21. Cephalopods: Squids, Octopus, And Other Squishy Things The cephalopods are probably the oddest group of animals in the ocean, perhapsthe world. The cephalopods belong to the mollusk group (phylum Mollusca). http://home.earthlink.net/~water_monkey/Cephalo.htm

The cephalopods are probably the oddest group of animals in the ocean, perhaps the world. The most common members are the octopus, the squid, and the cuttlefish. The cepalopods are the sea monsters of old sailor stories. These denizens of the deep have been as much a mystery as they have been a fear. Imagine a beast that could pluck a sailor off the deck of a ship without making a sound, or crush a ship with its mighty tentacles. This is definately one creature that doe not deserve its fearsome reputation (at least with humans). The cephalopods belong to the mollusk group (phylum Mollusca). One of the main characteristics of the mollusks (clams, oysters, snails) is the presence of a shell. This brings up the question of where the shell is on an octopus or a squid. The squid has a reduced inner shell, while a shell is absent in the octopus. It is the reduce shell in the squid that gives it a somewhat stiff appearance. Within the cephalopods the presence of a visible shell is a major characterisitc that is used to classify them. Probably the body part that is most commonly identified with the cephalopods are the tentacles. The tentacles are powerful arms covered with suction cups. The tentacles are so strong that an octopus can tear apart almost any creature of comparable size. Cephalopods are so adept at using their tentacles, they can function independently. However, it is when all the tentacles are functioning together that the true power of these appendages is realized.

22. Cephalopods Taxonomic Status. Phylum Mollusca Class - Cephalopoda Introduction.cephalopods are highly specialized free-swimming marine organisms. http://geoindia.8m.com/palaeo/cephalopod.htm

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Home The Fossil World FossilHunt ... Plant Fossils Cephalopods Taxonomic Status Introduction Nautiloidea Ammonoidea ... Coleoidea Taxonomic Status Phylum - Mollusca Class - Cephalopoda Introduction Cephalopods are highly specialized free-swimming marine organisms. The body consists of a single shell with the front end of the foot developing a series of tentacles that surround the head. We will study features and evolution of cephalopods under three subheads representing the three subclasses Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea and Coleoidea. Nautiloidea Nautiloids occur in rocks over a wide range of ages from Cambrian to Recent . It is represented by the living genus Nautilus. The animal protect itself inside the shell which has an opening called aperture . The animal lives inside the body cavity and it keeps on adding body cavities by depositing walls known as septa . The cavities thus formed are called camerae . The chambers are filled with gas which provides the necessary buoyancy for the animal to float. The septa are all concave towards the body cavity. The camerae are connected to each other by a tube called siphuncle . The siphuncle is held by a series of septal necks from all the septa. The septal necks point away from the aperture. The septa meets the inner wall of the cephalopod shell to form

23. Fossil Cephalopods In Utah A pictorial guide to fossil cephalopods of Utah including Ammonoidea, Nautiloidea, and Coeloidea.Category Science Earth Sciences United States Utah......Old Calamari Fossil cephalopods in Utah The Webpage of Kevin Bylund.Fossil cephalopods in Utah. Some Large Ammonites from Utah. http://ammonoid.topcities.com/

Old Calamari Fossil Cephalopods in Utah The Webpage of Kevin Bylund Fossil Cephalopods in Utah Some Large Ammonites from Utah Some Fossil Cephalopod Bearing Rocks Fossil Cephalopod Forum ... Generalized Geologic Maps Whats New March 17, 2003 Added Anasibirites Bed Pages January 3, 2003 Updated Turonian December 19, 2002 added Turonian Scaphites page November 20, 2002 fixed some broken links November 12, 2002 updated links April 4, 2002 updated links March 8, 2002 experimenting with Maps page August 28, 2001 updated Links July 19, 2001 updated Smithian June 27, 2001 updated Triassic May 23, 2001 added Forum January 17, 2001 updated links Nov. 6, 2000 updated Pendleian and Arnsbergian var site="sm9ammonoid"

24. Llanvirn Cephalopods Llanvirn (Ordovician) cephalopods (Whiterockian Series/Rangerian Stage). Ordoviciancephalopodsare numerous and varied in the Pogonip Group of westcentral Utah. http://ammonoid.topcities.com/whiterock.htm

Llanvirn (Ordovician) Cephalopods (Whiterockian Series/Rangerian Stage) Ordovician cephalopods are numerous and varied in the Pogonip Group of westcentral Utah . Pictured below (naturally sectioned) are a few I have seen on top of a ledge of the Juab Limestone around Fossil Mt. in the Ibex area. See Fossil Mountain Here Catoraphiceras sp. This specimen is 65mm long Plectolites sp. , this specimen is 104mm diameter a Tarphycerid notice the dorsal location of the siphuncle Rossoceras sp. an Endocerid , the endocones in the very wide siphuncle are replaced with sparry calcite. Closeup of Photo above Home Chart Asbian (Mississippian)

25. Cephalopods cephalopods. All the recent cephalopod shells are composed of aragonitic layers prismatic layers, nacreous layers and spherulitic prismatic layers. http://biomin.geol.u-psud.fr/ydweb/cephalo/

Cephalopods All the recent cephalopod shells are composed of aragonitic layers : prismatic layers, nacreous layers and spherulitic prismatic layers. It must be noticed that the "prismatic" layers in Cephalopod shells are not similar to those of other Molluscs ; they are always aragonitic, and composed of small fibres, ressembling to the fibres of the coral skeletons. The outer layer of the outer wall is spherulitic prismatic in Nautilus and Sepia , and prismatic in Spirula . The nacreous middle layer is almost entirely organic in the Spirula shell, more or less mineralized in the Sepia shell. The inner layer is prismatic in the three genera. It may be supposed that the rostra of belemnites and other fossil Coleoids are hypertrophied outer spherulitic prismatic layers. 1- Recent Nautiloids 2- Fossil Nautiloids 3- Ammonoids 4- Recent Coleoids ... 6- References Return to Studied material Last Updated on 2 October 1997 by Dauphin

26. Cephalopods Home Marine Zoology Mediterranean cephalopods. Some cephalopods are able to emitthe exact amount of light to disguise themselves as the shining waves. http://www.sportesport.it/cephalopods.htm

Marine Biology, Archaeology, History and Diving ...more than 1000 pages dedicated to the Mediterranean Sea Marine Zoology Monk Seal Cetacea Turtles Sharks ... Plancton Marine Botany Red Algae Green Algae Brown Algae Diving Sites Wrecks Diving Centers Marine Parks Visits Maritime Museums Aquariums Virtual Museum Amphorae Ancient Maps Equipments Submersibles Champions Umberto Pelizzari Deborah Andollo Gianluca Genoni Gaspare Battaglia Catalogues Cressi-sub Technisub AquaLung Best Divers ... Suunto About me Me and my friends My Artwork Home Marine Zoology Mediterranean Cephalopods Undetermined Teuthis , 2m long. Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, 1986. courtesy of Dr. Edoardo Razzetti Sepiidae Sepiolidae Teuthida Octopoda ... Bibliography ... the Architeuthis princeps , the Mediterranean Giant squid, is the king of marine monsters: it is a fast, efficient and ferocious predator moving in dark abysses, with ten strong and sinuous arms provided with suckers and claws; the jaw is a powerful, crooked beak and the tongue is covered by sharp teeth; the skin can instantaneously change colour and the mantle is adorned by scattered, multicoloured brigt lights; just the titanic Sperm-whale can stuggle with the Architeuthis : the largest known Giant squids specimens are more than 18m long...

27. Cephalopods In Action--Young, Vecchione And Donovan, 1998 cephalopods in ActionYoung, Vecchione and Donovan, 1998 1998 The evolutionof coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/yvd98/yvd98.html

Cephalopods in ActionYoung, Vecchione and Donovan, 1998 Young R.E., M. Vecchione and D.T. Donovan. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. Payne, A.L., L. Lipinski, M.R. Clarke and M.A.C. Roeleveld (eds.),Cephalopod Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution. S. Afr. J.mar. Sci. 20:393-420. ABSTRACT: The present status of phylogeny and classification in coleoid cephalopods and the effect of evolution on the present ecology and biodiversity in the group are examined. The basis of knowledge of cephalopod phylogeny was formulated by Naef in the early 1920s, and his ideas and the progress made in the intervening 75 years are investigated. In the process, the roles that transitions between pelagic and benthic habitats played in the evolution of of cephalopods are noted, and the possibility is advanced that the most recent "oceanic anoxic event" may have established a time marker for the divergence of some oegopsid families. The major advances since Naef's work are: 1. The unusual nature of Vampyroteuthis has been recognized; 2. The sister-group relationship between the Neocoleoidea and the Belemnoidea has been established, but requires further confirmation; 3. Monophyly has been confirmed for the Decapodiformes (new name), Octopodiformes and Octopoda by molecular and morphological methodologies; 4. The dates of origin of the Belemnoidea, Neocoleoidea, Sepioidea and fossil teuthoids have been extended to considerably earlier times. The major unsolved phylogenetic problems in need of immediate attention are the position of the Myopsida, relationships within the Sepioidea, the identification of basal nodes with the Oegopsida, and the relationships of most "fossil teuthoids."

28. Cephalopods In Action--Taxonomic Index cephalopods in Action Taxonomic Index. This index is modified from TaxonomicIndex, Jan 28, 2002. NMNH Home cephalopods at NMNH. http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/cephtaxuf.html

Cephalopods in Action Taxonomic Index This index is modified from that created by R. Young, M. Vecchione and K. Mangold and presented as the Index to Cephalopods on the Tree of Life Click on images to navigate to related captions and video files. Cephalopoda Nautiloidea Coleoidea Octopodiformes Octopoda Cirrata ... Opisthoteuthidae Opisthoteuthis Grimpoteuthis Stauroteuthidae Incirrata ARGONAUTOID FAMILIES ... Tremoctopodidae Alloposidae Haliphron atlanticus Octopodidae Bathypolypus Benthoctopus Vitreledonellidae Vitreledonella richardi Decapodiformes Oegopsida Brachioteuthidae Brachioteuthis CHIROTEUTHID FAMILIES Chiroteuthidae Chiroteuthis Mastigoteuthidae ... Histioteuthidae Histioteuthis LEPIDOTEUTHID FAMILIES Pholidoteuthidae Pholidoteuthis Ommastrephidae Illex Nototodarus Ornithoteuthis Myopsida Loliginidae Loligo Pickfordiateuthis Pickfordiateuthis bayeri This page modified with permission from The Tree of Life Cephalopod Taxonomic Index , Jan 28, 2002. NMNH Home Cephalopods at NMNH

29. Cephalopods cephalopods. CLASSIFICATION GEOLOGIC RANGES. Class CEPHALOPODA. The cephalopodsare a class of mobile mollusks, most of which are nektic or nektobenthic. http://paleo.cortland.edu/tutorial/Ceph&Gast/cephalopods.htm

CEPHALOPODA, GASTROPODA CEPHALOPODS Phylum Mollusca (Precambrian-Recent) Class Cephalopoda (Cambrian-Recent) Subclass Coleoidea (Devonian-Recent) Subclass Nautiloidea (Cambrian-Recent) Subclass Ammonoidea (Devonian-Cretaceous) Class CEPHALOPODA The cephalopods are a class of mobile mollusks, most of which are nektic or nekto-benthic. Cephalopods have a bilaterally symmetrical body, a prominent head, and a modified foot in the form of tentacles. Although during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, cephalopods achieved great diversity and abundance in marine habitats, only two genera possessing skeletons are known today. See the example of a Nautilus. Superficially the shell or conch of cephalopods resemble gastropods; however, most cephalopods coil in a plane, whereas gastropods are helicoiled. Furthermore, in cephalopods with an external conch, the coiled shell is chambered. Cephalopod Morphology Some morphologic terms you should become familiar with are given below.

30. Virtual Silurian Reef -- Cephalopods CEPHALOPOD. cephalopods of today live only in seawater and includethe squid, octopus and pearly nautilus. Cephalopod shells may http://www.mpm.edu/reef/cephalopod.html

CEPHALOPOD C EPHALOPODS of today live only in seawater and include the squid, octopus and pearly nautilus. Cephalopod shells may be coiled, slightly curved, or straight, and all are characterized by internal chambers. The cephalopod body, which included a head with eyes, mouth and tentacles, occupied the final and largest chamber. All modern cephalopods are carnivores that capture and eat other animals. All cephalopods are swimmers, but some, such as the octopus, spend most of their time on the seafloor. A t least 33 species of cephalopods lived as dwellers in the Silurian reefs of Wisconsin. Five of these species, shown above, have been placed in the Silurian reef diorama, and their tentacled heads (figures 2 and 5a) have been reconstructed from the appearance of modern cephalopods. Although the cephalopods in the diorama are shown as active swimmers, the larger forms may have spent most of their time lying on the reef surface. Milwaukee Public Museum, Inc.

31. Cephalopods cephalopods Phylum Mollusca intelligent. They are probably the most intelligentof all the invertebrates. There are four types of cephalopods 1 http://www.cyhaus.com/marine/cephalopod.htm

Cephalopods Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda (head-foot) Because of the many movies in which cephalopods, especially octopi and squids, attack people, boats, etc., there is a misconception that they are aggressive and dumb creatures. In fact, there are only two species of octopi that are aggressive (they are located in Austrailia), and they are highly intelligent. They are probably the most intelligent of all the invertebrates. There are four types of cephalopods: Octopi they have eight symmetric arms (tenticles) which are used for their protection and for obtaining food. They have an interesting mating ritual: The males and females do not mate with any other partners besides the chosen one. Shortly after the female has her children, she dies, but the male stays with herhe does not mate again. This example is one of the only monogamous relationship that exists among animals. The octopus also has the most advanced sensory systems of any other invertebrate. Squids have ten polymorphic armstwo special arms that an octopus doesn not have. They use Rajiform (after Raja=skate) swimming motions in which they undulate their lateral fins like a skate or ray does. They also have something called jet propulsion. This is caused by the squid taking water into its mantle cavaties and then expelling it at high speeds through a nozzle like siphon in the opposite direction that the squid wants to move. The siphon can be aimed in any direction for course corrections and maneuvering purposes. The squid uses its tenticles for food and for protection. The myth of the Giant Squid is in fact true. It is a very shy creature and is usually only seen if it dies and washes up on shore.

32. FishBase Glossary Searched Term http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.cfm?TermEnglish=cephalopods

33. ISGS Cephalopods Squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and the pearly nautilus are among the cephalopodsliving in modern seas. All are members of the large phylum Mullusca. http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/fossils/cephalopods.htm

Illinois State Geological Survey Coiled Cephalopod (Metacoceras) (sef' ah lo pods) Cephalopod fossils have been found in rocks of many ages, and numerous representatives are alive today. Squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and the pearly nautilus are among the cephalopods living in modern seas. All are members of the large phylum Mullusca. Cephalopods are the most advanced class of the mulluskes. They have a distinct head, a highly developed nervous system, and eyes much like those of humans. The cephalopod's mouth is surrounded by long tentacles commonly armed with suckers. Beneath the tentacles is a tube, the siphon, through which the animal can force a jet of water and thus move about by jet propulsion. Coiled cephalopods live today only in the South Pacific, but in the geologic past they were scattered throughout the world. Modern squids live in shallow coastal waters over much of the globe. Most of the cephalopods we find as fossils had a calcareous outer shell. Some were loosely coiled, some tightly coiled, and others were shaped like a tapered tube.

34. Miscellaneous Cephalopods Missing Link Fossil Enterprises Fossil Catalog Miscellaneous cephalopods. http://www.fossilhut.com/miscellaneous_cephalopods.htm

Missing Link Fossil Enterprises Fossil Catalog ... Miscellaneous Cephalopods HOME CATALOG INDEX ORDER INFO Click image for enlargement Order #: Name: Orthoceras species Locality: Morocco Age/Formation: Devonian Dimensions: plate measures 21" x 12" Comments: highly polished nautiloids in black limestone; excellent decorator piece. Price: this specimen, SOLD Please note that due to the weight, extra shipping charges apply. Please inquire. Detail of plate to left. Click image for enlargement Order #: Name: Orthoceras species Locality: Morocco Age/Formation: Devonian Dimensions: plate measures 18" x 12" Comments: highly polished nautiloids in black limestone; excellent decorator piece. Price: this specimen, $225.00. Please note that due to the weight, extra shipping charges apply. Please inquire. Detail of plate to left. Order #: Name: Nautilus pompilius Locality: Philippine Islands, Philippine Sea Age/Formation: Modern Dimensions: average 5'' across Comments: a beautiful shell of the living Nautilus.

35. Cephalopods cephalopods. Return to Lecture Index Morphology, Pelagic Adaptations,Groups, Adaptive History. Forward to Trilobites. http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc326/lecture/ceph/ceph.htm

Cephalopods Return to Lecture Index Morphology Pelagic Adaptations Groups ... Adaptive History Forward to Trilobites

36. Cephalopod Printouts - EnchantedLearning.com cephalopods are a class of mollusks that includes the octopus, squid, cuttlefish,and nautilus. cephalopods cephalopods are a class of fastswimming mollusk. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/invertebrates/mollusk/cephalopod/Cepha

Help save Enchanted Learning: Don't let it go the way of the dinosaurs. Click here for more information on our honor system. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card $20.00/year (transaction via PayPal Other Amount (transaction via PayPal EnchantedLearning.com Animal Printouts Go to Online Animal Coloring Pages A B C D ... More Biomes Click on an animal to go to that printout. For the top 25 printouts, click here Cephalopods Cephalopods are a class of fast-swimming mollusk . Some have a hard external shell, but most do not. Cephalopods are marine predators; these carnivores eat fish, worms, crustaceans, and other mollusks. Some cephalopods include the octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus, and ammonite (and other extinct animals). There are about 650 living cephalopods and over 7,500 known extinct cephalopods. Cephalopod means "head-foot." The foot of the cephalopod is a cluster of tentacles that connects directly to the head. The brain, the eyes, and the other sensory organs are well-developed. Cephalopods breathe using gills. They swim by jet-propulsion; they rapidly expel water from the mantle cavity through a specialized, tube-like organ called the hyponome. Many can also eject a cloud of ink to confuse enemies. Blue Ring Octopus A small but very venomous octopus from warm reefs in Australia and nearby regions.

37. Paleontology And Geology Glossary: Ce To Cf tenuicornis (found in Norway). CEPHALOPOD cephalopods (meaning head foot )are mollusks with tentacles and a large head. These softbodied http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/indexc2.shtml

Please help keep Enchanted Learning online. Click here for more information on our honor system. $20.00/year or other amount (directly by Credit Card $20.00/year (transaction via PayPal Other Amount (transaction via PayPal ZoomDinosaurs.com Dinosaur and Paleontology Dictionary A B C D ... Z Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. If the dinosaur or paleontology term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail me and I'll add it. Ce to Cf Ca Ce to Cf Ch Ci to Cl Co Cr to Cy ... CEARADACTYLUS Cearadactylus was a pterosaur with a 13 feet (4 m) wide wingspan with protruding, interlocking teeth. It was not a dinosaur, but type of extinct, flying reptile from Brazil during the early Cretaceous period CEDAROSAURUS (pronounced SEED-er-oh-SAWR-us) Cedarosaurus ( meaning "Cedar Mountain Formation lizard") was a sauropod dinosaur that lived during the early late Cretaceous period . It had a long neck, a long tail, and a small head. Fossils were found in Utah, USA . It was named by paleontologist Tidwell, Carpenter and Brooks in 1999. The type species is Cedarosaurus weiskopfae CENOZOIC ERA The "Age of Mammals " (65 million years ago - today), saw the emergence of familiar life forms, humans, the modern look of the continents, and a cooling climate. The Cenozoic (

38. The Cephalopods cephalopods All the recent cephalopod shells are composed of aragonitic layers prismatic layers, nacreous layers and spherulitic prismatic layers. http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Molluscs/Cephalopoda/Cephalopoda.htm

Palæos: Cephalopoda INVERTEBRATES Cephalopoda Home Palaeont- ology Evolution ... Page Back Page Next Page Up Page Down Unit Home Cladogram ... References Cephalopoda Biology Evolutionary History Systematics Links ... Index Cephalopoda Nautiloidea Ammonoidea Coleoidea Biology The name Cephalopoda literally means "head feet" and refers to the fact that these animals have a foot (actually a cluster of tentacles) directly abutting their head. The group includes cuttlefish, octopi, squid, the pearly nautilus, and a large number of ancient (mostly Paleozoic and Mesozoic) forms. All are active marine predators (although some early types were drifters), able to swim swiftly, and easily competing with fish in the marine habitat. There are 650 living species, but more than 7,500 fossil forms are known (and as in all cases like this this number is obviously a gross underestimate of the real number of Cephalopod species that have ever lived through the Phanerozoic time). Like fish they are equipped with highly developed eyes and other sense organs, include both active swimmers and bottom-dwellers, and in many cases have a streamlined body for more efficient locomotion. Swimming is by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity. The water is forced out through a funnel or siphon - the hyponome - actually a tube-like flap of modified foot, thus driving the animal in the opposite direction. This is the key to the so-called "jet-propulsion" of these animals The funnel is highly maneuverable and can be directed in any direction, allowing motion backwards or forwards. the fastest movement however is backward escape swimming, with powerful contractions of the mantle ejecting water through the forward facing funnel. A cloud of "ink" can also be ejected as a sort of underwater smoke screen to hide the fleeing animal.

39. Worldwideconchology.com - Cephalopods The Worldwide Conchology Web Site is designed for shell collectors with a variety of interests in the hobby and science of conchology, and for anyone who http://www.worldwideconchology.com/Cephalopods.htm

The Nautilidae page is not yet available document.write( "A new button was last added to this page on "+ document.lastModified +""); WHERE WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO NEXT? GETTING AROUND AND MORE ABOUT US MARINE SHELL IMAGES NON-MARINE SHELL IMAGES OTHER FEATURES

40. Cephalopods.html Fish vs. cephalopods In marine environments, cephalopods clearly rank at the topof the Protostomes, in terms of size, intellegence, and trophic dominance. http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~brokawc/Bi11/cephalopods.html

Fish vs. Cephalopods In marine environments, cephalopods clearly rank at the top of the Protostomes, in terms of size, intellegence, and trophic dominance. At the top of the Deuterostomes are either the modern teleost fish or the marine mammals. For my purposes, I am going to use fish as the Deuterostome example, because they reflect a more primary adaptation to aquatic habitats, and occur in a wider range of sizes and habitats. (Competition between fish and marine mammals may be relevant to the more recent success of the teleosts, compared to other groups of fish, but that's a story for another day.) There are many similarities between cephalopods and fish that suggest that they are a prime example of convergent evolution driven by their competition for the same resources, in the same recent era. This view has been forcefully stated in the review article: "Cephalopods and Fish: the limits of convergence", A. Packard, Biological Reviews 47: 241-307 (1972). This article discusses "the remarkable fact that cephalopods are like fish in almost every feature except their basic anatomical plan." A contrasting view has been presented in: "The constraints on cephalopods: why squid aren't fish", R. K. O'Dor & D. M.Webber, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64: 1591-1605 (1986). They summarize by saying: "Despite the functional similarities created by competition in the nekton, ... squid are no longer so much competing with fish as trying to stay out of their way."

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