61. Caves And Speleology Both Sides Now A brief look at caves from your About geology Guide, as a House ANew Scientist article about the amazing and disgusting sulfur cave, Cueva de http://geology.about.com/cs/cave_science/

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Geology Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Geology with Andrew Alden Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS The Image Gallery Gallery of Peaks Index of Articles ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Caves and Speleology Guide picks Cave science and a few big sites for sport cavers. I've Looked at Caves from Both Sides Now A brief look at caves from your About Geology Guide, as a former caver and current armchair scientist. Exploring the Cosmos from Underground Deep places around the world are the favored sites for research projects seeking the still small voice of WIMPs and neutrinos. "Acid House" A New Scientist article about the amazing and disgusting sulfur cave, Cueva de Villa Luz, in southern Mexico. British Cave Research Association This research-oriented organization publishes the Speleo-Abstracts bibliography and is working on a searchable science index. California Underground The Oakland Museum of California's special exhibit includes a beautiful selection of photographs and explanations of the different kinds of caves in the state.

62. Geology Of Plants Walk: Alum Cave Bluff Trail geology of Plants Walk Alum cave Bluff Trail. geology of Plants Walk Alum caveBluff Trail limit 26 people How does the Earth's movement affect plant life? http://www.wildflowerpilgrimage.org/Trips/Geology.html

Geology of Plants Walk: Alum Cave Bluff Trail Geology of Plants Walk: Alum Cave Bluff Trail limit 26 people How does the Earth's movement affect plant life? 4.4 mile, moderate walk. Allow 25 minutes driving time. Led by Park Service staff. Offered Monday afternoon (trip 3), Tuesday afternoon (trip 14), and Wednesday afternoon (trip 27). Home Registration Exhibits Trips ... Theme-oriented Trips

63. GORP - Mammoth Cave National Park - Kentucky - Geology Mammoth cave National Park geology Stalactites and stalagmites in Mammoth'sDrapery Room. Beneath the surface of south central Kentucky http://gorp.away.com/gorp/resource/us_national_park/ky/geo_mamm.htm

var allready_poped = 3 DisplayAds ("Top,Right,TopRight,Right1,Right2,Frame1!Top", "468", "60"); DisplayAds ("Top,Right,TopRight,Right1,Right2,Frame1,Frame2,Middle!TopRight", "120", "60"); Nat'l Parks Nat'l Forests Nat'l Monuments Wilderness Areas ... Wallpaper Search: PARKS email to a friend Introduction Park Index Highlights Activities Caving Hiking Camping Fishing ... Map of North Trails Essentials Nearby Attractions Weather Disabled Access Ratings View Rating Submit Rating Resources Internet Resources Kentucky Resources Mammoth Forum Trail Finder Park Poll Club Finder Event Finder Submit Trail Rate Trail Rate Park Submit Club Submit Event Mammoth Cave National Park Geology Stalactites and stalagmites in Mammoth's Drapery Room Beneath the surface of south central Kentucky lies a world that is virtually unparalleled. It is a labyrinth characterized by mile upon mile of dark, seemingly endless passageways. The geological process resulting in this world that we refer to as Mammoth Cave began hundreds of millions of years ago and continues today. The Ancient World 350 million years ago was a very different time than today. The North American continent was located much further south; at that time Kentucky was about 10 degrees south of the equator, and a shallow sea covered most of the southeastern United States. The warm waters supported a dense population of tiny organisms whose shells were made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). As these creatures died, their shells accumulated by the billions on the floor of the ancient sea. In addition, calcium carbonate precipitated from the water itself. The build-up of material continued during the next 70 million years until some seven hundred feet of limestone and shale was deposited. Late in the deposition of the limestone, about fifty to sixty feet of sandstone was deposited over much of the area by a large river system that emptied into the sea from the north.

64. GORP - Wind Cave National Park - Geology Trail Finder. Wind cave National Park geology http://gorp.away.com/gorp/resource/us_national_park/sd/geo_wind.htm

var allready_poped = 3 DisplayAds ("Top,Right,TopRight,Right1,Right2,Frame1!Top", "468", "60"); DisplayAds ("Top,Right,TopRight,Right1,Right2,Frame1,Frame2,Middle!TopRight", "120", "60"); Nat'l Parks Nat'l Forests Nat'l Monuments Wilderness Areas ... Wallpaper Search: PARKS email to a friend Introduction Park Index Environment History Geology Exploring the Cave Touring Wind Cave Country ... Essentials Ratings View Rating Submit Rating South Dakota Resources Trail Finder Park Poll Club Finder Event Finder Submit Trail Rate Trail Rate Park Submit Club Submit Event Wind Cave National Park Geology To witness the beginning of the formation of Wind Cave, one of the world's oldest caves, you would have to have been here 320 million years ago. At that time parts of the limestone that constitute the upper levels of Wind Cave were being dissolved into cave passageways. As ancient ocean levels fluctuated, these passages were filled with sediments. Beneath the ocean, a thick layer of sediments continued to be deposited above that limestone. About 60 million years ago, the forces that uplifted the Rocky Mountains also uplifted the modern Black Hills producing large fractures and cracks in the overlying limestone. Over millions of years, water moving slowly through those cracks dissolved the limestone to produce the complex maze of the cave's passages.

65. Nearctica - Geology - Caves And Karst Topography Ken Grimes. A glossary of terms used in describing lava tubes and other volcaniccave like features. geology of Mammoth cave. National Park Service. http://www.nearctica.com/geology/gcave.htm

Geology - Caves and Karst Topography Return to Geology Main Page Return to Family - Caving Karst is a distinctive landscape topography largely formed by the dissolving of carbonate bedrocks such as limestone, dolomite, or marble by water. This geological process results in unusual surface and subsurface features ranging from sinkholes, vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs, to complex underground drainage systems and caves. The most famous of these features are caves. A speleothem is a technical term for any of the formations found in caves such as stalagmites, stalactites, columns, cave pearls, and so forth. Although caves are commonly associated with limestone and karst, not all caves are formed this way. Some famous caves are lava tubes. A lava tube is an underground conduit for magma that later drains and becomes an underground tunnel. Caves can be formed by other geological processes which you can find in some of the links listed below. For the record: Stalactite - Hangs down. Stalagmite - Points up.

66. Geology, Geomorphology And Cave Development geology, Geomorphology And cave Development in the Xin Long Area, Sichuan Province,China. geology, Geomorphology and cave Development. China caves Project. http://homepage.mac.com/brianjudd/cavedive/china/china94/maps/skmap/skmap.html

1994 Yangtze Gorges Expedition Geology, Geomorphology and Cave Development China Caves Project XIN LONG AREA Kev Senior The village of Xin Long is situated approximately 35km south of the Jiang Chang (Yangtze River) and the city of Fengjie. The limestone hills around the village rise to nearly 1800 metres and the continental climate is dominated by cold northerly winds in winter and stormy, humid tropical weather from the southeast in the summer. Average precipitation is between 1500 and 2000 mm with most falling in the summer months often during severe storms. Long periods of drought can occur and we were fortunate to visit the area during one of its longer dry spells because cave exploration was much safer. Temperatures reached 42C in Chongqing with high humidity, but at Xin Long humidity was lower and temperatures a more comfortable 30C. From Map: Kev Senior The huge thickness of finely laminated limestones have tended to respond to the tectonic stresses by folding and kinking at the axes and without developing an extensive joint system. For example, along the anticline which houses the downstream Xio Zhai Tian Ken cave, the only persistant joints are those which follow the fold axis and these provide the only route for vadose water. The northern limb of the fold affectively 'seals' the cave waters from the Jiu Pan He which flows in a syncline at a much lower altitude only a kilometre to the north. Where joints and faults do occur across fold limbs, they are the controls for river capture through the limb as has occured at the Mie Gong He gorge.

67. Caves Before any trip to see geology's wonders, check out the Weather and Road Maps tothe First time cavers should take a wild cave tour in a comercial cave, more http://w3.one.net/~charlie/2.html

Caves Page! Please take the time to fill out the survey form at the bottom of this page. You may go to Caves Links Commercial Caves Cave Software Conservation and Safty ... Instructional You may go to any of our pages, by clicking on the Image of your choice. Or you may go to any of our pages, by clicking on their names below. Index Geology Archaeology Astronomy This page last updated on February 21, 2000 The collection of pages linked form here where edited for dead links on February 21, 2000 Before any trip to see Geology's wonders, check out the Weather and Road Maps to the location you are going to visit. Weather Road Maps Here is the field trip Page! In this section will be listed trips taken by my group or groups that wish to post their trips. Please no location listed, or directions only pictures and reports of the fun had. The trip page Mission Statement: The aim of this page is to create an interest in Caving in a safe and responsible manner. First time cavers should take a wild cave tour in a comercial cave, more experienced cavers need to join a grotto in their local area. If you need help to find wild cave tours, or the local grotto in your area please contact this page by using the E-Mail button at the bottom of this page. Thank You. Announcement Conservation and Safty National Speleological Society Cave Rescue SCC Headlines Land Conservation:Caves ... Addresses of State, Federal and Private

68. Ape Cave Geologic Site Washington (Geology) Location Washington Category geology. Ape cave Geologic Site Thoughtto be the longest lava tube in the Western Hemisphere, the http://www.ohwy.com/wa/a/apecave.htm

Location: Washington Geology Ape Cave Geologic Site Thought to be the longest lava tube in the Western Hemisphere, the 12,810-foot tunnel was found within a massive lava flow that oozed from the volcano almost 2,000 years ago. Flowing downhill, the stream of lava cooled and formed a hard crust atop the hot lava. In time the lava drained and left an intricate, winding lava cave behind. The cave was first explored in 1946 by the St. Helens Apes - the local Boy Scout troop for whom the cave is named. Visitors should have three light sources, sturdy shoes and a jacket; the temperature is about 42 degrees Farenheit. Find similar pages at Geology Voice Phone Try a Free Issue of a Travel Magazine July 2003 Oregon Coast ... Compare 2.1 million apartments and get $100 back when you lease one. Discount Hotel Rooms Fairs, Festivals, and Events Find and Compare Real Estate Agents ... Lodging.com and Travelnow each offer a wide range of hotel brands plus specially negotiated bargain rates on thousands of properties. To Find What You Need in Washington Use Qwest Dex Internet Yellow Pages Airlines Airports Apartments Art Galleries Attractions Campgrounds Maps Museums Newspapers Real Estate Restaurants Weather Other Find Recreation Throughout Washington With Qwest Dex Internet Yellow Pages Boating Fishing Guest Ranches Hunting River Trips RV Parks Sightseeing Tours State Parks Wildlife Viewing Wineries Compare 2.1 million apartments

69. Mammath Cave Mammoth cave National Park The geology of Mammoth cave National Park canbe found at the National Park Service web site. The stratigraphic http://oldsci.eiu.edu/geology/parks/maca/mammoth_cave.htm

Mammoth Cave National Park The geology of Mammoth Cave National Park can be found at the National Park Service web site. The stratigraphic column of the park is here in MSWord format or in PDF format. BH 2002

70. Crystal Cave, Sequoia Natural History Association This popular twohour tour provides a deeper understanding of the geology andwildlife of the cave environment. Limited to 12 persons, ages 13 and up. http://www.sequoiahistory.org/cave/cave.htm

S equoia N ational P ark K ings C anyon N ational P ark D evils P ostpile N ational M onument Home Who We Are Bookstore What's New ... Employment Information Come explore the underground beauty of Sequoia National Park! Walk by scenic waterfalls on the half-mile trail to Crystal Cave. Beautiful stalactites and curtains, impressively large rooms, and ornate marble polished naturally by a subterranean stream make a tour of Crystal Cave an unforgettable experience. Location: Crystal Cave is located off the Generals Highway in Sequoia National Park, between the Ash Mountain entrance and Giant Forest. To reach the cave, drive down the scenic, winding, paved road to the cave parking lot. Hike down the half-mile trail along beautiful Cascade Creek, where you will be met by a guide at the cave entrance. The cave is not wheelchair accessible. No buses, trailers, or vehicles over 22 feet long are permitted on Crystal Cave Road. Vans are acceptable.

71. Geology Bulletin @ The Natural History Museum Publishing Division limb remains from Gough's cave (Somerset, England) Eric Trinkaus 56 (2) 155161.Volume 56(1), Issued 29 June 2000 A review of the history, geology and age of http://www.nhm.ac.uk/services/publishing/pubbgeo.html

Geology Bulletin Zoology Bulletin Botany Bulletin Entomology Bulletin Geology Bulletin ISSN 0968-0462 From 2003, papers are published in the new Journal of Systematic Palaeontology Contents: Volume 58, 2002 Volume 57, 2001 Volume 56, 2000 Volume 55, 1999 ... Volume 48, 1992 Volume 58, 2002 Volume 58(2), Issued 28 November 2002 The lower Lias of Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, and the work of Leslie Bairstow M.K. Howarth The human cranial remains from Gough's Cave (Somerset, England) L. Humphrey and C. Stringer Volume 58(1), Issued 27 June 2002 Gough's Cave 1 (Somerset, England): a study of the axial skeleton S.E. Churchill and T.W. Holliday Upper Ordovician brachiopods from the Anderken Formation, Kazakhstan: their ecology and systematics L.E. Popov, L.R.M. Cocks and I.F. Nikitin Back to the top Volume 57, 2001

72. Grotto Cave Caving Spelunking WVG NSS Geology Speleology Caves Lava Tube Tubes W See Meeting Information for information on time and location of regularGrotto meetings. 2003 Camp Out and Meeting Combinations http://home.attbi.com/~WVG/events.htm

See Meeting Information for information on time and location of regular Grotto meetings. 2003 Camp Out and Meeting Combinations and Other Meetings Not Held at West Linn High School The Willamette Valley Grotto, WVG, is putting on its annual Vertical Practice. It will be held at the Troutdale Community Park building in Troutdale, Oregon on March 16 TH, Sunday, from 9 AM to 9 PM. Set-up starts at 9 AM and the dinner will be about 5 PM with the meeting following the dinner. Take I-84 east to Troutdale's Sandy River exit 18 (Lewis and Clark exit 18). Go south up the Sandy River to the first bridge and cross the river. The park and the vertical practice building will be on the left, south side of the road. Come and enjoy the fun, this practice is for everyone even if you are not a vertical caver. Here is your chance to see those vertical cavers get hung up on the obstacle course. This practice is for beginners and experts. I have an extra harness if you want to try my system. It is adjustable and it will fit you. We will have the long climb and the tyrolean traverse ready for you to sweat on. The dreaded obstacle course will have the works including the rebelays.

73. CORRELATION OF SURFACE GEOLOGY WITH SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY AND KARST DEVELOPMENT AT CORRELATION OF SURFACE geology WITH SUBSURFACE geology AND KARST DEVELOPMENTAT JEWEL cave NATIONAL MONUMENT, CUSTER COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA. http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2002AM/finalprogram/abstract_41178.htm

Paper No. 165-23 Presentation Time: 1:30 PM-5:30 PM CORRELATION OF SURFACE GEOLOGY WITH SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY AND KARST DEVELOPMENT AT JEWEL CAVE NATIONAL MONUMENT, CUSTER COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA FAGNAN, Brian A. , 607 1/2 Mt. Rushmore Rd, Apt. 4, Custer, SD 57730, fagnan@hotmail.com. Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota was mapped geologically and fracture trends determined for comparison with cave passageway trends allowing for an interpretation of the development of Jewel Cave. Jewel Cave is a multi-layered cave system with four levels and 125+ miles of passageways in the Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone. The major lithologic units in the study area are the Pahasapa Limestone and the overlying Minnelusa Formation. The Pahasapa Limestone forms major cliffs in the study area because of its bedding thickness, homogeneity, well developed vertical jointing and resistance to physical weathering. The Pennsylvanian-Permian Minnelusa Formation consists of limestone, dolomite, sandstone, shale and evaporite units. Facies changes occur on a local to regional scale. Normal faults, including the Jewel Cave Fault Zone, trend east-west and are displaced down to the south from three to ~450 feet. Most faults are located outside the boundaries of the cave with only one fault cross-cutting the cave. Cave passages show little to no offset with the cross-cutting faults, but faults are associated with small tight passages, between larger rooms because of infilling of the fault zone due to cave breakdown over time, indicating faults predate cave development.

74. Geology Our cave is located in a band of limestone from the Monteagle Formation,which formed during the Mississippian Period (approx. 320 http://www.raccoonmountain.com/html/geology.html

Last Updated: Limestone caves are formed when acids attack and dissolve the calcite in limestone. This acid is usually carbonic acid (H2CO3), formed when carbon dioxide combines with water. Most of the carbon dioxide comes from decaying leaves and vegetation in the soil. Scientists believe that most caves form below the water table by slowly moving water. After a rain, the rainwater mixes with the carbon dioxide in the soil and dissolves the limestone underneath. Two factors control the formation of cave passages: vertical and horizontal fractures in the limestone; and the water table. A cave is formed by water moving slowly in the small fractures below the water table. The rate of flow below the fractures changes as some limestone is easier dissolved than others due to variations in composition. As some channels grow larger they take in more water, thereby growing faster. The cave forming process may take thousands of years and can be stopped by either the lowering of the water table or the formation of air passages in the cave system due to surface erosion. As outside air enters the cave system, the water quickly becomes supersaturated with calcite and the dissolving process stops. This change usually marks the beginning of the depositing of calcite in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, and other deposits known as speleothems.

75. Maui Adventure Tours - Maui Cave Adventures. Expore Maui Underground. Hike Under Guided tours operated by Maui cave Adventures, Hana, Maui, Hawaii, USA.Category Recreation Outdoors Speleology Tours and Training...... of the National Speleological Society and adheres to the cave softly guidelines. Ourcavern guides are educated in geology and the sciences, which offers an http://www.maui.net/~hanacave/

COME HIKE WITH US! RAIN OR SHINE Caving Attire for ALL Hikes: Closed toe shoes, long pants, and t-shirt We also suggest jeans and hiking boots The longer the hike, the more the chance of getting dirty! Caving Gear: We supply all the gear; hardhats, gloves, and flashlights on all tours. Hip-packs with purified water and snacks are provided on our 2 hour tour. Click here to order our exclusive Dive Guide Explore Maui Underground at KA`ELEKU CAVERNS Hana, Maui, Hawaii A GEOLOGY LESSON YOU'LL NEVER FORGET! Come Hike With Us We offer 2 exciting eco-adventures! Click on your selection below Hike with experienced guides deep into the subterranean passages of one of the world's largest lava tubes. Witness this ancient cavern system that was created from hot molten lava flowing thousands of years ago! Advanced reservations are highly recommended. Call: (808) 248-7308 8am - 8pm HST Write: Maui Cave Adventures P.O. Box 40 Hana, Hi. 96713 Email: info@mauicave.com Download our Printable Brochure (146KB file) Maui Cave Adventures is a member of the National Speleological Society and adheres to the "cave softly" guidelines. Our tours are non-touching events, so as to protect the precious features in the cavern system. Our cavern guides are educated in geology and the sciences, which offers an educational approach to our tours. We keep our tours small, to enhance the eco-experience. Environmental Preservation Award Winner 1999 "Keep it Hawaii" Spelunkers have found us.

76. The New Zealand Site Nature geology Gallery 1. Gallery 1 (2002) Gallery 2 (2001/02). Kaikoura Ironnodule in siltstone, Maori Leap cave Chert, Maori Leap cave Entrance, Maori Leap http://www.thenewzealandsite.com/index.cfm/go/2/cat/17

Articles Photos North Island South Island ... Back Articles: Maori Leap Cave Mt Ruapehu Recommended Sites: New Zealand Fungi New Zealand Tramper Nature: Geology Gallery 1 Gallery 1 (2002) Gallery 2 (2001/02)

77. Geology Geological Analysis by Morris Hall Remote Sensing Data by Morris Hall geology ofCarroll cave by James A. Helwig Prelimenary Hydrochemistry Intrerpretation of http://www.carrollcave.org/geology_intro.htm

C arroll C ave C onservancy Home CCC, Inc. HOME MEETINGS ACCESS POLICY MEMBERSHIP PHOTOS DONATIONS GUESTBOOK EMAIL LIST Invitation Information Summary Bylaws Officers The CCC MVOR Web Expenses Web Links Projects NEW ENTRANCE GEOLOGY SURVEY BIOLOGY RESTORATION Sinkhole digs Rescue Cave History Field House Blasting Study Blank Forms TRIP REPORT Trip Permit Liability Release New Surveyor Survey Cover Calendar Geology Geological Analysis by Morris Hall Remote Sensing Data by Morris Hall Geology of Carroll Cave by James A. Helwig Prelimenary Hydrochemistry Intrerpretation of Carroll Cave ... Whirllpool Sink Articles about the geology of Carroll Cave are being accepted for publication on this website. James Helwig published a paper based on his undergraduate thesis (St. Louis University, 1963) in the NSS Bulletin in 1965. The papers by Morris Hall are being developed currently (2002). Mr. Hall is a professional (petroleum) geologist and past member of the Lake Ozark Grotto (1970's). He has maintained his interest in the cave over the years and also submitted the following letter. (received July 12, 2002)

78. Geology Of Carroll Cave By James A. Helwig http://www.carrollcave.org/ccc/features/geology/Helwig/GofCC/helwig.htm

Home Geological Analysis by Morris Hall Remote Sensing Data by Morris Hall Geology of Carroll Cave by James A. Helwig Home Geological Analysis by Morris Hall Remote Sensing Data by Morris Hall Geology of Carroll Cave by James A. Helwig ... Whirllpool Sink

79. California Cave Tour At California Caverns - CalAdventures.com - Download Coupon and cavern formation and geology. For safety reasons, we do not allow children tobe carried in backpacks on this tour. Mammoth cave Expedition Groups explore http://www.caladventures.com/CaliforniaMainPages/removed/CaliforniaCaverns.htm

California's Caverns "Visit California's most beautiful caverns!" Use the valuable coupon for 10 % discount, not good on holiday weekends. Must mention coupon when reserving, reservations required. California Cavern is open for all trips, weather permitting, spring through fall. Daylight Savings Time hours are 10am - 5pm every day. Pacific Standard Time hours are 10am - 4pm every day until the cavern closes for the season. California Cavern offers family walking tours, wild cavern expedition trips, gemstone mining, a free nature trail and picnic tables set in beautiful countryside. California Cavern located at Cave City in Calaveras County has been open to the public since 1850 and was California's first show cave. Early visitors included Bret Harte, Mark Twain and John Muir who wrote about his visit in his 1894 book "The Mountains of California." For 150 years, visitors have enjoyed the unique delicate beauty of the cavern's crystalline formations. Some speleothems, such as the beaded helictites found in the Middle Earth area are very rare. Others are so numerous as to be spectacular, such as the "Jungle Room's" array of stalactites. Besides the fun family walking tour, we also offer the wonderful opportunity to participate in underground adventures - our professionally guided wild cavern spelunking trips. You can read more about our tours and trips below:

80. Country, Rural, Forest, Cave, Rocks, Geology, Fungus, Lichen, Digital Art Serene Green Scene. Mother nature. Father Wind. Pending . Fungus Amongus(tree fungus). Magic Grottos. Stoned. Jungle Roarshock. Advertisement forHope. http://frost7967.freeyellow.com/country.html

Serene Green Scene Mother nature Father Wind Pending.... Fungus Amongus (tree fungus) Magic Grottos Stoned Jungle Roar-shock Advertisement for Hope Huddling Rocks Go To: Back to Page One Animals People Places ... Comments

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