41. Magura Cave Dedicated to one of the biggest caves in the country, site includes its geology, history, virtual tour, other caves in the region, and guestbook. http://www.magura.hit.bg

42. Geology Of Russell Cave National Monument Includes article, maps, pictures, and teaching resources. http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/ruca/

Russell Cave National Monument Alabama Thousands of years ago nomadic bands of Indians, hunting in the vicinity, stumbled upon Russell Cave in the hill country of northern Alabama. We know little about them except that they were few in number, probably less than 15 or 20, and that the only durable possessions they carried with them were a handful of chipped flint points with which they tipped their short hunting spears. These few possessions were found 12 feet below the present floor of the cave. This evidence, supported by charcoal from their campfires, tells us that about 9,000 years ago, long before the rise of the first true civilizations of Egypt and the Near East, these Archaic Period Indians first began to occupy Russell Cave. They lived there only during the autumn and winter seasons, maintaining their primitive existence by hunting game and gathering wild plants. Agriculture was probably known, but little used by the Indians of the Archaic Period. The cave was a great boon to these Indians because it provided ready protection from the elements. This freed them from the need to build a shelter in the forest and gave them more time to find food. Successive bands of hunters with their women and children took shelter in this cave until A.D. 1000. The records of their seasonal occupations, including several burials of adults and children, have been uncovered by archeological digs. The charcoal from their fires, the bones of the animals they ate, the tools they fashioned from animal bones, their spear and arrow points, and their broken pottery had accumulated layer upon layer as the years, the thousands of years, passed.

43. In The Cave - Geology Tour - Navassa Island: A Photographic Tour - U.S. Geologic geology Photo Index. karst, lower terrace terrace slope sea cliffs sea cliffs bouldersboulders cliff face cliff face detail caves Vertical cave cave entrance http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/geology/caves6.html

Navassa Island: A Photographic Tour Navassa Island Home Explore Navassa take a Tour: geology biology history or Explore: fly sail hike scuba Navassa Location Map Explore Navassa - Geology Caves - South Point - In the Cave previous photo next photo Don's Cave, freshwater location east of Lulu Bay. [large version: Geology - Photo Index Sea Floor sea floor sea floor sculpted rock irregular floor ... eroded boulder Terraces rock terrace upper terrace upper terrace terraces ... cliff face detail Caves Vertical Cave cave entrance climbing down Vertical Cave vertical cave Cliff Cave down the cliff cave entrance in the cave cave wall cave water cave pool Undersea Cave submarine cave Phosphate phosphate sand oolites fractured rock phosphorite ... speleothems Fossil Corals fossil coral fossil coral fossil coral fossil coral Erosion eroded coast solution hole solution holes Coastal and Marine Geology Program ... Geology Tour U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/navassa/geology/caves6.html

44. Maui Adventure Tours - Maui Cave Adventures. Expore Maui Underground. Hike Under Guided geology hiking tours led through the 18th largest lava tube in the world, Ka`eleku Caverns in HanaMaui. http://www.mauicave.com/

COME HIKE WITH US! RAIN OR SHINE Caving Attire for ALL Hikes: Closed toe shoes, long pants, and t-shirt We also suggest jeans and hiking boots The longer the hike, the more the chance of getting dirty! Caving Gear: We supply all the gear; hardhats, gloves, and flashlights on all tours. Hip-packs with purified water and snacks are provided on our 2 hour tour. Click here to order our exclusive Dive Guide Home Photos Links Quotes ... Reservations Explore Maui Underground at KA`ELEKU CAVERNS Hana, Maui, Hawaii A GEOLOGY LESSON YOU'LL NEVER FORGET! Come Hike With Us We offer 2 exciting eco-adventures! Click on your selection below Hike with experienced guides deep into the subterranean passages of one of the world's largest lava tubes. Witness this ancient cavern system that was created from hot molten lava flowing thousands of years ago! Advanced reservations are highly recommended.

45. General Information Photographs of excavation and art with summaries. Talgua Village is located north of the aldea of Talgua, northeast of Catacamas, Department of Olancho, Republic of Honduras. http://www.geology.utoledo.edu/research/latin-am/cave.shtml

General Information Facilities Research Prospective Students ... Other Links 2801 West Bancroft Street, MS #604 Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA Tel: 419-530-2009 Fax: 419-530-4421 E-mail: eees@utnet.utoledo.edu 2003 Science Day 2003 Summer Camp for High School Students (coming soon) NSF Research Experience for Undergraduates 2003 Summer Program Environmental Research and Education at the University of Toledo To UT Home Page This site was last edited on February 06, 2003

46. National Park Service - Geology Of Mammoth Cave National Park Browse maps, photographs, and other details describing the geological formation of this mammoth system of caves. http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/maca

Mammoth Cave National Park Kentucky Geology of Mammoth Cave (from Mammoth Cave NP home page) top of page Mammoth Cave National Park home page Association of American State Geologists home page Glossary of Terms, and Geologic Time Scale Publications Geologic Time (online edition) WebSites top of page If you have comments or would like more information, please contact parkgeology@den.nps.gov National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division Last Updated January 6, 1998 by Tim_Connors@nps.gov grd/parks/maca/index.htm You are visitor number since January 6, 1998

47. Hidden River Cave - Geology / Hydrology Page geology / Hydrology. Courtesy of The Thomas Family. Hidden River cave is locatedin Hart County, Kentucky, home to some of the longest caves in the world. http://www.cavern.org/ACCA/HRC_geology.htm

"Horse" Cave Town History Cave History Geology / Hydrology Geology / Hydrology Courtesy of: The Thomas Family Hidden River Cave is located in Hart County, Kentucky, home to some of the longest caves in the world. The Green River flows through the middle of Hart County and drains most of the surrounding countryside. Most of the rainwater that falls here flows underground through sinkholes and caves and into the Green River by way of springs. Five of the ten largest springs in Kentucky are in Hart County. The water in Hidden River Cave, however, flows into the Green River through the largest spring in Kentucky. The river that can be seen on the cave tour at Hidden River Cave follows winding cave passages for many miles before it finally flows into the Green River and reenters the daylight world. Caves form in a terrain known as "karst". Approximately 40% of Kentucky is composed of karst. Karst areas are characterized by natural features such as caves, sinkholes, sinking streams, underground streams and other solutional features. Rocks such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum or marble underlie most karstlands. These rocks are called solutional rocks because they can be dissolved by acidic rainwater to form caves. Fossil shell fragments found in limestone are evidence that the rock was formed by the accumulation of layer upon layer of sediment on a shallow sea floor. These seas covered most of Kentucky more than 300 million years ago. The accumulated layers of sediment eventually hardened to form the underlying bedrock. Eventually, the sea receded and the land uplifted allowing the downward flow of rainwater to begin dissolving the bedrock to form caves. Kentucky's groundwater has been constantly at work dissolving limestone for millions of years.

48. Nature & Science In Pennsylvania Kutztown, Crystal cave, geology, Lancaster, Children's Museum of Lancaster, Kids, Williamsport,Children's Discovery Workshop, Kids, Woodward, Woodward cave, geology, http://members.aol.com/darwinpage/museums/PA.htm

Destinations to Visit in North America Museums - Parks - Aquaria - Gardens - Refuges AL AK AZ AR ... Nationwide Lists and Web Museums Pennsylvania All Pennsylvania Birding in Pennsylvania Wildlife All Pennsylvania Fossil Collecting Guide for State - .pdf file Geology Paleo All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Birding Hotspots Wildlife All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geological Survey Geology All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Forests Wildlife Botany All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania State Parks Guide Wildlife Botany All Pennsylvania Pennsylvania's Trail of Geology - .pdf file Geology Paleo All Pennsylvania The Nature Conservancy Preserves Wildlife Botany Bethlehem Discovery Center of Science and Technology Kids Bristol Bristol Marsh Preserve Wildlife Botany Bristol Silver Lake Nature Center Ecology Wildlife Botany Bryn Mawr American College - Arboretum Botany Bushkill Township Graver Arboretum of Muhlenberg College Botany Carlisle Kings Gap Environmental Education Center Ecology Wildlife Center Hall Penn's Cave All-water Cavern Geology Chadds Ford Brandywine River Museum Wildflower Gardens Botany Devon Jenkins Arboretum Botany Doylestown Henry Schmieder Arboretum Botany Doylestown Peace Valley Nature Center Ecology Botany Wildlife Easton Crayola Factory Kids SciTech Easton National Canal Museum SciTech Erie Erie Maritime Museum SciTech Erie Experience Childrens Museum Kids Farmington Laurel Caverns Geology Guy Mills Erie National Wildlife Refuge Wildlife Harrisburg Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts Kids Hellertown Lost River Caverns Geology Hershey Hershey Gardens Botany

49. Group 1 Student Project geology of Gardner cave. cave map (select to zoom in) cave map (selectto zoom in). Gardner cave is the second longest limestone cave http://www.scc.spokane.cc.wa.us/ABuddington/g210spr02/g1/geology.htm

Crawford State Park and Gardner Cave Introduction Location Cave Geology Geologic History ... Andy Buddington's site Geology of Gardner Cave cave map (select to zoom in) Gardner Cave is the second longest limestone cave in the State of Washington (povn.1999). It is believed that North America was covered by an ocean approximately 500 million years ago. Calcium carbonate sediment formed on the sea floor and hardened into limestone rock. This rock is now called the Metaline Limestone (Babcock and Carson, 2000). The cave remains at a constant 40 to 41 degrees F and has around 90% humidity. It is requested to not touch the cave walls because it will stop the growth of the calcite and change its color to a dull gray. Throughout the cave there are many unique formations. There are also multiple nests along the tour created by bushy tailed wood rats that are permanent residents of the cave. "The Dry Waterfall" Approximately 15 feet into the cave on the right-hand side, there is a formation of flowstone and dripstone that is active in the spring, but dries out in the late summer months. This formation is called "The Dry Waterfall." Speleothems or flowstone are formed when acidic water (from a mixture of water and carbon dioxide from the soil) flows into the cave over walls or formations and deposits calcite as it flows downward (Hill, personal communication).

50. SUSS Bull 38(4) - Spider Cave - Geology geology. Ian Cooper. Spider cave is contained within the Late Silurian(415410 million years old) Jenolan caves Limestone. This limestone http://www.ee.usyd.edu.au/suss/Bulls/38(4)/geology.html

Geology Ian Cooper Spider Cave is contained within the Late Silurian (415-410 million years old) Jenolan Caves Limestone. This limestone is a composite unit with a thickness of 235m at Caves House (Allan 1986). Stratigraphy in vicinity of Spider Cave is as follows: Age Unit Name Rocktype(s) Thickness (m) Siluro-Devonian Jenolan Beds Cleaved, purple shale and mudstone, rhyolitic ignimbrite and felsic volcaniclastic sediments. Late Silurian Jenolan Caves Limestone Bedded shaly limestone Massive rudaceous limestone with coral, stromataporoid, crinoid and shell fragments Massive grey muddy limestone Finely bedded muddy limestone with increasing shale interbeds towards base Unconformity or Disconformity Ordovician Rockley Volcanics Black siliceous mudstone with radiolaria; mafic volcanilithic sandstone and local andesite (Caves House Andesite) The limestone is interpreted to represent a shallow marine shelf with coarser reworked detritus, derived from small reefs. Spider Cave is developed in the three lowermost units of the Jenolan Caves Limestone. ) is also folded by these folds.

51. New Mexico Magazine | Southwest Geology caverns in southeastern New Mexico features one of the largest cave systems in Thediverse geology of the state provides terrain that is classified into six of http://www.nmmagazine.com/features/geology.html

Southwest Geology Few places on Earth equal New Mexico's diverse geological makeup, which ranges from low desert plains in the south to high Rocky Mountain ranges in the north, with a diverse display of terrain in between. During the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, a prehistoric ocean that reached to the northeastern corner of the state covered most of New Mexico, creating an ideal environment for dinosaurs. After the ocean dried up in the Cenozoic Period, the Rocky Mountains pushed upward as the Earth's tectonic plates shifted. Currently in the Magazine Southwest Flavor Makin' Tracks New Mexico History ... Memorias Natural formations like Ship Rock, an eroded volcanic core sacred to the Navajos that rises more than 1,700 feet from the ground, and Valle Grande, in the Jemez Mountains, were formed in an ensuing volcanic period about a million years ago. Valle Grande, one of the world's largest calderas, was recently purchased as public land by Congress and boasts 176 miles of beautiful green pastures, wildflowers and grazing cattle. Material from the tremendous ancient Jemez eruptions blasted away as far north as Idaho and as far east as Kansas. An extinct volcanic crater near Grants is one of the many geologic wonders of the state. Nearby are El Malpais National Monument and the Bandera Ice Caves, which lie beneath ancient lava flows and have remained frozen for thousands of years. (Photographer unknown, New Mexico Magazine Archival Collection)

52. Geology Of Jewel Cave National Monument go to Jewel cave NM home page return to Park geology home page Theexcitement of discovery, the elation and despair, The thrill http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/

Jewel Cave National Monument South Dakota The excitement of discovery, the elation and despair, The thrill of pushing forward to discover what is there. Jan Conn, Jewel Cave explorer. ca. 1975 Buried beneath the Black Hills of South Dakota is the fascinating underground world of Jewel Cave. It delights, it perplexes, and always it lures you on and on to further explorations: to see a chamber decorated with glittering calcite crystals; to sample the outstanding variety of beautiful, colorful, and strange cave formations for which Jewel Cave is famous; or to experience a small part of its more than 80 miles of intricate maze-like passages. Discover the spirit of adventure in Jewel Cave. Underground Delights calcite crystals. Explorations in the past 30 years have revealed many more of Jewel Cave's underground delights. Because the cave is a scientific gem, much of it is set aside for research and is not open to the public. But tour routes have been designed so you can experience some of the best of Jewel Cave. On a tour you can begin to sense that Jewel Cave is not the small cave it was once thought to be. It is the world's fourth longest known cave, a labyrinth that twists and turns for more than 80 miles below the surface. Its creation took millions of years, starting with the formation of the Black Hills, when mountain-building forces created faults in the Earth. Beginning 30 to 50 million years ago, slightly acidic groundwater seeped into these faults, dissolving the surrounding

53. PG The Geology Of Solution Caves The geology of Solution caves. How Solution caves Form. The meltwater streams drainingout along the floor of a glacier cave or the surging, pounding waves at http://www.cedcc.psu.edu/phillygrotto/solution.html

54. PG Solution Cave Features with the early history of cave development. Source material quoted from US Departmentof the Interior / US Geological Survey publication geology of caves ISBN http://www.cedcc.psu.edu/phillygrotto/features.html

55. Geology Of Caves USGS geology in the Parks home NPS Park geology Tour home http//www.nature.nps.gov/grd/usgsnps/cave/cave.htmlThis site was last updated on 9/5/00. http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/cave/

Geology of Caves Modified from: W. E. Davies and I. M. Morgan US Geological Survey Contents What is a cave? Types of Caves How Caves Form Cave Features ... Visit Mitchell Caverns What is a cave? A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occurring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to interconnecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey. Interest in caves has not dwindled. Although firm figures for cave visitors are not available, in 1974 about 1.5 million people toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and more than 67O,000 visited Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, two of the most famous caves in the United States. Types of Caves A simple classification of caves includes four main types and several other relatively less important types.

56. Crystal Cave Park - Are We There Yet? - Geology-special In Pennsylvania's Dutch Country, Crystal cave offers visitors a wonderfuland educational experience in geology. Before the tour http://www.fieldtrip.com/pa/06836765.htm

Crystal Cave Park RD 3 Box 416 Kutztown, PA 19530-9141 In Pennsylvania's Dutch Country, Crystal Cave offers visitors a wonderful and educational experience in geology. Before the tour the audience can view a thrilling slide show with sound and color, showing how caves are formed and decorated by Nature. The 45-minute guided tour passes a myriad display of stalactite, stalagmite and dripstone formations. These imposing columns are marvels in themselves, and they are only the beginning. Every turn reveals new and startling formations, most of which have been named for the images they evoke. The Cathedral Chamber, the Prairies Dogs, Giant's Tooth, Ear of Corn and Tobacco Leaves, the Natural Bridge, the Indian Head, Totem Pole, and the Crystal Ballroom all are things of exquisite beauty. This 125-acre facility also features other attractions including a Nature Trail, Indian Totem Poles, an authentic Amish Buggy, and more. There is also a Geological Museum , Miniature Golf (seasonal), and a Theatre, so it is easy to spend an entire day here. Special rates are available for groups of 15 or more.

57. GEOLOGY FACTS geology FACTS. Age of cave Has been dated from approximately 2 to 10 millionyears. ALABASTER Hard compact calcite or aragonite that is translucent. http://www.caveofthewinds.com/test/terms.html

GEOLOGY FACTS Age of Cave : Has been dated from approximately 2 to 10 million years. ALABASTER : Hard compact calcite or aragonite that is translucent. ANTHODITE : (Greek origin: flower like.) Thin crystal strains found in clusters on cave ceilings can resemble a flower. ARAGONITE : Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) that differs from calcite by having a greater density and crystallizes into an orthorhombic form. (ortho rhom bic - three unequal axes at right angles to each other). BEADED HELICTITES : (same as Beaded Anthodites) Start out as small tubes, like stalactites. Unlike stalactites, which grow down because of dripping water, beaded anthodites grow from small drops of water that are forced into the cave through cracks. The surface tension of small drops is stronger than the force of gravity. For this reason, beaded anthodites can grow in any direction. There are several theories that explain the beads on beaded anthodites and helictites. One theory suggests that beads are related to climate change. Periods of high rainfall may cause bead growth. Another theory maintains that some crystal growth mechanism controls the formation of the beads and that climate may not affect growth. BREAKDOWN : in the Cave of the Winds is caused by two processes. The breakdown seen near entrances and in passageways that are near the surface is caused by freezing and thawing. As water seeps into the cracks, it will freeze and thaw, causing the water to expand and contract. This expansion and contraction widens and shifts the cracks, causing the rock to eventually break away and fall from the ceiling of the cave. Since it is close to the surface, the ceiling of the cave will collapse, causing a sinkhole. Some of the breakdown near the Old Manitou Grand Caverns entrance may have been caused by freeze-thaw action more than ten thousand years ago. The large breakdown from deep in the cave fell from the ceiling millions of years ago. As the passageways were being formed, some would become too wide to support the ceiling, causing the ceiling to fall.

58. Geology geology. cave of the Mounds geology. Tour Schedule and Rates How To Find Us Group Tour Information cave Map History geology Receive Information, http://www.caveofthemounds.com/geology.html

GEOLOGY Cave of the Mounds Geology Home Tour Info Find Us Group Tours ... History [ Geology ] Contact Us Links During this Ordovician Period, warm shallow seas covered the continent where we find Wisconsin today. Abundant shell life could thrive in these seas. Layers and layers of calcium carbonate shell debris accumulated and slowly hardened into limestone. Thousands of feet of limestone and other sedimentary rocks were laid down during this Ordovician Period. Millions of years ago, the seas receded leaving these layers of rock behind. Erosion began to wear them down. Today the exposed rock in Blue Mounds is a limestone called Galena dolomite, which is a specific kind of limestone containing some magnesium. Cave of the Mounds itself began to form about a million to a million and a half years ago when the Galena dolomite was still beneath the water table. The water table is defined as that level below which all of the rock is saturated with water. Rock above the water table contains air spaces, while rock below the water table has all its spaces filled with water. Often the top layer of the water table becomes acidic because rain water and melting snow absorb carbon dioxide as they seep through surface soils. The water combines with the carbon dioxide to form a weak carbonic acid, which can dissolve limestone and create cavities in the rock. When a major crack lets large amounts of acidic water into the limestone below the water table, large amounts of rock dissolve along this crack.

59. Beautiful Rushmore Cave - Black Hills Geology And Caves A case in point is Beautiful Rushmore cave. Beautiful Rushmore cave 13622Highway 40 Keystone, SD 577516604 (605) 255-4384 or (605) 255-4467. http://www.beautifulrushmorecave.com/bhgc.html

The Black Hills region is home to some of the most unique caves in the world. They are among the world's most interesting because of their age, evolutionary history, rare formations and complexity. All are precious natural gifts that we may enjoy today and must protect for future generations. Sharing the common bonds of their origin, each is unique in its own way. Located in a band of limestone rock called the "pahasapa limestone" (Large graphic in this link file size is 133k) , the caves encircle the central granite core of the Black Hills. This limestone was created during the Mississippian Period, approximately 360 to 330 million years ago on the bottom of an ancient sea. The present day caves were greatly affected by five events in the area's geologic past. First, the limestone rock was modified by a variety of chemical processes. Second, an early cave and karst system developed in the young limestone rock. Third, the limestone and early caves were buried by other layers of sedimentary rock. They laid dormant and preserved from approximately 320 million years ago until 60 million years ago.

60. Beautiful Rushmore Cave - Black Hills Geology And Caves, Rockerville Quadrangle Return to Home Page. Brochure cave Tour Information How To Get Here Group TourInformation School Programs Black Hills geology and caves Photo Album http://www.beautifulrushmorecave.com/mapgeo2.html

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