1. MAGNETIC LEVITATION STIRRERS This Stirrer functions to levitate the balls by passing the microplates through4 horizontal levitation magnetic fields strategically placed at intervals http://www.vp-scientific.com/magnetic_levitation.htm

l l l l l Applications Rapid and efficient stirring of 96 and 384 deep well microplates Thorough mixing of 2 or more viscous solutions Keeps particulates in suspension Aeration of microbial cultures to increase DNA or protein yield Miniaturization of fermentations Stirring chemical reactions to speed completion Advantages of the System Thorough stirring of large numbers of samples Will stir even viscous solutions (100,000 centistokes) No cross contamination – wells do not have to be sealed Simple to operate The gold standard for optimal bacterial growth is aeration using a shake flask on an orbital shaker. Unfortunately deep well blocks (96 or 384) are not aerated like the flasks are on the orbital shaker and the growth fades when the oxygen in the media is depleted. One of our customers compared E. coli growth using Levitation Stirring in 96 deep well blocks and a shake flask on an orbital shaker the results below demonstrated comparable growth curves between the two culture conditions. Thus it possible to obtain maximal DNA or protein yields in miniaturized culture conditions. INCUBATION TIME LEVITATION STIRRER OD SHAKE FLASK OD hour 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6 hours LEVITATION STIRRING VISCOUS SOLUTIONS For comparison 1 centistoke = 1.0760 x 10E-5 sq. ft./sec.

2. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. Magnetic fields are actively excluded from superconductors(Meissner effect). If a small magnet is brought near http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation Magnetic fields are actively excluded from superconductors ( Meissner effect ). If a small magnet is brought near a superconductor, it will be repelled becaused induced supercurrents will produce mirror images of each pole. If a small permanent magnet is placed above a superconductor, it can be levitated by this repulsive force. The black ceramic material in the illustrations is a sample of the yttrium based superconductor. By tapping with a sharp instrument, the suspended magnet can be caused to oscillate or rotate. This motion is found to be damped, and will come to rest in a few seconds. Cube Movie 1 Cube Movie 2 Cylinder Movie Illustration of the damped motion ... Condensed Matter R Nave Go Back Levitation Currents The Meissner effect in superconductors like this black ceramic yttrium based superconductor acts to exclude magnetic fields from the material. Since the electrical resistance is zero, supercurrents are generated in the material to exclude the magnetic fields from a magnet brought near it. The currents which cancel the external field produce magnetic poles which mirror the poles of the permanent magnet, repelling them to provide the lift to levitate the magnet The levitation process is quite remarkable. Since the levitating currents in the superconductor meet no resistance, they can adjust almost instantly to maintain the levitation. The suspended magnet can be moved, put into oscillation, or even spun rapidly and the levitation currents will adjust to keep it in suspension.

3. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic levitation. Every element (in the periodic system) is magnetic.However, there are three main levels or domains of magnetism. http://www.desc.med.vu.nl/Magnet_us.htm

Magnetic levitation Every element (in the periodic system) is magnetic. However, there are three main levels or domains of magnetism. The smallest effect is know as diamagnetism and is a property of elements like antimony, bismuth, copper, carbon but also phosphorus and hydrogen. Paramagnetism has an intermediate value, about two orders of magnitude higher than diamagnetism. Paramagnetism is seen in e.g. aluminum, zinc, liquid oxygen but also in glass and rubber. The largest magnetic effect is known as ferromagnetism. This is, in our daily life, the most common form of magnetism. The only elements with ferromagnetic properties are iron, cobalt, and nickel. Ferromagnetism is about 10 times larger compared to diamagnetism. Ferro and paramagnetic elements may easily be levitated in low gradient magnetic fields. This system is used in various commercial products. To elevate diamagnetic materials, however, much higher field strengths and field gradients are necessary. In such a high power magnet organic materials or even living biological samples may be elevated, thereby counteracting the force of gravity. Although the various systems have their specific limitations, for some small samples this microweight 'simulation' may be used to study living samples in preparation of a real microweight experiment.

4. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. Follow In Reply to Magnetic Levitation postedby Luke Dotson on February 17, 19100 at 104715 Luke Dotson. We http://superc.psc.sc.edu/wwwboard/messages/17.html

5. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. Date Wed, 05 Feb 1997 204940 +1030 From Greg Watson.Hi All,. I have attached a gif showing how magnetic levitation works. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/tjs11/maglev.htm

Magnetic Levitation Date: Wed, 05 Feb 1997 20:49:40 +1030 From: Greg Watson Hi All, I have attached a gif showing how magnetic levitation works. The block has a permeability of 1e-12 which stops flux lines entering the block (Meissner Effect). Notice that outside the block, the flux lines bunch together. It is this bunching which repels the block away from the magnet. Current need not flow in the block for it to float. It need only cause the magnet's flux lines to be repelled away. Ferrites attract the flux lines and hence a ferrite is attracted to the magnet. Hope this helps to understand magnetic levitation of superconductors. Best Regards, Greg Watson, Greg Watson Consulting, Adelaide, South Australia, Email: gwatson@microtronics.com.au

6. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. by Arturo Falck and Albert Schulz. 3/18/95. FIGURE 1. I. INTRODUCTION.This Lab investigates magnetic levitation with a digital controller. http://filebox.vt.edu/users/afalck/www/research/Controls.html

Magnetic Levitation by: Arturo Falck and Albert Schulz Levitation aparatus. FIGURE 1 I. INTRODUCTION This Lab investigates magnetic levitation with a digital controller. The controller will compensate the system shown in Figure 1 to levitate the metal ball beneath the electromagnet. A signal proportional to the ball's vertical position is generated sing an infrared LED and phototransistor. The position signal is then compensated by the controller and fed into a pulse-width-modulator (PWM) chip, which varies the duty cycle of its output depending on the input voltage. The output of the PWM chip is then applied to the terminals of the electromagnet. The strength of the magnet is controlled by the varying duty cycle. See Figure 4 for the block diagram of the system. II. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 1.- We measured the resistance of the electromagnet to be R = 5W. 2.- We used the circuit in Figure 2 to find the value of the inductance. This was done by comparing the frequency response of the circuit to the theoretical response as given by the following transfer function: FIGURE 2 NOTE: Later in our research we found that this is a poor model for the electromagnet. A better model includes a zero at 90 Hz (565 rad/s) this lead to a different transfer function:

7. Magnetic Levitation - Science Is Fun - Contents magnetic levitation information, photos and links. Includes the article "What is a magnetic field? Physics Electromagnetism magnetic levitation......magnetic levitation Science is Fun magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitationtopics and links As a child, I discovered I could levitate a ping pong http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shire/3075/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation - Science is Fun Magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links As a child, I discovered I could levitate a ping pong ball on a stream of air from the output pipe of a vacuum cleaner. This is similar to optical levitation of a glass bead in a laser beam (pressure from photon recoil instead of an air stream). I hope you enjoy the many exciting ways to levitate objects. What is a magnetic field? Does a magnet slow time? (4-6-2000) Levitating World Globe, a look inside Levitron Tethered wrench levitation ... Optical levitation (Petter Hagburg) Gravity modification (anti-gravity) links Superconductor anti-gravity effect (propulsion by gravity shielding) Quantum Cavotite (Pete Skeggs) American Antigravity Lifters you can build (Jean-Louis Naudin) ... The Master Key (L. Frank Baum) Science rules! Fight ignorance, respect science. back to home page Who created this website anyway? EDITORIAL: Click here for printable version of this editorial. Fascism and Hatred on American AM Radio It has become obvious the oracle of hatred on American AM radio is Clear Channel Worldwide.

8. Barry's Magnetic Levitation Suspend a steel ball in midair using an electromagnet. Complete plans and design information included. Barry's magnetic levitation. These coilguns with control circuits are great! http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/levitation/home.htm

Barry's Magnetic Levitation These coilguns with control circuits are great! Now... How can you use them for magnetic levitation This is slightly off-topic from coilguns, but magnetic levitation has many common design principles and is a little easier to build! Fun Levitation Systems There are many ways to levitate objects magnetically. Here are some fun methods that I've used. The best! ... The Visual Levitation kit ( read my review Do it yourself! The Levitation Engine kit is an inexpensive start Completely free! ... Float your own Magnet over a hard drive Fun toy! The Levitron antigravity spinning top Cheap and cheesy Go to Edmund Scientific and search for "levitator" My Maglev Demonstrator If you hold two magnets close together, you see that one of them will jump strongly toward (or away) from the other. In 1842, Earnshaw expressed this perversity of these inanimate objects in his theorem. It explains this frustrating behavior will always prevent you from suspending one magnet above or below another, no matter how one arranges the two magnets. However, an active control circuit can get around this problem by making the needed adjustments very quickly. The general principle is straight forward: An electromagnet pulls a ball upward until it interrupts a light beam that falls on a photodetector. As less light is detected, the circuit reduces the electromagnet's current. With less current, the coil effect is weaker and the ball falls until the light beam is less blocked. Voila! The ball stays balanced between these spots!

9. Magnetic Levitation For Transportation magnetic levitation. for Transportation. Researched and Written By Christopher Muller http://www.railserve.com/maglev.html

Home Page Switchyard (Link Directory) Search Forums ICQ List Classified Ads RailServe Membership (E-mail List) Sponsorship Opportunities RailServe Advertising Add a Site Report Link Problems Comments/Suggestions System Status Page About RailServe Apparel Books, Magazines, and Videos Freight Railroads Industry Organizations Model Railroads - Live Steam Music and Sound Effects News Releases Newsgroups, Mailing Lists, and BBS's Passenger and Urban Transit - Africa Passenger and Urban Transit - Asia Passenger and Urban Transit - Europe Passenger and Urban Transit - North America Passenger and Urban Transit - South America RailCams Page Rails-to-Trails Regional Railroading Stock Charts and Investing Tourist Railroads and Museums - North America Tourist Railroads and Museums - World Magnetic Levitation for Transportation Researched and Written By Christopher Muller webmaster@railserve.com "We may perhaps learn to deprive large masses of their gravity and give them absolute levity, for the sake of easy transport." - Benjamin Franklin The need for fast and reliable transportation is increasing throughout the world. High-speed rail has been the solution for many countries. Trains are fast, comfortable, and energy-efficient. The United States is years behind European countries in high-speed rail research and development. Meanwhile, in Germany and Japan, magnetic levitation may be an even better solution.

10. Maglev The most recent legislation regarding magnetic levitation (maglev) is the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century http://www.fra.dot.gov/rdv/hsgt/maglev_2.htm

Site Index HSGT Overview What's Hot Definition of HSGT ... HSGT Calendar of Events Magnetic Levitation - MAGLEV International HSGT HSGT Legislation and Regulation FRA Environmental Information HSGT Safety ... Maglev Magnetic Levitation (MAGLEV) Maglev Press Releases U.S. Secretary of Transportation Slater Selects Two High Speed Maglev Projects Secretary Slater Announces Finalists for Maglev Technology Deployment Program FRA Report Examines Feasibility of High-Speed Ground Transportation for the U.S. Maglev Legislation and Regulations - The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century The most recent legislation regarding magnetic levitation (maglev) is the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21), Public Law 105-178, which was enacted June 9, 1998. TEA-21 authorizes the Federal surface transportation programs for the 6-year period 1998-2003. The TEA 21 Restoration Act, enacted July 22, 1998, provided technical corrections to the original law. This web site reflects the combined effect of these two laws and refers to this combination as TEA-21. For maglev issues in TEA-21, this Website contains the related legislative language, fact sheets and related federal register notices and regulations.

11. HFML, Levitation Molecular Magnetism and levitation. Something to amuse. http://www-hfml.sci.kun.nl/levitate.html

The Real Levitation Leaving science fiction aside, science does know scores of different ways to levitate things. For instance, a helicopter can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to keep floating. Scientists have also found many ways to levitate things without any noise or the need for petrol or air, by using electromagnetic fields. Levitating trains and levitating displays are but two examples of electromagnetic levitation. However, in all such schemes, a source of energy (an engine or a battery at least) is always required to keep an object afloat. Remove the battery and the levitation inevitably stops Today's science knows only one way to achieve REAL levitation, i.e. such that no energy input is required and the levitation can last forever. The real levitation makes use of diamagnetism , an intrinsic property of many materials referring to their ability to expel a portion, even if a minute one, of an external magnetic field. Electrons in such materials rearrange their orbits slightly so that they expel the external field. As a result, diamagnetic materials repel and are repelled by strong magnetic fields. Three basic schemes using various aspects of diamagnetism allow the true levitation: SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at low temperatures. The picture shows a sumo wrestler standing on a levitating magnet platform that floats above a high-temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled by liquid air and hidden below the platform. To learn more about superconducting levitation, click on the title above (this is not our work) or search the web.

12. Levitron -- Spin Stabilized Magnetic Levitation Earnshaw's theorem of 18423 rules out stable magnetic levitation for static magnetic dipoles, it was not obvious to us how http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/levitron

Next: How it works Spin stabilized magnetic levitation Martin D. Simon, UCLA Department of Physics, msimon@physics.ucla.edu Lee O. Heflinger, Torrance CA, and S. L. Ridgway, Santa Monica CA Published in the American Journal of Physics, April 1997 Abstract: The stability of the Levitron cannot be explained if the top's axis has a fixed direction in space. Stability against flipping is not enough. Gyroscopic precession around the local magnetic field direction is necessary. An analysis and numerical integration of the equations of motion for an experimental stemless top that includes gyroscopic precession around the local magnetic field lines predict that the top will be supported stably up to spin speeds of about 3,065 rpm. An upper spin limit of 2779 rpm for this top is observed experimentally and explained as an adiabatic condition. Spin stabilized magnetic levitation is a macroscopic analog of magnetic gradient traps used to confine particles with a quantum magnetic moment. The Levitron ] is a remarkable toy which levitates in air a 22 gram spinning permanent magnet in the form of a small handspun top. The top is spun on a lifter plate on a permanent magnet base and then raised to the levitation height. The top floats about 3.2 cm above the base for over 2 minutes until its spin rate declines due to air resistance to about 1000 rpm. Unlike an earlier magnet toy which requires a thrust bearing plate to stabilize motion along one direction[

13. Magnetic Levitation ClearlyExplained.Com A quick guide introducing magnetic levitation including definitions and history. http://clearlyexplained.com/technology/maglev/maglev.html

Welcome to.. ClearlyExplained.Com Magnetic Levitation ClearlyExplained.Com 7th August 2002 by Richard Conan-Davies BSc Dip Ed A straightforward and fast information guide to magnetic levitation from ClearlyExplained.Com What Why News ... Future What is magnetic levitation? Essentially it is the use of magnetic fields (or magnetic forces) to levitate a (usually) metallic object. By manipulating magnetic fields and controlling their forces an object can be levitated. more The word 'levitation' comes from the latin word 'levis' meaning 'light'. source : dictionary.com also The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English What Why News How History ... Future Why is magnetic levitation important?

14. RUMBA Tube Underground Magnetic Levitation Railway A proposal for a passenger magnetic levitation based railway. Includes analysis of design requirements, network components, and implementation. http://home.t-online.de/home/cbruch/Rumba_e.html

RUMBA R öhren- U ntergrund- M agnetschwebe- Ba hn) (Tube Underground Magnetic Levitation Railway) A Universal Transport System of the Future (deutsche Version) Design Study Contents: The vision The problem The three most important demands The solution ... And now ... The vision: I am on the balcony of my hotel downtown Munich. Yesterday I arrived here and had a calm night. The window was wide open the whole night, fresh spicy air was always to be felt. How beautiful this city is. The silence is overwhelming. Before the hotel is a large park, where in former times there was a road. Birds twitter in the air, one hears children somewhere, who play unimpaired. In the distance I hear sheep. Was the porter right, when he said to me that one of the three city shepherds would come by this morning with his herd? Now they come around the corner. A picture of joy. I quickly get my video camera to capture this scene. This evening, I will show the pictures to my daughter. I have only a little time, until I have to be at a conference at the head office. To cross the city will take me only about eight minutes. How could humans let themselves be so stressed over so many decades by car traffic? How long it took to end this stress. Now that the new transportation network is almost continuous, one hardly can imagine, how difficult it was in former times to get to work by car, the tram or with the railway.

15. Magnetic Suspensions Levitation Research levitation, magnetic Circuit, magnetic Development, magnetic levitation, magnetic Suspension, magnetic Technology, http://www.magnetics-research.co.uk/

Magnetic Suspensions

16. Device Plans: Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation links. Also experiments by Bill Beaty. Part of Bill Beaty's extensive science site. http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/maglev/maglev.html

SCIENCE HOBBYIST GUESTBOOK GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF ... HELP! Magnetic Levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electrically-produced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. The devices shown here were part of a prototype "room-temperature superconductive table" which never made it to a museum. I thought I'd place it here so students and hobbyists could experiment with this strange maglev effect. This device is not trivial to build, so I would recommend it mostly for ADVANCED HIGH-SCHOOL LEVEL AND ABOVE . If you've never built any electronic devices before, I wouldn't recommend the maglev cradle as your first project. I built mine using parts from a mail-order surplus store. Since you'll be using DIFFERENT surplus parts, my plans are only guidelines for experienced hobbyists rather than detailed instructions for a beginner. Experimentation will be required in order to get this device to work. Also check out " Simple maglev train ", which uses only permanent magnets, and the Science Projects page.

17. HFML, Levitation levitation SUPERCONDUCTING levitation. Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at http://www-hfml.sci.kun.nl/hfml/levitate.html

The Real Levitation Leaving science fiction aside, science does know scores of different ways to levitate things. For instance, a helicopter can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to keep floating. Scientists have also found many ways to levitate things without any noise or the need for petrol or air, by using electromagnetic fields. Levitating trains and levitating displays are but two examples of electromagnetic levitation. However, in all such schemes, a source of energy (an engine or a battery at least) is always required to keep an object afloat. Remove the battery and the levitation inevitably stops Today's science knows only one way to achieve REAL levitation, i.e. such that no energy input is required and the levitation can last forever. The real levitation makes use of diamagnetism , an intrinsic property of many materials referring to their ability to expel a portion, even if a minute one, of an external magnetic field. Electrons in such materials rearrange their orbits slightly so that they expel the external field. As a result, diamagnetic materials repel and are repelled by strong magnetic fields. Three basic schemes using various aspects of diamagnetism allow the true levitation: SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at low temperatures. The picture shows a sumo wrestler standing on a levitating magnet platform that floats above a high-temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled by liquid air and hidden below the platform. To learn more about superconducting levitation, click on the title above (this is not our work) or search the web.

18. Magnetic Levitation - Science Is Fun, By David Sligar magnetic levitation Science is Fun magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductorlevitation topics and links. Suggest a magnetic levitation link. http://www.geocities.com/dsligar.geo/

Magnetic Levitation - Science is Fun Magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links Magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links Antimatter, Time Travel, Teleportation and more! News, Weather, Business, Health, Search Engines Inter Species Breeders Association.... has moved! You are invited to link to this site. Suggest a magnetic levitation link This site is dedicated to George R. Frost, (Bell Telephone Laboratories) author of the 1961 book, from sun to sound. This page hosted by Get your own Free Home Page

19. Device Plans: Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below. LEVITATOR GIFa 3 inch bar magnet hovers above two circuit boards. The row http://www.amasci.com/maglev/maglev.html

SCIENCE HOBBYIST GUESTBOOK GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF ... HELP! Magnetic Levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electrically-produced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. The devices shown here were part of a prototype "room-temperature superconductive table" which never made it to a museum. I thought I'd place it here so students and hobbyists could experiment with this strange maglev effect. This device is not trivial to build, so I would recommend it mostly for ADVANCED HIGH-SCHOOL LEVEL AND ABOVE . If you've never built any electronic devices before, I wouldn't recommend the maglev cradle as your first project. I built mine using parts from a mail-order surplus store. Since you'll be using DIFFERENT surplus parts, my plans are only guidelines for experienced hobbyists rather than detailed instructions for a beginner. Experimentation will be required in order to get this device to work. Also check out " Simple maglev train ", which uses only permanent magnets, and the Science Projects page.

20. Device Plans Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electricallyproduced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. http://www.adhesivesystems.com/~billb/maglev/maglev.html

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