81. Carbon 14 Dating Carbon 14 dating. Creation Position. Many living things are not inequilibrium for C14 exchange; the shells of living mollusks show http://home.attbi.com/~fsteiger/carbon14.htm

Carbon 14 Dating Creation Position Many living things are not in equilibrium for C-14 exchange; the shells of living mollusks show radiocarbon ages of up to 2300 years. The rate of carbon 14 radioactive decay may have been different in the past. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may have been different in the past. The assumption of a constant ratio of C-14 to C-12 is invalid; equilibrium would require about 30,000 years, and the C-14/C-12 ratio appears to be increasing still. Evolution Position The following was extracted from an August 27, 1996 post by Howard Hershey (hershey@indiana.edu). Additional information was added. Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide, CO . It can be present either as stable carbon 12 or unstable carbon 14. Carbon 14 is formed from ordinary nitrogen 14 in the atmosphere by the action of cosmic rays. The cosmic rays produce neutrons which bombard the nitrogen atoms, resulting in a neutron being absorbed and a proton being ejected. The N-14 atom of 7 protons and 7 neutrons is transformed into a C-14 atom of 6 protons and 8 neutrons. The carbon-14 atom immediately combines with atmospheric oxygen to form carbon dioxide. A steady state results in which the rate of decomposition of carbon 14 is matched by the rate of formation of new C-14 by cosmic rays. The result is that carbon 14 is present as a constant percentage of the total carbon in the atmosphere, although it does change slightly depending upon the amount of cosmic radiation reaching the atmosphere. However, a correction can be made on the basis of carbon 14 readings on items whose age is known from counting tree rings and archeological records.

82. Carbon 14 Dating Calculator Carbon 14 dating Calculator Learn and research science, biology, chemistry,electronics, mathematics, space, terminology and much more. http://www.101science.com/Carbon14.htm

Amateur Radio Amazon.com Biology Books ... Search This Site Carbon 14 Dating Calculator To find the percent of Carbon 14 remaining after a given number of years, type in the number of years and click on Calculate. Years C 14 halflife = 5730 Carbon 14 left = percent To find the years that have elapsed from how much Carbon 14 remains, type in the C 14 percent and click on Calculate. Percent C 14 C 14 halflife = 5730 Years = Return to www.101science.com home page.

83. Carbon 14 Dating Process :: Essays And Term Papers This paper discusses the process of carbon 14 dating, its accuracy andusefulness. Free Term Paper Abstract. Carbon 14 dating Process. http://www.academon.com/lib/paper/17211.html

Free Term Paper Abstract Please use the links below if you came to this page directly from a search engine or another site: BUY THIS TERM PAPER LOOK FOR MORE RESEARCH PAPERS, ESSAYS AND BOOK REPORTS Carbon 14 Dating Process This paper discusses the process of carbon 14 dating, its accuracy and usefulness. Term Paper #: # of words: # of sources: Written: Price: Hide: Author: Research Group Author's background: We have been writing papers, reports, and essays for over 30 years. Our staff is composed of professional writers who write academic research for a living. You can count on our quality and experience. Abstract From The Paper "One of the common problems faced by historians, geologists, archaeologists and anthropologists is the estimation of the age of particular specimens. Historians are interested in such things as the age of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Anthropologists are interested in the age of jaw bones which were found at Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika. Archaeologists are interested in the date of Ptolemy's sarcophagus. And geologists are interested in the age of the Earth. The answers for a long time evaded people. The best that geologists could do was come up with som sort of ordinal distinction: for example, they knew that the origin of the earth was an older event than the origin of the first rock and that the first rock was older than were the Rocky Mountains. Likewise, anthropologists could determine that Neanderthal man preceded Cro-Magnon, but still the exact age of these events ... "

84. Carbon 14 Dating AMS 14C dating Laboratory Department of Physics and Astronomy Universityof Aarhus DK8000 Aarhus C Phone +45 89 42 37 48. Fax +45 86 12 07 40. http://www.c14.dk/Engelskindex/Realindex.html

AMS 14C Dating Laboratory Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Aarhus DK-8000 Aarhus C Phone: Fax: The AMS 14C Dating Laboratory performs 14C datings on geological, archaeological, water and atmospheric samples. The normal sample size is 1 mg carbon, but ranges down to 0.1 mg C in special cases. Research samples funded by the Danish Natural Science Research Council (SNF) are dated at a rate of 2000 DKK per sample. For other research samples, the price is 3000 DKK (approx. 500 USD) per sample. Director: Dr. Jan Heinemeier jh@phys.au.dk

85. THE USEFULNESS OF CARBON 14 of the universe and earth. The most frequent question has to do withthe reliability of carbon 14 dating. I make no mention of carbon http://www.reasons.org/resources/apologetics/carbon14.shtml?main

86. Carbon 14 Dating - Frequently Asked Questions How accurate is radiocarbon dating? This provides a crosscheck. Then threeare some other dating methods which can ion occasions provide a check. http://www.lawas.co.nz/arch/C14faq.htm

How accurate is radiocarbon dating? For recent materials it usualy as accurate as a 200 year range but with older materials this range gets wider. Materials at the limit of the range that can be measured may only be dated to a 500 or 1000 year range. You will see some dates which quote only a +_ 10 or 15 years error. This reflects very good measurement of the isotope ratios. However there is a limit to accuracy which arises from uncertainty over the exact levels of the isotope ratios in the past which puts a higher limit on the really useful accuracy. This is with the best materials and methods. With samples which are smaller than desirable or some of the less accurate methods the accuracy falls off. Sometimes with trees that have been preserved intact a series of dates spread over 50 or more tree rings can be matched to wiggles in the calibration curve and very accurate dates can result. How can you tell if the date you give an object is correct? The only universal method is to do a second measurement on a second sample. Other ways are to have a series of dates which are in a stratigraphic order and check that the ages come out in the same order. The problem with a lot of samples is that the method tells you when the carbon was fixed from the atmosphere but that event may have been a long time before the sample came to be preserved and if that latter event is what you are trying to date there may be a time gap to be considered of indeterminate length. So for instance charcoal in an archaeological site could be from a shrub which grew over the 10 years prior to it begin burnt, or it could be from a piece of driftwood - wood from a large tree that grew 500 years previously.

87. Carbon 14 Dating Carbon 14 dating. Follow Ups Post 48 Is there a good experimentthat we could do for the science fair (carbon 14 dating)? Follow Ups http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/forum/science/archive/messages/1425.html

Carbon 14 Dating Follow Ups Post Followup Evergreen Science Education Dicussion Area FAQ Posted by Jared and Sally on February 03, 1999 at 13:55:48: Is there a good experiment that we could do for the science fair (carbon 14 dating)? Follow Ups: Re: Carbon 14 Dating Cheryl Re: Carbon 14 Dating alios Re: Carbon 14 Dating Cheryl Post a Followup Name: E-Mail: Subject: Comments: Optional Link URL: Link Title: Optional Image URL: Follow Ups Post Followup Evergreen Science Education Dicussion Area FAQ

88. Carbon 14 Dating Carbon 14 dating. Follow like carbon 14 dating machine Would makingsome fossils in a kit go along with the carbon 14 dating idea? http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/forum/science/archive/messages/1442.html

Carbon 14 Dating Follow Ups Post Followup Evergreen Science Education Dicussion Area FAQ Posted by Jared and Sally on February 05, 1999 at 12:56:27: What does a radiation counter recorder look like [carbon 14 dating machine] Would making some fossils in a kit go along with the carbon 14 dating idea? Follow Ups: Re: Carbon 14 Dating Hannah Re: Carbon 14 Dating Allen Stock Post a Followup Name: E-Mail: Subject: Comments: Optional Link URL: Link Title: Optional Image URL: Follow Ups Post Followup Evergreen Science Education Dicussion Area FAQ

89. Carbon 14 Dating That's how the Carbon14 dating method works. The most famous example ofthe use of carbon14 dating was the testing of the Shroud of Turin. http://www.geocities.com/thesciencefiles/datingwith/carbon14.html

C arbon is an element which is found in the molecules of all living things. But elements can come in various forms, called 'isotopes'. Isotopes have extra neutons in their nuclei, and are often unstable (radioactive). T he element carbon has an isotope called carbon14. Carbon14 is formed in the upper atmosphere when cosmic rays strike , producing neutrons. These then interact with nitrogen to form carbon14. C arbon14, although there isn't very much of it, mixes with ordinary carbon, and finds its way into living things when they absorb or eat their food. T he ratio of carbon14 atoms to ordinary carbon atoms is constant. As long as the plant is alive, it continues to take in carbon of both types. Black dots represent carbon, grey dots carbon14 B ecause carbon14 is radioactive, its atoms will spontaneously 'decay', or turn into some other element, every so often. This means that the carbon14 atoms in a substance are constantly disappearing. But as long as the plant is alive, it will continue to take in both carbon and carbon14 atoms, so the ratio of the two types in the plant remains constant. O nce the plant dies, however

90. Giza On Line - Links - Carbon 14 Dating Links Carbon 14 dating. Basis of the Method - Thomas Higham A veryconcise introduction to the radiocarbon method and methodology. http://www.sunship.com/egypt/links/spxc14.html

Links - Carbon 14 Dating Basis of the Method - Thomas Higham A very concise introduction to the radiocarbon method and methodology. Radiocarbon WEB-info Index From the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. Radiocarbon Laboratories on the WWW About 30 labs, most of them universities. Radiocarbon Journal

91. Carbon 14 Dating GardenWeb carbon 14 dating. carbon 14 dating. The selection and testingof undisturbed soils, buried materials such as wood, firepit http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/carbon_14_dating.html

carbon 14 dating carbon 14 dating The selection and testing of undisturbed soils , buried materials such as wood , firepit remains, and other organic materials, for measurement of radioactive carbon 14 with a half-life of approximately 5,500 years, to determine the rough age of the selected materials. rems = ""; document.write(rems); New Search: [see notes] Or Whole Words Notes: This is version: February 4, 2002. If you are looking up names of plants, check the Horti Plex plant database here at GardenWeb. Proper nouns are generally not included in the glossary. Searches are case insensitive. You can browse the glossary, but there are many pages. Multiple keywords can be searched so that each word must appear in each hit (boolean "and") or so that only one of the words must appear (boolean "or"). To increase the chances of matching keywords with multiple endings, search for "Word Roots." With this setting, epiphyt will match both epiphyte and epiphytic. You can also limit your search to just terms or just definition. Additional Passes: If there are no hits in the first search, common word endings (-ing, -es, -ed, -ly) are stripped from the keywords and a second pass is made. If there is still no match, all non-word characters are stripped.

92. RADIOCARBON Home Page International journal of radioisotope dating Article indexes; sales of subscriptions and back issues.Category Science Social Sciences Radiocarbon dating...... The results of the latest FIRI Workshop are here. If you're looking for basic informationabout radiocarbon dating, Try This Site or Radiocarbon's Info Page. http://www.radiocarbon.org/

Look here for online access to the latest issues. Read the 17th C-14 Proceedings issues here Determination of the Radiocarbon Age of Parchment of the Vinland Map by D J Donahue • J S Olin • G Harbottle WHAT'S NEW : updated 17 January 2003. The results of the latest FIRI Workshop are here. If you're looking for basic information about radiocarbon dating, Try This Site or Radiocarbon's Info Page ERRATA : Entries for Volumes 43 and 42 The fine print: Material on the Radiocarbon Radiocarbon -related correspondence only. Unsolicited bulk commercial email to these addresses is not acceptable, and permission is not granted to include them in any for-profit list of e-mail addresses automatically or manually harvested from WWW sites. Contents/Indexes/Back Issues Subscribers' Area About Radiocarbon Info for Authors ... (Staff use)

93. Carbon Dating Understanding Carbon 14 dating. The following discussion focuses on Carbon 14 dating,the most widely used method of age estimation in the field of archaeology. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/vertpaleo/aucilla10_1/Carbon.htm

Understanding Carbon 14 dating By Mary Hudson The first of the three periods are the prehuman records, well-represented by the Latvis/Simpson Site in Little River. It provides an excellent record of fossils and sediments representing Aucilla life in the range of 30,000 years ago. The most important sites for the ARPP are those that feature the earliest human cultures. We have now identified at least five substantial Paleoindian sites, one or two in each of the three segments of the Aucilla River. Each Paleoindian site demands more carbon dates, meticulous documentation and thorough excavation. And thirdly, the ARPP has discovered several sites that represent human cultures and their environments after the terminal Pleistocene extinctions of the big mammals. The interpretation of data in the field of archaeology is often subjected to intense scrutiny. And when the interpretation of a site directly depends upon its estimated antiquity, the methods by which its age was determined become crucial. The following discussion focuses on Carbon 14 dating, the most widely used method of age estimation in the field of archaeology. Carbon 14 (hereafter C 14) was developed by the American chemist, Willard F. Libby at the University of Chicago in the 50's, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960. C 14 dating provided an accurate means of dating a wide variety of organic material in most archaeological sites, and indeed in most environments throughout the world. The method revolutionized scientists' ability to date the past. It freed archaeologists from trying to use artifacts as their only means of determining chronologies, and it allowed them for the first time to apply the same absolute time scale uniformly from region to region and continent to continent. Many older archaeological schemes were overturned with the advent of C 14 dating. Today it is possible to date sites, such as those studied by the ARPP, well back into the late Pleistocene with reliable and accurate chronologies.

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95. The Shroud Of Turin Story: Carbon 14 Testing Is Now Serious Questioned. Contrary to much public opinion, carbon 14 dating is not an exact science.People sometimes have the idea that carbon dating is the definitive test. http://www.shroudstory.com/c14.htm

New: Discuss the Shroud of Turin at ShroudForum.com . Ask questions, offer opinions, read what other think. Something seemed wrong. According to 1988 carbon 14 test results, it was not, as so many believed, the authentic burial Shroud of Jesus. It was medieval. Nature , the prestigious international weekly journal of science, published an article about the test coauthored by twenty-one scientists from the University of Oxford, the University of Arizona, the Institut für Mittelenergiephysik in Zurich, Columbia University, and the British Museum. The conclusion in Nature was clear: The results of radiocarbon measurements at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich yield a calibrated calendar age range with at least 95% confidence for the linen of the Shroud of Turin of AD 1260 - 1390 (rounded down/up to nearest 10 yr). These results therefore provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval The carbon 14 tests, conducted by three of the most reputable radiocarbon dating laboratories in the world, have now been credibly challenged, sufficiently so that they can no longer be deemed definitive. The laboratories did the tests properly, but there is now serious evidence that the samples cut from the Shroud and provided to the laboratories were contaminated.

96. Carbon- 14 Dating Carbon 14 dating Radiocarbon dating techniques, first developedby the American chemist Willard F. Libby and his associates at http://members.tripod.com/willardlibby/carbon14.html

Carbon- 14 Dating Radiocarbon dating techniques, first developed by the American chemist Willard F. Libby and his associates at the University of Chicago in 1947, are frequently useful in deciphering time-related problems in archaeology, anthropology, oceanography, pedology, climatology, and recent geology. Through metabolic activity, the level of carbon-14 in a living organism remains in constant balance with the level in the atmosphere or some other portion of the earth's dynamic reservoir, such as the ocean. Upon the organism's death, carbon-14 begins to disintegrate at a known rate, and no further replacement of carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide can take place. The rapid disintegration of carbon-14 generally limits the dating period to approximately 50,000 years, although the method is sometimes extended to 70,000 years. Uncertainty in measurement increases with the age of the sample. Back to Main Page

97. How Is Carbon Dating Done? Carbon 14 dating is not great for dating things like a year old because if much lessthan 1 halflife has passed, barely any of the carbon 14 has decayed, and http://www.physlink.com/Education/AskExperts/ae403.cfm

Not a member yet? Get Free Membership Username: Password: Remember me Forgot your info? Ask the Experts Physics ... Become a Sponsor Question How is carbon dating done? Asked by: William Baker Answer Carbon 14 (C14) is an isotope of carbon with 8 neutrons instead of the more common 6 neutrons. It is unstable, and scientists know that it radioactively decays by electron emission to Nitrogen 14, with a half life of 5730 years. This means that given a statistically large sample of carbon 14, we know that if we sit it in a box, go away, and come back in 5730 years, half of it will still be carbon 14, and the other half will have decayed. Or in other words, if we have a box, and we don't know how old it is but we know it started with 100 carbon 14 atoms, and we open it and find only 50 carbon 14 atoms and some other stuff, we could say, 'Aha! It must be 1 carbon 14 half-life (or 5730 years) old.' This is the basic idea behind carbon dating. So in the real world, looking at a sample like say a bone dug up by an archaeologist, how do we know how much carbon 14 we started with? That's actually kind of cool. It's a semi-long story, so bear with me. In the atmosphere, cosmic rays smash into normal carbon 12 atoms (in atmospheric carbon dioxide), and create carbon 14 isotopes. This process is constantly occurring, and has been for a very long time, so there is a fairly constant ratio of carbon 14 atoms to carbon 12 atoms in the atmosphere. Now living plants 'breathe' CO

98. Untitled Document The most frequent question has to do with the reliability of carbon 14 dating.I makeno mention of carbon 14 in my books for six reasons First, the carbon 14 http://www.nasamike.com/main/book/a1b.htm

A1b. THE USEFULNESS OF CARBON 14 FOR DATING By Hugh Ross, Ph.D. 26 July 2001 back home next For more on this and a response to any questions, please email any comments to nasamike@nasamike.com

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100. The Great Dinosaur Mistake 9 Carbon 14 dating. What about carbon 14, you ask; can carbon 14 be usedto date fossils? Yes, it can, with one small slight problem. http://www.parentcompany.com/great_dinosaur_mistake/tgdm9.htm

Carbon 14 Dating W hat about carbon 14, you ask; can carbon 14 be used to date fossils? Yes, it can, with one small slight problem. Even if carbon 14 were totally accurate and useable as far back in time as it goes, it only goes back for 40 thousands years. An evolutionist who believes the dinosaur is 70 million years old will not use carbon 14 on it because of this 40,000 year upper limit. But even carbon 14 has problems. It is based upon the assumption that the rate of the formation of carbon 14 in the upper atmosphere is equal to the rate of decay. This is not true. Dr. Libbi, who invented the method, says it must be true because it would only take 30,000 years for equilibrium to be established, for the rate of formation to be equal to the rate of decay. He says everyone knows that the earth is over 30,000 years old so carbon 14 must be in equilibrium. Yet the latest studies indicate the rate of formation is not equal to the rate of decay. If allowance is made for Libbi's erroneous assumption, the corrected carbon 14 dates come back to within the last 5000 years. But even then there are still problems. Carbon 14 analysis, as in the case of other dating methods, does not really determine anything about age; it simply tells you the amount of carbon 14 found in a substance. Carbon 14, formed in the upper atmosphere, filters down into the plants, and one eats either plants or things that have eaten plants. Therefore, a certain amount of carbon 14 is trapped in your body and bones.

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