carbon Dating Carbon dating can be used on material which was living in the last few tens of thousands of years, and The Theory. Carbon 14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon. http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/creation/carbon.html

Carbon Dating The short summary The theory Are there things that can't be carbon-dated? Can we prove that carbon dates are accurate? ... For more information The Short Summary Carbon dating can be used on material which was living in the last few tens of thousands of years, and which got its carbon from the air. The method has become more accurate in the last few decades. The Theory Carbon 14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon. It is produced in the upper atmosphere by radiation from the sun. (Specifically, neutrons hit nitrogen-14 atoms and transmute them to carbon.) Land plants, such as trees, get their carbon from carbon dioxide in the air. So, some fraction of their carbon is C14. The same is true of any creature that gets its carbon by eating such plants. We can measure this in living things today. Suppose such a creature dies, and the body is preserved. The C14 will undergo radioactive decay, and after 5730 years, half of it will be gone. Eventually, all of it will be gone. So, if we find such a body, the amount of C14 in it will tell us how long ago it was alive. Are There Things That Can't Be Carbon-Dated?

74. The Method acid test of the new method was based upon radiocarbon dating of known The activityratio relates to the carbon 14 activity ratio between the ancient samples http://www.c14dating.com/int.html

BY: THOMAS HIGHAM "Everything which has come down to us from heathendom is wrapped in a thick fog; it belongs to a space of time we cannot measure. We know that it is older than Christendom, but whether by a couple of years or a couple of centuries, or even by more than a millenium, we can do no more than guess." [Rasmus Nyerup, (Danish antiquarian), 1802 (in Trigger, 1989:71)]. Nyerup's words illustrate poignantly the critical power and importance of dating; to order time. Radiocarbon dating has been one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century science. Renfrew (1973) called it 'the radiocarbon revolution' in describing its impact upon the human sciences. Oakley (1979) suggested its development meant an almost complete re-writing of the evolution and cultural emergence of the human species. Desmond Clark (1979) wrote that were it not for radiocarbon dating, "we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of imaginative speculation" (Clark, 1979:7). Writing of the European Upper Palaeolithic, Movius (1960) concluded that

75. Dating Exhibit University's EMuseum offers a guide to radiocarbon dating. Learn how the system was developed and discover how it is applied. Radio-carbon dating is a method of obtaining age estimates on organic materials. Humans in turn take carbon 14 into their bodies by eating both plants and animals. http://www.anthro.mankato.msus.edu/archaeology/dating/radio_carbon.html

Index Radio-carbon dating is a method of obtaining age estimates on organic materials. It has been used to date samples as old as 50,000 years. The method was developed immediately following World War II by Willard F. Libby and coworkers, and has provided age determinations in archaeology, geology, geophysics and other branches of science. Radiocarbon determinations can be obtained on wood; charcoal; marine and fresh-water shell; bone and antler; peat and organic-bearing sediments, carbonate deposits such as tufa, caliche, and marl; and dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonates in ocean, lake and ground-water sources. Each sample type has specific problems associated with its use for dating purposes, including contamination and special environmental effects. While the impact of radiocarbon dating has been most profound in archaeological research and particularly in prehistoric studies, extremely significant contributions have also been made in hydrology and oceanography. In addition, in the 1950s the testing of thermonuclear weapons injected large amounts of artificial radiocarbon ("Radiocarbon Bomb") into the atmosphere, permitting it to be used as a geochemical tracer. To discover how long an organism has been dead (to determine how much C14 is left in the organism and therefore how old it is), we count the number of beta radiations given off per minute per gram of material. Modern C14 emits about 15 beta radiations per minute per gram of material, but C14 that is 5730 years old will only emit half that amount, (the half-life of C14) per minute. So if a sample taken from an organism emits 7.5 radiations per minute in a gram of material, then the organism must be 5730 years old. The accuracy of radiocoarbon dating was tested on objects with dates that were already known through historical records such as parts of the dead sea scrolls and some wood from an Egyptian tomb. Based on the results of the Carbon 14 test the analysis showed that C14 agreed very closely with the historical information.

76. R/P 38 Neanderthal = Nephilim? Carbon 14 Dating?R/P 38 Neanderthal = Nephilim? C Neanderthal = Nephilim? Carbon 14 dating? Or Click here to return to Main Title Index. http://www.ftech.net/~bric/rp.no38.html

Research Paper 38 Size 16 A4 pages. 106K Bytes. Written by John Denton Nov 2001 Neanderthal = Nephilim? Carbon 14 Dating? Or Click here to return to Main Title Index Introduction: A speculative research paper examining current evidence available on Neanderthal man with comparison to references in early manuscripts of the Nephilim an ancient race of half-breed humans. The argument is presented that the scientific facts verify that the Neanderthal were in fact one and the same as the ancient warrior race the Nephilim. It is here proposed that an examination of the evidence and facts currently available on Neanderthal man reveal that they could well have been a race of half-breed humans referred to in some of the earliest manuscripts found as the Nephilim. Background: Neanderthal man has become an enigma to science once being hailed as the proof of the evolution of apes to modern man. He was considered to be the brutish ancestor link to man in the evolution chain, the intermediate stage between man and ape. Now! Neanderthal is recognised by scientists as a contemporary of modern man living alongside humans having many human attributes. But amazingly with a LARGER brain than mans! Were they the Nephilim?

77. Carbon 14 Dating: What Assumptions Should We Take? We will look at both the process of Carbon 14 dating as well as the assumptionsneeded to go through the process of dating specimens. Carbon 14 dating. http://www.creation-science-prophecy.com/C14.htm

Navigate Home Molecular History Research Center Biology and Origins Astronomy ... Music of the Renaissance Carbon 14 Dating Not my area of expertise but I am extremely interested in it. Don't take what is on this page as a scientific endeavor I am only looking at the evidence and expressing my thoughts. Its a lot of fun to do! Page 1 of 8 Page 1 Introduction What is Carbon 14? Page 2 How is Carbon produced? Carbon 14 is in equilibrium How is Carbon 14 used to date specimens and artifacts? Page 3 Limitations of the Historical Sciences Carbon 14 Dating is based on Assumptions The Assumptions used in Carbon 14 Dating Has the C-14/C-12 ratio (equilibrium) always been constant? Page 4 Factors that could have affected past C-14 levels World Carbon Inventory Cosmic Ray Intensity Geomagnetic Field Intensity Water Content of the Outer Atmosphere Page 5 Is there any Data That Would Support the Above Assumptions of a global flood? Anomalous fossil C-14 Dates C-14 Age Profile of Ancient Sediment and Peat Accumulations Page 6 Does Coal have a residual level of C-14 left from before the Flood? How Easy Is The Difference To Detect?

78. Carbon 14 Dating: What Assumptions Should We Take? Carbon 14 dating. Not my area Page 3 Limitations of the Historical Sciences;Carbon 14 dating is based on Assumptions; The Assumptions used http://www.creation-science-prophecy.com/C14e.htm

Navigate Home Molecular History Research Center Biology and Origins Astronomy ... Music of the Renaissance Carbon 14 Dating Not my area of expertise but I am extremely interested in it. Don't take what is on this page as a scientific endeavor I am only looking at the evidence and expressing my thoughts. Its a lot of fun to do! Page 6 of 8 Page 1 Introduction What is Carbon 14? Page 2 How is Carbon produced? Carbon 14 is in equilibrium How is Carbon 14 used to date specimens and artifacts? Page 3 Limitations of the Historical Sciences Carbon 14 Dating is based on Assumptions The Assumptions used in Carbon 14 Dating Has the C-14/C-12 ratio (equilibrium) always been constant? Page 4 Factors that could have affected past C-14 levels World Carbon Inventory Cosmic Ray Intensity Geomagnetic Field Intensity Water Content of the Outer Atmosphere Page 5 Is there any Data That Would Support the Above Assumptions of a global flood? Anomalous fossil C-14 Dates C-14 Age Profile of Ancient Sediment and Peat Accumulations Page 6 Does Coal have a residual level of C-14 left from before the Flood?

79. Radiometric Dating Methods Q&A What is radiocarbon dating? Is it accurate? How accurate is Carbon14dating? (Chapter from the Answers Book. Deals not only with http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/faq/dating.asp

Defending the Christian faith beginning with Genesis AiG Worldwide Creation Education Prayer Good News ... About Us Romans 5:12 Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned Radiometric Dating Questions and Answers Alien/UFOs Apologetics Archaeology Arguments NOT to use Bible Cloning Countering the Critics Creation Compromises Creation: Why It Matters Darwin, Charles Design Features Dinosaurs Education Embryonic Recapitulation Environmentalism Flood Fossils Geocentrism Genesis Genetics Geology God History Human Life: Abortion Ice Age Information Theory Jesus Christ Linguistics Mammoths Morality and Ethics Mutations Natural Selection Origin of Life Philosophy Plate Tectonics Probabilities Racism Radiometric Dating Religion (humanism, etc.) Speciation Thermodynamics and Order Young Age Evidence Recommended Resources Answers Book (Semi-technical) Fingerprints of Creation (video) God at Ground Zero In the Minds of Men Does Carbon Dating Disprove the Bible? (booklet) ... Mythology of Modern Dating Methods (Technical) Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth (Technical) The Young Earth Radiocarbon, Creation, and the Flood (video)

80. Dating Exhibit The accuracy of radiocoarbon dating was tested on objects with dates that were already Basedon the results of the Carbon 14 test the analysis showed that C14 http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/archaeology/dating/radio_carbon.html

Index Radio-carbon dating is a method of obtaining age estimates on organic materials. It has been used to date samples as old as 50,000 years. The method was developed immediately following World War II by Willard F. Libby and coworkers, and has provided age determinations in archaeology, geology, geophysics and other branches of science. Radiocarbon determinations can be obtained on wood; charcoal; marine and fresh-water shell; bone and antler; peat and organic-bearing sediments, carbonate deposits such as tufa, caliche, and marl; and dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonates in ocean, lake and ground-water sources. Each sample type has specific problems associated with its use for dating purposes, including contamination and special environmental effects. While the impact of radiocarbon dating has been most profound in archaeological research and particularly in prehistoric studies, extremely significant contributions have also been made in hydrology and oceanography. In addition, in the 1950s the testing of thermonuclear weapons injected large amounts of artificial radiocarbon ("Radiocarbon Bomb") into the atmosphere, permitting it to be used as a geochemical tracer. To discover how long an organism has been dead (to determine how much C14 is left in the organism and therefore how old it is), we count the number of beta radiations given off per minute per gram of material. Modern C14 emits about 15 beta radiations per minute per gram of material, but C14 that is 5730 years old will only emit half that amount, (the half-life of C14) per minute. So if a sample taken from an organism emits 7.5 radiations per minute in a gram of material, then the organism must be 5730 years old. The accuracy of radiocoarbon dating was tested on objects with dates that were already known through historical records such as parts of the dead sea scrolls and some wood from an Egyptian tomb. Based on the results of the Carbon 14 test the analysis showed that C14 agreed very closely with the historical information.

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